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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
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Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Boosting Metacognition in Science Museums: Simple Exhibit Label Designs to Enhance Learning
Gutwill, J. P., & Dancstep, T. (2017) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578.2017.1297132 · Cited by 16
“…about thinking (Abell, 2009; Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2008; Ritchhart, Turner, & Hadar, 2009), encompasses three main facets: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, and metacognitive skills (Efklides, 2001, 2006, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Ruffman, Slade, & Crowe, 2002; Veenman & Elshout, 1999).”
From general transfer to deep learning as argument for practical aesthetic school subjects?
Borgen, J., & Hjardemaal, F. R. (2017) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy · doi:10.1080/20020317.2017.1352439 · Cited by 9
“…that transfer could be possible if there is explicit instruction towards the specific qualities of the learned tasks, combined with cognitive and motivational processes, eventually described in self-regulation and metacognitive theories (Dunlosky & Metcalfe, 2009; Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2008).”
BackgroundHuda, N., Sutawidjaja, A., Subanji, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1008/1/012073 · Cited by 16
Fukuta, D., & Iitsuka, M. (2018) · Teaching and learning in nursing · doi:10.1016/j.teln.2018.06.004 · Cited by 16
Newton, O. B., Wiltshire, T. J., & Fiore, S. M. (2018) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1108/s1534-085620180000019006 · Cited by 18
PENGARUH METAKOGNITIF TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PADA MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI MELALUI EFIKASI DIRI SISWA
Sihaloho, L., Rahayu, A., & Wibowo, L. A. (2018) · JURNAL EKONOMI PENDIDIKAN DAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN · doi:10.26740/jepk.v6n2.p121-136 · Cited by 18
Exploring Alternative Models of Complex Patient Management with Artificial Neural Networks
Casillas, A. M., Clyman, S. G., Fan, Y., et al. (2000) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1023/a:1009802528071 · Cited by 16
“Be bold and take a challenge”: Could motivational strategies improve help-seeking?
Rebolledo‐Mendez, G., du Boulay, B., & Luckin, R. (2005) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 16
Metacognition: Student Reflections on Problem Solving.
Wismath, S. L., Orr, D., & Good, B. L. (2014) · Journal on excellence in college teaching · Cited by 15
Kang, J., & Purnell, C. B. (2011) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.10-09-0124 · Cited by 15
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Vilppu, H., Mikkilä‐Erdmann, M., & Södervik, I. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.637229 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition is traditionally defined as the person’s knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena (see, e.g., Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Perry & Winne, 2006; Schraw & Moshman, 1995), whereas self-directed learning embodies many essential factors connected to students’ responsibility and…”
BackgroundStudent reactions to problem-based learning in photonics technician education
Massa, N. M., Donnelly, J. F., & Hanes, F. D. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2070518 · Cited by 16
“Moreover, researchers maintain that metacognition is an essential component of critical thinking arguing that monitoring the quality of one’s learning and thought process makes it more likely that one will engage in high-quality (critical) thinking.(19,20,25) In this study, we defined metacognitive self-regulation as…”
BackgroundHow to Assess Global Management Competencies: An Investigation of Existing Instruments **
Bücker, J. J. L. E., & Poutsma, E. (2010) · Econstor (Econstor) · doi:10.1688/1861-9908_mrev_2010_03_buecker · Cited by 16
“‘Metacognition’ in the upper circle, is a component reintroduced in the cultural intelligence literature but going back to earlier authors, such as Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundThinking about Thinking about Thinking: Reflections on Metacognition
Reynolds, R. E., & Wade, S. E. (1986) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.56.3.a2v45g440pg45173 · Cited by 16
Measuring senior high school students’ self-induced self-reflective thinking
van Velzen, J. H. (2016) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2015.1129596 · Cited by 22
“edge is known to include an awareness and understanding of one’s cognitive processes (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, 2002).”
BackgroundReflective learning and distance learning – made to mix by design and by assessment*
Thorpe, M. (2000) · Information Services & Use · doi:10.3233/isu-2000-202-310 · Cited by 16
“It can be retrieved consciously by the learner during efforts to apply an appropriate learning strategy, or it can be “activated unintentionally and automatically by retrieval cues in the task situation” [5, p. 907].”
InfluentialChanges in readers’ and writers’ metacognitive knowledge: Some observations
Gordon, C. J. (1990) · Reading Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388079009558029 · Cited by 16
Development of Memory-Monitoring and Self-Efficacy in Children
Wang, A. Y., & Charde, R. S. R. (1987) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1987.60.2.647 · Cited by 16
General Thinking Skills: are there such things?
Andrews, J. N. (1990) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.1990.tb00224.x · Cited by 18
A social-cognitive appraisal of sex-role development
Bussey, K. (1983) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538308255061 · Cited by 16
Lloyd, P. A. (1982) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000900004980 · Cited by 16
“David Hakes is unwilling to go beyond his data but he follows Flavell (1979) in favouring a conception that permits ' controlled cognitive processing' and ' an increasing ability to stand back from a situation mentally and reflect upon it' (100).”
BackgroundReading Comprehension Failure in Children
Garner, R., Alexander, P., & Hare, V. C. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-762530-0.50016-3 · Cited by 18
In quest of the functional architecture of the developing mind: The Aristotelian project
Δημητρίου, Α. (1993) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01323048 · Cited by 16
Developing metacognitive awareness - a modified model of a PBL-tutorial
Gassner, L. (2009) · Malmö University Publications (Malmö University) · Cited by 16
Abstract Reasoning in Collaborative Modeling
Wilmont, I., Barendsen, E., Hoppenbrouwers, S. J. B. A., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2012.88 · Cited by 16
“Based on the many definitions found in the literature, consensus has generally been achieved that monitoring and control are the most important aspects of metacognition [10,11,16,4].”
Backgroundvan Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118736494.ch2 · Cited by 16
Letter to the editor: Metacognitive therapy or metacognitive training: What's in a name?
Capobianco, L., & Adrian Wells, A. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.12.003 · Cited by 16
“Metacognition has been defined as, “ones knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979), and therefore focusing o cognitive distortions requires metacognition (i.e. thinking about thinking) it is crucial to consider whether the aim of MCT+ is to produce a change in the content…”
BackgroundIntroduction to the special Issue “applied metacognition: real-world applications beyond learning”
Kleitman, S., & Narciss, S. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09214-7 · Cited by 17
“…441, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2 School of Science, Faculty of Psychology, Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany been substantial development in this area of research since the term was first coined by John Flavell in 1970’s (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundSweeney, C. M. (2010) · Cited by 15
Rezaei, M., Samadieh, H., Bagheri, M. M. S., & Ghadamour, E. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100146 · Cited by 15
Dimitropoulou, P., Filippatou, D., Gkoutzourela, S., Γρίβα, Α., Pachiti, I., & Michaelides, M. P. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040503 · Cited by 37
“Metacognitive strategies refer to the individual’s awareness of the use of cognitive strategies, such as planning, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation, to regulate the learning process (Flavell, 1979, 1987; Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002).”
Zhou, S., & Hou, H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02761-6 · Cited by 25
“Metacognition, the ability to “think about thinking” [62], is vital for effective teaching in EFL settings, where teachers navigate linguistic and cultural challenges [63].”
Fahrni, D. D. D., Iten, G. H., Prasse, D., & Hascher, T. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.105150 · Cited by 27
Jackson, S., Kleitman, S., Stankov, L., & Howie, P. M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1887 · Cited by 17
O’Neil-Pirozzi, T. M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060672 · Cited by 16
“Metacognition, constituting higher-order mental processes that make awareness of one’s own behavior and thoughts possible [22], is another SCT internal factor that may influence both exercise self-efficacy and motivation to exercise.”
BackgroundMeasuring and Analyzing Students’ Strategic Learning Behaviors in Open-Ended Learning Environments
Zhang, N., Biswas, G., & Hutchins, N. M. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00275-x · Cited by 17
“Strategies have been receiving attention in the teaching-and-learning literature since the mid-1980s as metacognitive processes (Alexander et al., 1998; Flavell, 1979; Nisbet & Shucksmith, 2017) that foster successful learning (Weinstein et al.”
BackgroundNguyen, T., Togawa, T., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211025423 · Cited by 15
“Self-regulation research examines how people control their thoughts (e.g., Flavell, 1979), feelings (e.g., Tamir, 2016), and behaviors (e.g., Carver & Scheier, 1982) in goal pursuit, with less attention paid to whether and how people regulate their motivation (cf. Sansone et al., 1992; Wolters,…”
BackgroundHeaysman, O., & Kramarski, B. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2022.102074 · Cited by 23
Managing workload, performance, and situation awareness in aviation systems
Loft, S. D., Tatasciore, M., & Visser, T. A. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420139-2.00018-6 · Cited by 16
Hsing, H.-W., Bairaktarova, D., & Lau, N. (2022) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20495 · Cited by 18
“The ability to reflect on one's reasoning (i.e., cognitive processes), otherwise known as metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Marra et al., 2022; Wengrowicz et al., 2018), allows students to learn how to approach problems and monitor their progress.”
BackgroundEleventh-grade Students’ Use of Metacognitive Reading Strategies in Arabic (L1) and English (L3)
Razkane, H., Sayeh, A. Y., Diouny, S., & Yeou, M. (2022) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2023.16132a · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) regards reading as a cognitive enterprise that involves an awareness of a variety of MCRS and skills.”
BackgroundChaisriya, K., Kaeophanuek, S., & Gilbert, L. H. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/12986 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition is usually described as the thinking process of thinking (Lai, 2011) or as a person ’ s cognitive ability to understand their thought processes, their knowledge and thinking, and how to achieve their goals (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundUsing theoretical frameworks in behavioral research
Calder, B. J., He, S., & Sternthal, B. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113758 · Cited by 20
Sun, Q., Pan, H., & Zhan, J. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103100 · Cited by 20
Pedagogical training for developing students’ metacognition: implications for educators
Wass, R., Rogers, T., Brown, K., Smith-Han, K., Tagg, J., Berg, D., & Gallagher, S. (2026) · International Journal for Academic Development · doi:10.1080/1360144x.2023.2246442 · Cited by 15
“University students with high levels of metacognitive awareness – that is, knowledge about one’s cognitive processes and the ability to control or regulate these (Flavell, 1979) – do better academically (Ward & Butler, 2019; Young & Fry, 2008).”
Learners’ cognitive processing problems during comprehension as a basis for L2 listening research
Goh, C. C. M. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103164 · Cited by 29
Virtual reality technology for workplace training: The case for developing cultural intelligence
Philip, J., Jiang, Y., & Akdere, M. (2023) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/14705958231208297 · Cited by 10
“Meta-cognitive CQ is further distinguished from cognitive CQ (Van Dyne et al., 2008) and relates to high-order cognition that enables individuals to monitor and revise their mental models of cultural norms (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTeng, M. F., & Zhang, L. J. (2023) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-023-09360-z · Cited by 15
“Metacognitive knowledge Flavell (1979) described metacognitive knowledge as “knowledge or beliefs about what factors or variables act and interact in what ways to affect the course and outcome of cognitive enter-prises” (p. 907).”
The sub-dimensions of metacognition and their influence on modeling competency
Hidayat, R., Hermandra, & Ying, S. T. D. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02290-w · Cited by 15
How memory anxiety can influence password security behavior
Woods, N., & Siponen, M. T. (2023) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2023.103589 · Cited by 15
Mekuria, A., Bushisho, E. W., & Wubshet, H. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2310444 · Cited by 15
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive strategies involve thinking about one ’ s thinking.”
Lourenço, A. A., & Paiva, M. O. (2024) · International Journal of Changes in Education · doi:10.47852/bonviewijce42022392 · Cited by 26
Impact of Metacognitive Strategies Instruction on Secondary School Students’ Reading Anxieties
Melanlıoğlu, D. (2014) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2014.3540 · Cited by 15
“The primary strategy that a teacher can employ in order to prevent reading anxiety is metacognition, which plays significant roles in areas such as communication, reading comprehension, language education, attention, self-control, memory, self-instruction, writing, and problem solving (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Clickers Use on Metacognition and Learning Outcomes in College English Classroom
Yu, Z., & Liu, C. (2014) · International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education · doi:10.4018/ijicte.2014040105 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition is referred to as “the ability to reflect upon, understand, and control one’s learning” (Schraw & Dennison, 1994, p. 460) or simply thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Online Reading Strategies of Adult ESL Learners Using a Learning Management System
Ramli, N. F. M., Darus, S., & Bakar, N. A. (2011) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.4304/tpls.1.3.195-204 · Cited by 15
“This strategy is perceived as a higher order cognitive skill due to its role in overseeing other cognitive skills (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundOlder People as Information Seekers: Exploratory Studies About Their Needs and Strategies
Dinet, J., Brangier, É., Michel, G., et al. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73279-2_98 · Cited by 15
“Metamemory is defined as knowledge of one’s memory abilities and functioning [ 11 ].”
BackgroundNajmi, S., Reese, H. E., Wilhelm, S., Fama, J. M., Beck, C., & Wegner, D. M. (2009) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465809990439 · Cited by 16
“This raises the question: if OCD patients are no worse than healthy individuals at suppressing their unwanted thoughts, why do they report heightened inadequacy in controlling these thoughts? Purdon and Clark (2000) have argued that certain individuals hold preexisting metacognitive beliefs (Flavell, 1979) about the c…”
BackgroundInvestigating Iranian EFL learners’ writing metacognitive awareness
Maftoon, P., Birjandi, P., & Farahian, M. (2014) · International Journal of Research Studies in Education · doi:10.5861/ijrse.2014.896 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) and Brown, Bransford, Ferrara, and Campione (1983) initiated the first research studies on metacognition.”
BackgroundKoç, C., & ARSLAN, A. (2015) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/pegegog.2015.027 · Cited by 15
METACOGNITION AS SCAFFOLDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION IN A SOCIAL MALL APP
Bárcena, E., & Read, T. M. (2015) · RIED Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia · doi:10.5944/ried.19.1.14835 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) coined the term metacognition as “knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them”, which he further divided into three aspects: cognitive processes (both his/her own and those of others), information and resources about the current task,…”
BackgroundOpen Learner Modelling as the Keystone of the Next Generation of Adaptive Learning Environments
Morales, R., Labeke, N. V., Brna, P., & Chan, M. E. (2009) · Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-032-5.ch014 · Cited by 15
Learning Theories in Science Education
Agarkar, S. C., & Brock, R. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-749-8_7 · Cited by 16
Prior education of Open University students contributes to their capability in critical thinking
Repo, S., Lehtinen, T., Rusanen, E., & Hyytinen, H. (2017) · Journal of Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1177/1477971417693416 · Cited by 15
“According to Flavell (1979) one component of metacognition is ‘‘metacognitive knowledge’’, referring to what individuals know about their own and others’ cognitive processing.”
BackgroundGlobal Leadership Education: Upping the Game
Goryunova, E., & Jenkins, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Leadership Education · doi:10.12806/v16/i4/a1 · Cited by 15
“In other words, individuals engage their metacognition in (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979, 1987; Urban, 2012).”
BackgroundMetastrategies Employed by Science and Engineering EFL Learners in a Speaking Task
Pipattarasakul, P., & Singhasiri, W. (2018) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.1.5.66 · Cited by 15
“In his later research, Flavell (1979) redefined metacognition as individuals’ information and awareness of their own cognition.”
BackgroundGoing Beyond �That was fun�: Measuring Writing Motivation
Tate, T. P., & Warschauer, M. (2018) · The Journal of Writing Analytics · doi:10.37514/jwa-j.2018.2.1.10 · Cited by 17
Traumatic brain injury and frontal lobe plasticity
Bernier, R. A., & Hillary, F. G. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00022-7 · Cited by 17
Metacognitive Level Analysis of High School Students in Mathematical Problem-Solving Skill
Santoso, F. E., Napitupulu, E. E., & Amry, Z. (2019) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-7-12-4 · Cited by 15
“Students are said to have metacognition if, in mathematical problem-solving abilities students can fulfill the following stages: (1) compiling an action plan, (2) monitoring problemsolving actions, and (3) evaluating problem-solving actions [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPupils’ Perceptions About Technology-enhanced Feedback: Do Emojis Guide Self-regulated Learning?
Oinas, S., Ahtiainen, R., Vainikainen, M., & Hotulainen, R. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2020.1788149 · Cited by 15
Bağcı, H., & Ünveren, D. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.6.1.83 · Cited by 15
Wajid, U., & Jami, H. (2020) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.2.15 · Cited by 15
Faculty’s Perception of Their Role as a Medical Teacher at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Nawabi, S., Shaikh, S., Javed, M., & Riaz, A. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.9095 · Cited by 13
Macoun, S. J., Pyne, S., MacSween, J., Lewis, J. M., & Sheehan, J. C. (2020) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2020.1794867 · Cited by 15
“Largely stemming from earlier frameworks (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979), contemporary theories typically parse the construct into two broad domains, declarative and procedural metacognition, although terminology differs (Destan et al., 2017; Fernandezduque et al., 2000; Kuhn, 2000; Leary & Sloutsky,…”
BackgroundRefuting misconceptions in medical physiology
Versteeg, M., van Loon, M. H., Wijnen‐Meijer, M., & Paul Steendijk, A. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02166-6 · Cited by 17
Undergraduate chemistry instructors’ perspectives on their students’ metacognitive development
Heidbrink, A., & Weinrich, M. (2020) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00136h · Cited by 15
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries to Improve Technology-Rich Learning Environments
Lajoie, S. P., & Poitras, E. (2017) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811711900301 · Cited by 16
“Metacognition refers to thinking about one’s own thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundKreis, I. V., Biegler, R., Tjelmeland, H., Mittner, M., Reitan, S. K., & Pfuhl, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244975 · Cited by 14
“Metacognition can refer to both conscious reflective thought processes and automatic monitoring of one’s own thoughts and cognitions [33].”
BackgroundHan, I. (2021) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2021.1939002 · Cited by 18
D’Amico, A., & Geraci, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749700 · Cited by 15
“In order to explain the discordances among self-reported and emotional abilities, D’Amico (2013, 2018) referred to one of the most important aspects of metacognition: the knowledge and self-awareness of one’s own abilities (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThinking Fast and Slow in AI: The Role of Metacognition
Ganapini, M. B., Campbell, M. S., Fabiano, F., Lior Horesh, C., Lenchner, J., Loreggia, A., Mattei, N., Rossi, F., Srivastava, B., & Venable, K. B. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25891-6_38 · Cited by 15
“We focus on the concept of meta-cognition as defined in [11, 23], that is, the set of processes and mechanisms that could allow a computational system to both monitor and control its own cognitive activities, processes, and structures.”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of Applied School Psychology
Worrell, T. L. H. F. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235532 · Cited by 15
Sloan, J. A., & Scharff, L. F. V. (2022) · Journal of Civil Engineering Education · doi:10.1061/(asce)ei.2643-9115.0000063 · Cited by 19
Vellanki, S. S., Mond, S., Khan, Z. K., & Nair, L. G. (2022) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.21.7.5 · Cited by 24
Computational Mechanisms of Addiction and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective
Goldway, N., Eldar, E., Shoval, G., & Hartley, C. A. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.02.004 · Cited by 16
“Systematic distortions in metacognition — the ability to re fl ect on and evaluate one ’ s behavior (154) — may be a transdiagnostic factor associated with poor mental health (155).”
BackgroundSupe, A. N., Dandekar, S., Rege, N. N., & Mahdi, F. (2024) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51244-5_9 · Cited by 17
The factors influencing the outcome of solving story problems in a web-based learning environment
Pedaste, M., & Sarapuu, T. (2006) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820600800463 · Cited by 15
“(Flavell, 1979; Kentridge & Heywood, 2000).”
Meeus, W., Petegem, P. V., & Meijer, J. (2008) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131880802499837 · Cited by 15
“The three selected components of metacognitive knowledge were derived from the work of Flavell (1979); the three components of metacognitive regulation were taken from the systematic approach to the problem, as described by Mettes and Pilot (1980) and Boekaerts and Simons (1995) among others; and…”
Metacomprehension effects situated within an anchoring and adjustment framework
Linderholm, T., Zhao, Q., Therriault, D. J., & Cordell-McNulty, K. (2008) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-008-9025-1 · Cited by 16
The Efficacy of Rereading as a Metacognitive Tool for Reading Comprehension Monitoring
Laverpool, A. (2008) · Journal of College Reading and Learning · doi:10.1080/10790195.2008.10850307 · Cited by 15
Visual Analyses and Discriminations: One Approach to Measuring Students' Metacognition
Al‐Hilawani, Y. A. (2006) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2006.0012 · Cited by 15
Metacognition and Reading: Investigating Intervention and Comprehension of EFL Freshmen in Turkey
Razı, S., & Çubukçu, F. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.090 · Cited by 15
“…parallel with the literature as metacognition has been shown to have a significant impact on improving reading comprehension (Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979; Flavell et al., 2002; Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002; Sheorey & Mokhtari, 2001) and reading strategy instruction studies indicate the…”
BackgroundMETACOGNITIVE COMPONENTS IN LEARNING TO LEARN APPROACHES
Frenkel, S. (2014) · International Journal of Psychology a Biopsychosocial Approach · doi:10.7220/2345-024x.14.5 · Cited by 16
“…process (Noël, 1997) and metacognitive judgment (Nelson & Narens, 1990; Noël, 1997) refer, on the one hand, to the earliest definition of the metacognitive experiences of Flavell (1979) and, on the other hand, to those recently proposed by Efklides and by Büchel and other members of his team.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhitfield, K. E., & Edwards, C. L. (2011) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2011.553563 · Cited by 15
“Concepts like meta-cognition—thinking about thinking—should be introduced early and as part of the expected growth and development of the protégé (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSri Lankan University Students' Metacognitive Awareness of L2 Reading Strategies
Dhanapala, K. V. (2010) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.15027/29801 · Cited by 15
“They hardly monitor their own memory, comprehension and other cognitive tasks (Flavell, 1979; Markman, 1981) and reading for them is a decoding process rather than a meaning-getting process (Baker & Brown, 1984).”
BackgroundAssessing EFL learners' writing metacognitive awareness
Farahian, M. (2015) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3759750 · Cited by 15
Aspects of awareness in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Mårdh, S., Karlsson, T., & Marcusson, J. O. (2013) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212002335 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition requires conscious monitoring of one’s own thinking and is involved in several cognitive functions, such as memory, problem solving, listening, and reading comprehension (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTuch, R. H. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065111417625 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition (Flavell 1979) is a concept chiefly employed by academically based researchers in the field of cognitive psychology.”
La metacognición, el desarrollo de la autoeficacia y la motivación escolar
Ugartetxea, J. (2002) · Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco) · Cited by 15
AIED 2013 Workshops Proceedings
Weerasinghe, A., & Biswas, G. (2013) · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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