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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Developmental changes in memorization processes
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,101–3,200 of 10,404
Rieser, S., Fauth, B., Decristan, J., Klieme, E., & Büttner, G. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology · doi:10.1891/1945-8959.12.2.138 · Cited by 17
“Metacognitive strategies (also called metacognitive skills or self-regulatory mechanisms) are one facet of metacognition (Brown, 1987; Efklides, 2008; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSensemaking and metacognitive prompting in ill-structured problems
Smy, V., Cahillane, M., & MacLean, P. (2016) · International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-10-2015-0027 · Cited by 17
Huriye, D. C. (2015) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2015.2283 · Cited by 15
Self-directed recovery in schizophrenia: Attending to clients’ agendas in psychotherapy.
Hamm, J. A., Buck, K. D., Leonhardt, B. L., Luther, L., & Lysaker, P. H. (2017) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000070 · Cited by 15
“Collectively, these processes have been referred to as metacognition, a term originally used in educational contexts (Flavell, 1979) that has now evolved to encompass a spectrum of men- tal activities related to thinking about thinking, ranging from discrete tasks to more integrative meaning-making…”
BackgroundMonitoramento Metacognitivo de alunos do Ensino Fundamental
Tanikawa, H. A. M., & Boruchovitch, E. (2016) · Psicologia Escolar e Educacional · doi:10.1590/2175-3539201502031012 · Cited by 15
“O monitoramento, assim como outros construtos da Psicologia,tem sido estudado por diversas linhas teóricas como a corrente cognitiva (Hart, 1965), pós-piagetiana (Flavell, 1979) e sociocognitiva (Zimmerman, 2000).”
BackgroundMoritz, S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby151 · Cited by 15
Ganapati, N. E., & Mostafavi, A. (2018) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13226 · Cited by 18
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognitive knowledge is “not fundamentally different from other knowledge” that we store in our long-term memory and activate deliberately or unintentionally (p. 907).”
BackgroundMetamemory monitoring in Alzheimer’s disease A systematic review
Brandt, M., Santos, R. L., Belfort, T. T., et al. (2018) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040002 · Cited by 15
González, J. A. M., Angrino, S. O., Padilla, D. S. B., & Sáenz, M. B. (2019) · Educación y Educadores · doi:10.5294/edu.2018.21.3.2 · Cited by 15
Pereira, D. R., Sampaio, A., & Pinheiro, A. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01326 · Cited by 15
“Metamemory encompasses specific knowledge and beliefs about memory functioning (Flavell, 1979), such as what we will remember or forget in the future.”
BackgroundTürkçe Ders Kitaplarındaki Bilişsel ve Üstbilişsel İşlevlere Dair Bir Durum Tespiti
Karadağ, Ö., & Tekercioğlu, H. (2019) · Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17860/mersinefd.594240 · Cited by 14
Cooper, Y., & Zimmerman, E. (2020) · Art Education · doi:10.1080/00043125.2019.1695478 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Gaciu, 2015) emphasizes being aware of one’s own thought processes and allows educators to rethink how these cognitive processes can affect a person both psychologically and intellectually to perceive and make sense of the world.”
BackgroundÜnal, G. T., Onur, Ö. Ş., & Erten, E. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.015 · Cited by 15
Silawi, R., Shalhoub‐Awwad, Y., & Prior, A. (2020) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12410 · Cited by 17
“Metacognition is comprised of two main components: evaluation of cognition or monitoring, and regulation of cognition or control (Baker & Brown, 1984; Dunlosky & Thiede, 2013; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMilicevic, A., Woolfe, S., Blazely, A., Lenroot, R., & Sewell, S. (2020) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100712 · Cited by 19
Грохольський, В. Л., Kaida, N. I., Albul, S., Ryzhkov, E. V., & Trehub, S. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.5937/ijcrsee2002001g · Cited by 15
“…experience, that is, knowledge of one’s individual abilities and limitations, the ability to evaluate them, track the course of one’s intellectual activity, adjust it as necessary, and also consciously formulate cognitive goals and strategies (Flavell, 1979; Kholodnaya, 2002; Kashapov, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMonitoring comprehension in a foreign language: Trait or skill?
Temelman-Yogev, L., Katzir, T., & Prior, A. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09245-5 · Cited by 14
“This high order processing, called metacognition, was defined by Flavell (1979) as “cognition about cognition”, referring to the knowledge students have about the cognitive processes involved during learning; the regulation procedures taken to control the learning process (such as planning,…”
BackgroundLearning from Video Games (and Everything Else)
Gentile, D. A., & Gentile, J. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108966511 · Cited by 16
Inaugurating the Study of Animal Metacognition
Smith, J. D. (2010) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2010.23.03.02 · Cited by 15
“…adaptive responses are the focus of the expansive literature on metacognition and uncertainty monitoring (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 1994; Serra & Dunlosky, 2005).”
The origin of the child's idea of learning through practice
Pramling, I. (1986) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172629 · Cited by 15
Psychological Evaluation of Educational Multimedia Applications
Shavinina, L. V., & Loarer, E. (1999) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.4.1.33 · Cited by 15
Metamemory Beliefs and Episodic Memory in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Daurat, A., Huet, N., & Tiberge, M. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/10.13.20.22.pr0.107.4.289-302 · Cited by 15
“The metamemory concept, first elaborated by Flavell (1979) and expanded by Hultsch, et al.”
MethodInfluences on metamemory judgements
Shaddock, A., & Carroll, M. (1997) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049539708259846 · Cited by 15
Young children's understanding of the mind: Imagery, introspection, and some implications
Estes, D. (1994) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90021-3 · Cited by 15
Oladunni, M. O. (1998) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739980290608 · Cited by 15
To Modernize or Not to Modernize – There is No Question
Živković, S., & Stojković, N. (2013) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n11p70 · Cited by 15
Metacognitive monitoring during category learning: how success affects future behaviour
Doyle, M. E., & Hourihan, K. L. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1086805 · Cited by 14
“Metacognition is the monitoring and knowledge of our own cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMiller, T. M., & Geraci, L. D. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.010 · Cited by 15
Nizlel, H., Subanji, S., Toto, N., et al. (2016) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2016.2721 · Cited by 15
Understanding moral thought: Effects on moral reasoning and decision making.
Weiss, R. J. (1982) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.6.852 · Cited by 15
Leal, L., Crays, N., & Moely, B. E. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129754 · Cited by 15
Cognitive Monitoring in Mathematics
Haneghan, J. P. V., & Baker, L. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8838-8_9 · Cited by 15
Use of Self-Questioning with a Computer-Mediated Text System and Measures of Reading Performance
MacGregor, S. K. (1988) · Journal of Reading Behavior · doi:10.1080/10862968809547631 · Cited by 15
“It is believed that deficiencies in metacognitive skills directly affect the ability to monitor learning (Flavell, 1979), and more specifically the ability to read efficiently and effectively (Brown, 1980).”
BackgroundMokhtari, A. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 15
Thomas, D. C. (2015) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Management · doi:10.1002/9781118785317.weom060051 · Cited by 15
Teachers matter: linking teachers and students’ self-regulated learning
Karlen, Y., Hertel, S., Grob, U., Jud, J., & Hirt, C. N. (2024) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2024.2394059 · Cited by 24
“Metacognitive strategy knowledge (MSK) about SRL strategies enables students to understand how, when, and why to use specific strategies for particular tasks and learning situations (Flavell 1979).”
Huțul, T., Karner‐Huțuleac, A., Mariș, A.-M., Filote, I.-M., Chiricheș, F.-B., & Mavrichi, M. I. F. (2024) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2024.2410943 · Cited by 16
Wirth, J., Weber-Reuter, X.-L., Schuster, C., Fleischer, J., Leutner, D., & Stebner, F. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09983-x · Cited by 23
“They rely strongly on metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979).”
Maré, S., & Mutezo, A. T. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2479164 · Cited by 22
“(Akyol & Garrison, 2011; Dewey, 1993; Flavell, 1979, 1987) 5 (Pintrich, 1999; Wood & Bandura, 1989; Zimmerman, 2000, 2008”
Rashid, S. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15060756 · Cited by 26
Namaziandost, E. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100446 · Cited by 15
A review of the relationship between student growth mindset and self-regulated learning
Xu, K. M., Leferink, J., & Wijnia, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1539639 · Cited by 29
Clinical insight in first episode psychosis: the role of metacognition
Wright, A. C., Lysaker, P. H., Fowler, D. G., & Greenwood, K. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.1922629 · Cited by 14
“Metacognition is considered ‘thinking about thinking’ (Flavell, 1979; Semerari et al., 2003a) and is the capacity to think about one’s cognitions, emotions, and behavior, as well as others’, and to use this reflection to respond to challenges (Lysaker et al.”
BackgroundWojcik, D. Z., Moulin, C. J. A., & Fernández, Á. (2021) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103427 · Cited by 14
Köcher, L. M., Schneider, K. S., & Christiansen, H. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.635 · Cited by 22
Zhang, W., Zhao, M., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.876208 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, in line with some scholars (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Zhang, 1999), L2 learners’ understanding of problem-solving strategy use reflects their metacognitive knowledge of strategies.”
BackgroundResultData, information, knowledge, wisdom, and understanding
Dickerson, J. E. (2022) · Anaesthesia & intensive care medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mpaic.2022.08.012 · Cited by 14
Händel, M., & Dresel, M. (2022) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102229 · Cited by 20
Nicolay, B., Krieger, F., Stadler, M. J., Vainikainen, M., Lindner, M. A., Hansen, A., & Greiff, S. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09324-9 · Cited by 15
“Generally, metacognitive knowledge represents one key facet of metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAsk, T. F., Knox, B. J., Lugo, R. G., Helgetun, I., & Sütterlin, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.1092056 · Cited by 12
“Metacognition is the ability to direct attention internally to observe one’s own cognitions, emotions, and behaviors, and assess if they align with goals, and consciously regulate them if needed (Flavell, 1979; Efklides, 2008).”
BackgroundConnais-toi toi-même : une perspective globale de la métacognition
Allix, P., Lubin, A., Lanoë, C., & Rossi, S. (2023) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2022.08.002 · Cited by 14
Kinsella, M., Wyatt, J., Nestor, N., Last, J., & Rackard, S. (2023) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2023.2201229 · Cited by 25
“Healthy support dialogue enables the metacognitive understanding, i.e. re fl exive insights into oneself and education, that precedes auth-entic behaviours and deepens autonomy (Efklides 2009; Flavell 1979).”
Metacognition in working memory: Confidence judgments during an n-back task
Conte, N., Fairfield, B., Padulo, C., & Pelegrina, S. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103522 · Cited by 15
“This situation illustrates the two facets of metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996; Nelson, 1996).”
EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF GENERATIVE STIMULI ON THE CREATIVITY OF DESIGNERS IN COMBINATIONAL DESIGN
Wang, D., & Han, J. (2023) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2023.181 · Cited by 14
“Internal stimuli are the stimuli of metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979) in memory.”
BackgroundPalmer-Cooper, E. C., Woods, C., & Richardson, T. H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.117 · Cited by 15
Chen, S., Guo, M., & Dousay, T. A. (2023) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2023.2279076 · Cited by 16
“A promising way to make this shift is to conceptualize science education within the context of metacognition – the knowledge and ability to be aware of and regulate one’s thinking, including a continual process of planning, monitoring, and reflecting (Flavell 1979).”
InfluentialBao, L., Soh, K. G., Nasiruddin, N. J. M., Xie, H., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s444631 · Cited by 14
“76 Descriptive Theme 3 indicated that self-regulated learning (SRL) was one of the most effective learning strategies in PE and PA settings.”
Huang, L., Wang, R., & Han, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1368196 · Cited by 27
“The concept and definition of regulation in the field of psychology can be traced back to the concept of “metacognition,” which refers to an individual’s knowledge about his or her own cognition and regulation of cognitive processes (Lavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTaxonomies of Educational Objectives
Noushad, P. P. (2024) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0440-1_2 · Cited by 14
Interoperable Competencies Characterizing Learning Objects in Mathematics
Erica Melis, C., Faulhaber, A., Eichelmann, A., & Narciss, S. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7_45 · Cited by 14
“According to Flavell [ 15 ], meta-cognition is composed of meta-cognitive knowledge and meta-cognitive experiences or regulation.”
BackgroundMetacognitive awareness of grades 6, 7 and 8 students in reading process
Temur, T., Kargın, T., Bayar, S. A., et al. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.663 · Cited by 14
Okoza, J., Aluede, O. O., & Owens-Sogolo, O. (2013) · Research in Education · doi:10.7227/rie.90.1.6 · Cited by 15
“The term metacognition was first introduced by Flavell (1979) as a problem solving technique in 1976.”
BackgroundMethodThe moderating effect of instructional conceptions on the effect of powerful learning environments
Sarfo, F. K., & Elen, J. (2007) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-007-9023-8 · Cited by 14
“Metacognitive knowledge refers to knowledge about learning (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundPujol, L. (2008) · Repositorio - Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales UDCA. · Cited by 14
La métacognition, qu’en est-il?
Saint-Pierre, L. (2007) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/031740ar · Cited by 14
Mok, M. M. C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4507-0_1 · Cited by 14
Improving Teacher Effectiveness: Designing Better Assessment Tools in Learning Management Systems
Kruger, D., Inman, S., Ding, Z., Kang, Y., Kuna, P., Liu, Y., Lu, X., Oro, S., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi7040484 · Cited by 18
Keshavarz, M. H., & Assar, M. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22111/ijals.2011.53 · Cited by 14
EXPLORATIONS OF COGNITIVE AGILITY:A REAL TIME ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Good, D. J. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 14
Understanding metacomprehension accuracy within video annotation systems
Thomas, A., Antonenko, P., & Davis, R. O. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.014 · Cited by 15
“Metacognitive monitoring is an essential component of metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSelf-Regulation: Principles and Tools
Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.002 · Cited by 14
Understanding Creativity in the Schools
Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., & Dilley, A. E. (2016) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_6 · Cited by 20
Developing mathematical practices through reflection cycles
Reinholz, D. L. (2016) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/s13394-016-0175-1 · Cited by 14
Tops, W., Bergh, A. V. D., Noens, I. L. J., & Baeyens, D. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.09.003 · Cited by 13
“The ability to reflect on one's own learning process, often referred to as metacognition, is indeed an important factor in the development of good study skills (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMembangun Metakognisi Siswa dalam Memecahkan Masalah Matematika
Sholihah, U. (2016) · Ta allum Jurnal Pendidikan Islam · doi:10.21274/taalum.2016.4.1.83-100 · Cited by 14
Cognitive and metacognitive strategies as predictors of language learning outcomes
Saks, K., & Leijen, Ä. (2018) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi180121025s · Cited by 14
EFL Students’ Attitude Toward Using Metacognitive Strategies in Writing
Al-Jarrah, T. M., Mansor, N., Rashid, R. A., et al. (2018) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v11n10p162 · Cited by 14
“Metacognitive strategies in academic writing are first introduced by Flavell (1979). It consists of metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience. Metacognitive strategies are mental executive skills that serve to “control cognitive activities and to ensure a cognitive goal is achieved” (De La Paz, & Felton, 20…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWisker, G. (2018) · Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14426/cristal.v6i2.148 · Cited by 26
“doctoral candidate’s work when they make a shift or learning leap and work at a more complex, conceptual, critical, and creative level in their research learning, accompanied by meta-learning (Flavell, 1979), and that many supervisors also perceive this shift and, when asked, can offer suggestions of how to enable or…”
BackgroundInfluentialFactors Related to EFL/ESL Learners’ Reading Strategy Use: A Literature Review
Lin, J. (2019) · Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cjal-2019-0006 · Cited by 14
Ferrara, A. M., & Panlilio, C. C. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104884 · Cited by 16
Metacognition and Integrated-Project Based Learning (I-PjBL) in Elementary Schools
Maryani, I., Putri, D. R., Urbayatun, S., Suyatno, S., & Bhakti, C. P. (2020) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2020.080339 · Cited by 17
Fung, C. H., & Poon, K. (2020) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2020.1749905 · Cited by 14
“Later on, Flavell (1979, 1987) divided metacognition into metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulations or skills.”
BackgroundÖztel, T., Eskenazi, T., & Balcı, F. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01379-0 · Cited by 17
Wang, Q., & Lu, Y. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22421 · Cited by 15
“meta‐cognition, the knowledge and regulation of cognition (Cross & Paris, 1988; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe role of metacognition in recognition of the content of statistical learning
Ordin, M., & Polyanskaya, L. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01800-0 · Cited by 16
“It helps humans to evaluate past decisions, make better future decisions, and monitor their own cognitive processes and cognitive states (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Nelson, 1996).”
BackgroundTeachers’ mediation in students’ development of cognition and metacognition
Guo, L. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/1359866x.2020.1846158 · Cited by 27
An adaptive network model covering metacognition to control adaptation for multiple mental models
Jan Treur, A. (2020) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2020.11.005 · Cited by 14
“Metacognition (Darling-Hammond, Austin, Cheung, & Martin, 2008; Shannon, 2008; Mahdavi, 2014; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 2007; Pintrich, 2000) is a form of cognition about cognition.”
Urban, K., & Urban, M. (2021) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.2397 · Cited by 13
“…effect, predictive and postdictive judgments Metacognitive monitoring plays an important role in human learning in areas ranging from memory and perception to reading and problem solving (Flavell, 1979; Kuhn, 2000) and it is essential in planning and evaluation of our actions (Panadero, 2017).”
BackgroundLysaker, P. H., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Wiesepape, C. N., Huling, K. S., Musselman, A., & Lysaker, J. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723952 · Cited by 19
“Across psychological disciplines, the concept of metacognition has been used to refer to persons’ awareness of their thoughts and feelings and how they adjust their thoughts and actions as a result (Flavell, 1979; Semerari et al., 2003; Moritz and Lysaker, 2018).”
BackgroundWang, L., Qu, G., & Chen, J. (2021) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-12-2020-0536 · Cited by 14
Pickett, S. B., Nielson, C., Marshall, H., Tanner, K. D., & Coley, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.00220-21 · Cited by 21
“Metacognition refers to a student ’ s general ability to attend to and re fl ect on their own thought processes (21).”
BackgroundÖzkan, S. B., & Toz, M. (2022) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22508 · Cited by 14
“It was Flavell who used the concept of metacognition for the first time in the early 1970s, basing it on the term meta ‐ memory, which he had been working on before, and introduced it to the literature.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhy Trust Raoult? How Social Indicators Inform the Reputations of Experts
Branch, T. Y., Origgi, G., & Morisseau, T. (2022) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2022.2042421 · Cited by 16
“This disposition, first coined by John Flavell (1979), is all the more important in the evaluation of scientific information as such information is often not intuitive, and can have high social stakes.”
BackgroundShin, H. W., Sok, S., & Do, J. (2022) · IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2021-0212 · Cited by 17
Metacognition in Argumentative Writing Based on Multiple Sources in Geography Education
Gebele, D., Zepter, A. L., Königs, P., & Budke, A. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12080069 · Cited by 16
“Flavell, J.H. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry.”
BackgroundInfluentialSuciati, R., Gofur, A., Susilo, H., & Lestari, U. (2022) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.12.04.03 · Cited by 14
“Students’ self-regulation become better with integrated metacognition in learning process (Flavell, 1979; Livingston, 2003; Millis, 2016; Sawhney & Bansal, 2015).”
Eldar, O., Eylon, B., & Ronen, M. (2011) · Contemporary trends and issues in science education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2132-6_10 · Cited by 14
Cognitive Processes in Time Perspective
Zajenkowski, M., Carelli, M. G., & Ledzińska, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2_16 · Cited by 15
Al-Khayat, M. (2012) · Canadian social science · doi:10.3968/j.css.1923669720120804.1173 · Cited by 14
McAlpine, L., Weston, C., Beauchamp, C., Wiseman, C., & Beauchamp, J. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.47678/cjhe.v29i3.183335 · Cited by 14
“A number of years ago, we saw parallels between reflection and metacognition (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990), in the sense that one can envisage reflection as a process of thinking about teaching and learning in which one monitors external cues related to the impact of teaching,…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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