The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,901–3,000 of 10,404
Herrmann‐Abell, C. F., Koppal, M., & Roseman, J. E. (2016) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-03-0112 · Cited by 17
“Metacognitive theory posits that student engagement increases with increasing knowledge of and ability to monitor their learning (Brown, 1975; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundStudents’ Acceptance and Commitment to E-Learning: Evidence from Pakistan
Riaz, A., Riaz, A., & Hussain, M. (2011) · Cited by 17
6- and 8-year-olds’ performance evaluations: Do they differ between self and unknown others?
Destan, N., Spiess, M. A., de Bruin, A. B. H., van Loon, M. H., & Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9170-5 · Cited by 19
Mathabathe, K. C., & Potgieter, M. (2017) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2017.1336808 · Cited by 17
“Educational psychologists have consistently emphasised the importance of metacognition for supporting student learning (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEducation process visualization in metacognition development and sustainability
Makarova, A., Lvovna, M., & Mikhailovna, V. (2017) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.5937/ijcrsee1702065a · Cited by 17
“Initially studied for its development in children (Baker and Brown 1984; Flavell, 1979), “focusing on both the fascinating nature of children’s thinking and the excitement and change in this area, using an integrated topical approach”, the studies explored the developmental aspects of social…”
BackgroundInfluentialMcIntyre, C., Lathlean, J., & Esteves, J. E. (2018) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2018.03.005 · Cited by 18
Muhali, M., Yuanita, L., & Ibrahim, M. (2019) · Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.32890/mjli2019.16.2.2 · Cited by 25
“…of: (1) knowledge of cognition (metacognitive knowledge), i.e., knowledge of oneself as a learner-- covering declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2010; Lai, 2011; Louca, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Marzano et al., 1988; Williams & Atkins, 2009; Woolfolk, 2009;)”
BackgroundEfklides, A., & Vauras, M. (1999) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03172972 · Cited by 17
Evidências de validade de uma escala de estratégias de leitura para universitários
Joly, M. C. R. A., de Cantalice, L. M., & Vendramini, C. M. M. (2004) · Interação em Psicologia · doi:10.5380/psi.v8i2.3262 · Cited by 17
“Elas não se limitam apenas a explicar comportamentos relativos à interpretação sintática da frase, e sim munem o leitor de procedimentos altamente eficazes e econômicos, responsáveis pelo processamento automático (Flavell, 1979; Kopke, 1997, 2001).”
BackgroundTeaching problem solving to year 6 students: A new approach
Adibnia, A., & Putt, I. J. (1998) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/bf03217057 · Cited by 17
Estratégias de aprendizagem e aprender a aprender: concepções e conhecimento de professores
dos Santos, O. J. X., & Boruchovitch, E. (2011) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/s1414-98932011000200007 · Cited by 17
Object identification in preschool children and adults
Bernstein, D. M., Loftus, G. R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00402.x · Cited by 17
“This finding is consistent with metacognitive deficits observed in preschoolers (Flavell, 1979).”
ResultIndividual differences in metacognition
Corkill, A. J. (1996) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90019-9 · Cited by 17
Assessment of memory self-awareness following traumatic brain injury
Livengood, M. L., Anderson, J. W., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699051003652815 · Cited by 17
“This knowledge directs and allows for more efficient memory encoding and retrieval [2, 3].”
BackgroundSELF-ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITIES
Sundström, A. E. (2005) · Cited by 18
Independent Problem Solving in the Development of Metacognition
Kontos, S., & Nicholas, J. G. (1986) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1986.9914524 · Cited by 17
Differential allocation of study time: Incomplete compensation for the difficulty of the materials
Pelegrina, S., Bajo, M. T., & Justicia, F. J. (2000) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210050156831 · Cited by 17
“…participants’ knowledge of the variables of the task (e.g. encoding and retrieval conditions) and of the nature of the items (e.g. meaningfulness, frequency, concreteness, etc.) would increase compensation (Flavell, 1979; see revisions in Joyner & Kurtz-Costes, 1997; Schneider & Pressley, 1997).”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Cognitive and Social Problem-Solving Skills as a Function of Intelligence
Short, E. J., & Evans, S. W. (1990) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60093-2 · Cited by 17
Ladd, G. W., Lange, G. W., & Stremmel, A. J. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129711 · Cited by 17
Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1992) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365092019005003 · Cited by 17
The Development and Validation of Scores on the Mathematics Information Processing Scale (Mips)
Bessant, K. C. (1997) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164497057005009 · Cited by 17
The influence of coping strategies on the manifestation of learned helplessness
Cullen, J., & Boersma, F. J. (1982) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/0361-476x(82)90019-4 · Cited by 17
The Effect of Basic Instruction on Problem Solving Skills over an Extended Period of Time
Reed, W. M., & Palumbo, D. B. (1992) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ugfn-t3q1-612f-fp75 · Cited by 17
Cognitive Self-Regulatory Training for Underachieving Children
Loper, A. B., & Murphy, D. M. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-262302-8.50011-0 · Cited by 17
EXPLORING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET: FEEDBACK AND ADAPTIVE DECISION-MAKINGPreprint
Haynie, J. M., & Shepherd, D. A. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 17
The patterns of physics problem-solving from the perspective of metacognition
Abdullah, P. B., & Aliah, F. (2009) · Cited by 17
Young, A. E. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 17
Comment mesurer la mindfulness ? Problèmes et perspectives
Trousselard, M., Steiler, D., Claverie, D., & Canini, F. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2013.09.004 · Cited by 16
Metacognition and autonomy in building a community for language learning through VR digital gaming
Teng, M. F. (2024) · Computers & Education X Reality · doi:10.1016/j.cexr.2024.100060 · Cited by 17
Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Jing, B., Pi, Z., & Ma, H. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12060055 · Cited by 40
“They may occur during sustained periods of cognitive activities, or before or after cognitive activities (Efklides and Petkaki 2005; Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRomero, M. C., & Giménez-Lozano, J. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1485098 · Cited by 39
How do source evaluation criteria develop? A microgenetic study of growth of epistemic ideals
Barzilai, S., & Chinn, C. A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108729 · Cited by 17
Al‐Rousan, A. H., Ayasrah, M. N., Khasawneh, M. A. S., Obeidat, L. M., & Obeidat, S. S. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70153 · Cited by 22
Metamemory: An Update of Critical Findings
Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21056-0 · Cited by 22
“Second, metamemory research also arose from theories within cognitive development stating that improvements in memory as children grow older are likely the result of children acquiring more awareness and knowledge about how memory works (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDe-biasing on university campuses in the age of misinformation
Krutkowski, S., Taylor-Harman, S., & Gupta, K. (2019) · Reference Services Review · doi:10.1108/rsr-10-2019-0075 · Cited by 15
Relationship between metacognitive skills, gender, and level of schooling in high school students
Garzón, D. F. M., Bustos, A. P. H., Ugarte, J. R., Universidad Antonio Nariño, B., Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, B., & Universidad de Minessota, E. U. (2020) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.14349/sumapsi.2020.v27.n1.2 · Cited by 16
Church, H., Murdoch‐Eaton, D. G., & Sandars, J. E. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003809 · Cited by 16
Cabrera, D., Cabrera, L., & Cabrera, E. (2022) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems10020029 · Cited by 35
Melogno, S., Pinto, M. A., & Lauriola, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9040550 · Cited by 23
The role of metacognition in monitoring performance and regulating learning in early readers
Taouki, I., Lallier, M., & Soto, D. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09292-0 · Cited by 16
“Metacognition was first introduced as a term by Flavell (1979), defined as our ability to “think about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundCokely, E. T., & Feltz, A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139136419.013 · Cited by 20
Mediating learning with learning analytics technology: guidelines for practice
Farrell, T., Alani, H., & Mikroyannidis, A. (2022) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2022.2067745 · Cited by 21
“…includes extra attention to those a ff ordances which prompt metacognitive re fl ection in learners (any statement that re fl ects ‘ cognition about cognition ’ Flavell 1979), a clearer connection of an a ff ordance with an intention to use an object for a speci fi c, already acknowledged purpose.”
Trapp, W., Heid, A., Röder, S., Wimmer, F., & Hajak, G. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12060683 · Cited by 23
“A process that has considerable potential to promote the development and use of strategies and may mediate the effects of neurocognition on functional outcomes is metacognition [152], a term coined in its original conceptualization as “thinking about thinking” [153].”
BackgroundA classification of Challenges encountered in Complex Teamwork Settings
Kazemitabar, M., Lajoie, S. P., & Li, T. (2022) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-022-09370-0 · Cited by 18
“Fourth, to overcome challenges, team members should be proactive in communicating their thoughts regarding each other’s behavior if they find any behavior maladaptive to team performance (i.e., they must exhibit metacognition; Flavell 1979).”
Saini, G., Shabnam, S., Seema, S., et al. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2068741 · Cited by 16
“These are the abilities to regulate one’s own cognition, to maximize one’s potential to think, learn, and evaluate (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., & Xi, J. (2022) · Language Assessment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15434303.2022.2103702 · Cited by 16
“The framework of integrated MI-DA for EFL writing class. strategies (Brown et al., 1983) or skills (Efklides, 2006), and (3) metacognitive experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialHenneghan, A. M., & Kesler, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-022-01307-8 · Cited by 18
“Metacognition is a term that refers to self-monitoring of cognitive processes, or “thinking about thinking” [46, 47], that is relevant to subjective CRCI.”
BackgroundMalmberg, J., Saqr, M., Järvenoja, H., Haataja, E., Pijeira‐Díaz, H. J., & Järvelä, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08076-0_4 · Cited by 18
Melchior, K., van der Heiden, C., Deen, M. L., Mayer, B., & Franken, I. H. A. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100780 · Cited by 19
Xie, E., Liu, M., Li, K., Nastase, S. A., Gao, X., & Li, X. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119957 · Cited by 15
“Previous studies suggested that metacogniion, a process of individuals evaluating their own cognitive processes, s embodied in advising behaviors ( Flavell, 1979 ; Bahrami et al., 2010 ; S a m c p i c e s n d c b d s p t s a 2 l g w b t N g L fi T a F s m n s c Y n t T ( 2 r I f d s p i r s T s m C…”
BackgroundBamicha, V., & Drigas, A. S. (2023) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v12i3.40420 · Cited by 17
Zhang, M. X., Yu, S. M., Demetrovics, Z., & Wu, A. M. S. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107775 · Cited by 17
Intention beyond desire: Spontaneous intentional commitment regulates conflicting desires
Cheng, S., Zhao, M., Tang, N., Zhao, Y., Zhou, J., Shen, M., & Gao, T. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105513 · Cited by 19
Meta-analysis of the relationship between metacognition and disorganized symptoms in psychosis
Myers, E. J., Abel, D. B., Mickens, J. L., Russell, M. T., Rand, K. L., Salyers, M. P., Lysaker, P. H., & Minor, K. S. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.009 · Cited by 17
Enhancing Metacognitive and Creativity Skills through AI-Driven Meta-Learning Strategies
Khotimah, K., Rusijono, & Mariono, A. (2024) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v18i05.47705 · Cited by 35
Wang, J., Zhou, H., Chen, S., Tong, H., & Yang, Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103313 · Cited by 30
Effects of Consciousness Raising of Metacognitive Strategies on EFL Students’ Reading Comprehension
Shokrpour, N. (2009) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.2143/itl.157.0.2042588 · Cited by 16
Conocimiento metacognitivo del lenguaje escrito: instrumento de medida y fundamentación teórica
Peronard, M., Velásquez, M., Crespo, N., et al. (2002) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037002317417787 · Cited by 16
“© 2002 by Fundación Infancia y Aprendizaje, ISSN: 0210-3702 Infancia y Aprendizaje, 2002, 25 (2), 131-145 Introducción Metacognición es un término utilizado profusamente a partir de las proposiciones de Flavell (1977, 1979).”
BackgroundWall, K. (2012) · The Curriculum Journal · doi:10.1080/09585176.2012.703442 · Cited by 23
“A thematic analysis (Glaser 2001 ) explored common themes and trends in these quotes, investigating the extent to which students were aware of Learning to Learn agendas, the language used, metacognitive knowledge and skilfulness (Flavell 1979 ), their beliefs about the foundations of these approaches and how a classro…”
BackgroundDevelopment and Validation of the Test Takers’ Metacognitive Awareness Reading Questionnaire (TMARQ)
Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Aryadoust, V., et al. (2013) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-013-0083-z · Cited by 16
“Metacognitive awareness generally refers to language users’ reflections on their own thoughts and awareness of their mental processes and outcomes (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundReinforcing Metacognition in CAD Education using Videotutorials
Paliokas, I. (2009) · Computer-Aided Design and Applications · doi:10.3722/cadaps.2009.613-623 · Cited by 16
“The limits between Cognitive and Metacognitive knowledge may not be fixed and the real distinction depends on how students use the gained knowledge [12].”
BackgroundMeta-aprendizagem e Ciência da Informação: uma reflexão sobre o ato de aprender a aprender
Neves, D. A. D. B. (2007) · Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação · doi:10.1590/s1413-99362007000300009 · Cited by 16
Lee, S.-T. (2009) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 15
Ergas, O. (2013) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/1541344614540334 · Cited by 17
“These include renditions of metacognition (Flavell, 1979), higher order thinking (Newman, 1990), critical thinking (Bailin, Case, Coombs, & Daniels, 1999), mathematical thinking (Dubinsky & Tall, 1991), and other.”
BackgroundEspinosa, M. J., & Concha, S. (2015) · Estudios pedagógicos · doi:10.4067/s0718-07052015000200019 · Cited by 16
Craig, K. (2017) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2017.110107 · Cited by 18
“While this appropriation may not always lead to a metacognitive awareness of what it means to practice history, it may begin to develop that metacognitive awareness in novice historians (Wilson & Bai, 2010; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundWhen analogies harm: The effects of analogies on metacomprehension
Wiley, J., Jaeger, A. J., Taylor, A. R., & Griffin, T. D. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.10.001 · Cited by 17
“On the other hand, internal subjective indicators of performance derived from the actual learning experience provide a basis on which to determine the extent to which a particular item has been learned (Fischer &Mandl, 1984; Flavell, 1979; Griffin, Jee, &Wiley, 2009; Griffin, Wiley, & Salas, 2013; Nelson &Narens, 1990…”
BackgroundMetacognitive awareness of skilled and less-skilled EFL writers
Farahian, M., & Avarzamani, F. (2018) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-018-0052-4 · Cited by 20
“Metacognitive knowledge plays a great role, similar but not exactly identical to the first language, in cognitive activities which are responsible for language learning (Flavell 1979).”
Knowledge-Based Urban Design in the Architectural Academic Field
Abusaada, H., & Elshater, A. M. (2018) · Advances in electronic government, digital divide, and regional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3734-2.ch011 · Cited by 16
Competence Development Through Inquiry-Based Learning
Wessels, I., Gess, C., & Deicke, W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14223-0_6 · Cited by 20
“This includes those processes and experiences that deal with knowledge and the control of students’ own cognitive functions (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundThe Role of Mathematical Modeling in STEM Integration and Education
Tezer, M. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.88615 · Cited by 16
“Thus, Flavell’s [47] theory (metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, and metacognitive strategies) can explain the students’ thinking, strategies, and actions to solve mathematical modeling problems [46, 48].”
BackgroundMetacognitive impairment in patients with episodic and chronic migraine
Zucca, M., Rubino, E., Vacca, A., Martino, P. D., Roveta, F., Govone, F., Gai, A., Caglio, M., Gentile, S., Giordana, M. T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.12.048 · Cited by 16
Favaretto, E., Bedani, F., Offredi, A., Schroffenegger, M., Sassaroli, S., Ruggiero, G. M., Fagiolini, A. M., & Caselli, G. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.013 · Cited by 17
Shehzad, M. W., Lashari, T. A., Lashari, S. A., & Hasan, M. K. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13433a · Cited by 19
Chytrý, V., Medová, J., Říčan, J., & Škoda, J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su122310215 · Cited by 16
“, the ability to monitor one’s activity and regulate learning [45], may increase students’ ability to solve mathematical problems [46–52].”
BackgroundKalemkuş, J., Bayraktar, Ş., & Çiftçi, S. (2021) · Journal of Science Learning · doi:10.17509/jsl.v4i2.27825 · Cited by 16
“Learn.2021.4(2).113-122 possibility of failure in some attempts to take place or to think that the previous attempt was performed very well (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialCollaboration Analytics Need More Comprehensive Models and Methods: An Opinion Paper
Han, A., Krieger, F., & Greiff, S. (2021) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2021.7288 · Cited by 19
“In turn, collaboration involving a lack of teacher support will be of low quality, partly because of the broad influence of metacognition4 on collaboration processes (e.g., in the process of “oral communication of information”; Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Monitoring and Control in Children’s Prospective Memory
Cottini, M., Basso, D., Pieri, A., & Palladino, P. (2021) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2021.1916500 · Cited by 18
“Metacognition in prospective memory and its development during childhood Metacognition refers to both knowing about one’s cognitive functioning (i.e., declarative metacognition) and being able to monitor and control one’s cognitive performance (i.e., procedural metacognition; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundListening for Young-adult EFL Learners: Metacognitive Intervention through L1
Bozorgian, H., Fallahpour, S., & Amiri, M. A. (2021) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2021.1923499 · Cited by 18
“The term was first coined by Flavell (1979) to refer to an individual’s awareness of their thinking and learning processes and also their ability to regulate these thinking processes (Goh, 2008).”
BackgroundAnalyzing online discussion data for understanding the student's critical thinking
Yang, J., Du, X., Hung, J.-L., & Tu, C. (2021) · Data Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1108/dta-04-2021-0088 · Cited by 22
Klever, L., Mamassian, P., & Billino, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09939-7 · Cited by 16
Love, S., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Davey, J. D., & Freeman, J. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.05.006 · Cited by 18
The Metacognition in Self-Control Scale (MISCS)
Bürgler, S., Kleinke, K., & Hennecke, M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111841 · Cited by 22
van Velzen, J. H. (2015) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2015.1064378 · Cited by 20
Un ménage à trois fragile : Autonomie, Motivation et Apprentissage dans un Centre de Langues
Prince, P. (2009) · Lidil · doi:10.4000/lidil.2925 · Cited by 16
Petko, D., Egger, N., & Graber, M. (2014) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-170314 · Cited by 16
“Research on the topic of metacognition differentiates in a similar manner between cognitive knowledge and one’s knowledge of how to regulate cognitions (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Veenman, 2011).”
BackgroundSolano, A. C. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 16
Jho, M. Y., & Chae, M.-O. (2014) · The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education · doi:10.5977/jkasne.2014.20.4.513 · Cited by 16
Metacognitive monitoring: an obstacle and a key to effective teaching and learning
Loizidou, A., & Koutselini, M. (2007) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540600701561711 · Cited by 16
“The term ‘metacognition’, introduced by Flavell in 1979 , soon took one generally agreed‐upon core meaning that Flavell, himself, introduced in 1985 : ‘cognition about cognition’ (p.”
BackgroundMetacognitive Radio Engine Design and Standardization
Asadi, H., Volos, H. I., Marefat, M. M., & Bose, T. (2015) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2015.2393452 · Cited by 16
“The metacognition concept comes from psychology; psychologists define metacognition as thinking about thinking [76], [77].”
BackgroundLiu, L., Rogat, A., & Bertling, M. (2013) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.2013.tb02336.x · Cited by 19
“Specifically, metacognition refers to students’ automatic awareness of their own knowledge and their ability to understand, control, and manipulate their own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundDeductive reasoning and metalogical knowledge in preadolescence: A mental model appraisal
Santamaría, C., Tse, P. P., Moreno‐Ríos, S., & García-Madruga, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.743988 · Cited by 17
“These two tasks should be considered a measure of the participants’ metadeductive capacities as they entail dawning awareness of their own and others’ mental functions (Flavell, 1976, 1979; Kuhn, 2000) and the crucial role of consistency and necessity on deductive inferences.”
BackgroundBrown, J. E. (2009) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/0255761409345437 · Cited by 16
“The theory of metacognition is most often associated with Flavell (1979, 1987) and has been incorporated into the research of many educational psychologists since.”
BackgroundCiência da informação e cognição humana: uma abordagem do processamento da informação
Neves, D. A. D. B. (2006) · Ciência da Informação · doi:10.1590/s0100-19652006000100005 · Cited by 16
Reflective Redo From the Point of Error
Scoresby, J., & Shelton, B. E. (2014) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878114549426 · Cited by 19
“Others have narrowed the definition of metacognition by stating that subcomponents of metacognition are planning, monitoring, and evaluation (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Young & Fry, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialEMERGENCIA Y DESARROLLO TEMPRANO DE LA AUTORREGULACIÓN EN NIÑOS PREESCOLARES
Whitebread, D., & Basilio, M. (2012) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · Cited by 15
The Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Training on Social Skills and Problem - Solving Performance
H, H. V. E. S. (2013) · Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.4172/2161-0487.1000121 · Cited by 16
“A psychologist called Flavel [7] first introduced this term, who defined that as cognition about cognition or awareness about awareness [8].”
BackgroundContribution of Emotional Intelligence towards Graduate Students’ Critical Thinking Disposition
Kang, F. L. (2015) · International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.3n.4p.6 · Cited by 16
“Likewise, other studies by Gibson (2004) and Doherty et al.”
ResultRésolution de problèmes, autorégulation et apprentissage
Poissant, H., Poëllhuber, B., Falardeau, M., Poissant, H., & Poëllhuber, B. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.2307/1495305 · Cited by 16
“Le concept de métacognition est généralement utilisé à la fois pour désigner le savoir portant sur la cognition et la régulation de celle-ci (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Sternberg et Davidson, 1986).”
BackgroundQamar, F. N. (2016) · Journal of Arts and Humanities · doi:10.18533/journal.v5i6.961 · Cited by 19
“In addition, Flavell (1979) takes critical thinking as a ‘construct’ of metacognition.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
