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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Hirt, C. N., Eberli, T. D., Jud, J., Rosenthal, A., & Karlen, Y. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.104977 · Cited by 17
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Sykes, J. (2011) · Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics · Cited by 13
Wahab, M. B. H. A. (2007) · SWU eJournals System (Srinakharinwirot University) · Cited by 13
Lessons from Mr. Larson: An Inductive Model of Teaching for Orchestrating Discourse
Truxaw, M. P., & DeFranco, T. C. (2007) · Mathematics Teacher Learning and Teaching PK-12 · doi:10.5951/mt.101.4.0268 · Cited by 13
Öz-düzenleme Stratejileri Öğretiminin Öğrencilerin İngilizce Başarılarına ve Tutumlarına Etkisi
Vardar, A. K., & Arsal, Z. (2014) · Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.16916/aded.05845 · Cited by 15
Fidalgo, Z., & Pereira, F. (2005) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.12.005 · Cited by 13
“It is an important metacognitive skill (Flavell, 1979), which should be appropriated by the child within the context of meaningful interactions with adults.”
BackgroundLi, M. (2009) · Advances in global leadership · doi:10.1108/s1535-1203(2009)0000005014 · Cited by 13
The Foundation of Cultural Intelligence
Tran, B. (2014) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6220-9.ch020 · Cited by 13
Metacognitive learning management system supporting self-regulated learning
Zarouk, M. Y., & Khaldi, M. (2016) · IEEE International Colloquium on Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/cist.2016.7805021 · Cited by 13
“ Set on front-plan the issues of the learning process: By defining and declaring the activities, variables, actors, strategies and tools involved in a metacognitive experience [23] taking into account the complexity of the unstructured learning process;”
BackgroundMetacognitive Listening Strategies Used by Saudi EFL Medical Students
Alhaisoni, E. (2017) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v10n2p114 · Cited by 14
“Questionnaires have been widely used in studies on listening strategies like Goh (2002), Vandergrift (2005), and Vogely (1995). Hence, the instrument used in this study was the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) developed and validated by Vandergrift et al. (2006). According to Goh et al. (2013), t…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKaya, B., & Ateş, S. (2016) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2016.6752 · Cited by 13
Learning from contrasting molecular animations with a metacognitive monitor activity
Kelly, R. M. (2017) · Educación Química · doi:10.1016/j.eq.2017.02.003 · Cited by 14
“Monitoring enables individuals to observe, reflect on or experience their own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979 as cited in Mathabathe & Potgieter, 2014).”
BackgroundDo Mother’s Metacognitions, Beliefs, and Behaviors Predict Child Anxiety-Related Metacognitions?
Lønfeldt, N. N., Esbjørn, B. H., Normann, N., Breinholst, S., & Francis, S. E. B. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9396-z · Cited by 13
Embedding peer support as a core learning skill in higher education
Ryder, G., Russell, P., Burton, M. B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Information Literacy · doi:10.11645/11.1.2207 · Cited by 13
“…to more effective strategies in a learning spiral supported by a more capable peer, a process informed by the theories of Kolb’s experiential learning theory and the zone of proximal development, as proposed by Vygotsky (Figure 2) (Kolb, 1984; Flavell, 1979; Kozulin et al., 2003; Lai, 2011).”
MethodSanyal, C. (2017) · Action Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/14767333.2017.1364223 · Cited by 13
“This relates to the metacognition process (Flavell 1979), which encompasses the processes of planning, tracking and assessing own understanding or performance.”
BackgroundMetacognição e Ensino de Física: Revisão de Pesquisas Associadas a Intervenções Didáticas
da Rosa, C. T. W., & Villagrá, J. Á. M. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências · doi:10.28976/1984-2686rbpec2018182581 · Cited by 13
Musk, N. J., & Cromdal, J. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.295.02mus · Cited by 14
Song, L., Shi, J., Ping, L., Wei, W., Fang, Y., & Yong, W. (2019) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072719841575 · Cited by 14
“Metacognitive activities can be traced back to metacognition, which was first defined by Flavell (1979) as cognition about cognition.”
BackgroundTheorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century
Fomunyam, K. G. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.77870 · Cited by 19
Aprendizaje basado en el modelo STEM y la clave de la metacognición
Vallejo, J. M. B., & Carrera, R. M. H. (2020) · Innoeduca International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation · doi:10.24310/innoeduca.2020.v6i1.6719 · Cited by 13
Experience in the Application of Cognitive Techniques in the Field of Physical Education and Sports
Kryshtanovych, S., Bilostotska, O., Ulianova, V., et al. (2020) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/11.2/79 · Cited by 13
“with manifestations of empirical and theoretical and reveals its role in the development of new knowledge-based formations of cognitive technologies as tools for cognitive, mental and other activities (Flavell, 1979; 1997).”
BackgroundPowell, B. D., Oxley, M. S., Chen, K. Y., Anksorus, H. N., Hubal, R. C., Persky, A. M., & Harris, S. C. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8266 · Cited by 14
Are children’s judgments of another’s accuracy linked to their metacognitive confidence judgments?
Baer, C., Malik, P., & Odic, D. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-021-09263-x · Cited by 15
“First, in part through their broader metacognitive toolbox, children can reason about their own confidence: the graded signal of whether an answer is likely to be true (Flavell, 1979; Pouget et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTajudin, P. N. M., Rahim, N. A. A., Idris, K., & Arshad, M. M. (2021) · Pertanika journal of science & technology · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.15 · Cited by 13
“According to Flavell (1979), meta-behaviour can help individuals solve problems that they face and are useful in self-control behaviours.”
BackgroundGutierrez, A. P. (2021) · Voces y Silencios Revista Latinoamericana de Educación · doi:10.18175/vys12.1.2021.4 · Cited by 29
Samuel, N. N., & Okonkwo, I. G. (2021) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/6698808 · Cited by 13
“Metacognition has often been conceptualized as an individual process as founded by Flavell [14], anchored on Piaget’s individual-based stage theory of cognitive development [15].”
MethodThe relation between task-relatedness of anxiety and metacognitive performance
Culot, C., Corlazzoli, G., Fantini‐Hauwel, C., & Gevers, W. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103191 · Cited by 13
“Metacognition is a high-order process as it reflects the ability to think about and evaluate our own cognition and performance (Flavell, 1979; Fleming, Ryu, Golfinos, & Blackmon, 2014).”
BackgroundMultimorbidity and clinical reasoning through the eyes of GPs: a qualitative study
Ritz, C., Sader, J., Notari, S. C., Lanier, C., Fon, N. C., NENDAZ, M. R., & Audétat, M. (2021) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2020-000798 · Cited by 14
“More research is, therefore, needed to have a more in depth understanding of the various elements and challenges of management reasoning.”
Wong, K. F., Perini, F., Lin, J., Goldstein, M. R., Ong, J. L., Lo, J. C.-Y., Ong, J. C., Doshi, K., & Lim, J. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.02.003 · Cited by 16
The Role of Self-Assessment in English Language Teachers’ Professional Development in Pakistan
Warsi, L. Q., & Khurshid, K. (2022) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/9401995 · Cited by 13
“Researches in metacognition field began with Flavell [55] who suggested that people learn to regulate their thinking by monitoring what they know about themselves and others about tasks as well as strategies.”
BackgroundLa réflexivité : entre l’expérience déstabilisante et le changement?
Chaubet, P., Kaddouri, M., & Fischer, S. (2019) · Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation · doi:10.7202/1061714ar · Cited by 13
Yurt, E. (2022) · Psycho-Educational Research Reviews · doi:10.52963/perr_biruni_v11.n2.07 · Cited by 15
“The concepts of cognition, self-control, and self-control are the most used concepts to explain metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
Know thyself (Jnana Yoga): Psychotherapeutic insights from the east
Keshavan, M. S., & Bhargav, H. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103907 · Cited by 13
Mallozzi, F. N., & Heilbronner, N. N. (2013) · The Electronic Journal of Science Education · Cited by 13
Sadati, S., & Simin, S. (2015) · International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning · doi:10.5861/ijrsll.2015.1267 · Cited by 13
“Also, Flavell (1979) states that metacognitive knowledge plays an essential role in cognitive activities concerning language use.”
BackgroundInfluentialMetacognitive monitoring of attention performance and its influencing factors
Kessel, R., Gecht, J., Forkmann, T., Drueke, B., Gauggel, S., & Mainz, V. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0511-y · Cited by 13
Student-Produced Vodcasts as Active Metacognitive Learning
Litchfield, A., Dyson, L. E., Wright, M., et al. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt.2010.160 · Cited by 13
“An essential component of active learning is ‘metacognition’ which is the awareness of the thought processes in which one is engaged [7].”
BackgroundIn search of the best technique for vocabulary acquisition
Mohseni-Far, M. (2008) · Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu aastaraamat Estonian Papers in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.5128/erya4.08 · Cited by 13
Brycz, H. W., Wyszomirska-Góra, M., Bar‐Tal, Y., & Wiśniewski, P. (2014) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/ppb-2014-0037 · Cited by 13
Wisker, G. (2013) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2013.839337 · Cited by 29
“…discoursal voice (Ivanic, 1998), shaped by both reading and the context in which the work is read and written is also important, while self-awareness of the role of writer and the writing process, whether writing fluently and easily or ‘stuck’ is a part of metalearning in practice (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMathematics in the making: Mapping verbal discourse in Pólya's “Let Us Teach Guessing” lesson
Truxaw, M. P., & DeFranco, T. C. (2007) · The Journal of Mathematical Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jmathb.2007.05.002 · Cited by 13
A Study of the Metacognition Levels of Student Teachers On The Basis Of Their Learning Styles
Shetty, G. S. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) · doi:10.9790/7388-04154351 · Cited by 13
“Flavell (1979) [14] defines metacognition as, "knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena".”
BackgroundAuthenticity vs. Practicality: Metacognitive Awareness through Authentic Materials in EFL Classroom
Karimi, M., & Dowlatabadi, H. R. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.490 · Cited by 13
Mahadi, R., & Subramaniam, G. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Metakognisjon om språk og språklæring i et flerspråklighetsperspektiv
Haukås, Å. (2014) · Acta Didactica Norge · doi:10.5617/adno.1130 · Cited by 17
What Makes Metacognition as Socially Shared in Mathematical Problem Solving?
Hurme, T.-R., Järvelä, S., Merenluoto, K., & Salonen, P. (2014) · Intelligent systems reference library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11062-2_10 · Cited by 15
Prompted Self-Regulated Learning Assessment and Its Effect for Achieving ASCE Vision 2025
Zheng, W., Yin, J., Shi, H., & Skelton, G. W. (2016) · Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice · doi:10.1061/(asce)ei.1943-5541.0000308 · Cited by 14
How Social-Emotional Imagination Facilitates Deep Learning and Creativity in the Classroom
Gotlieb, R. J. M., Jahner, E. E., Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Kaufman, S. B. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316212899.018 · Cited by 14
“Like other automatic processes that can be cognitively controlled when we become aware of them (Flavell, 1979), so too can we develop mind wandering meta-awareness.”
BackgroundJho, M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing · doi:10.7739/jkafn.2016.23.4.430 · Cited by 13
Efficacy of metacognitive therapy for hypoactive sexual desire disorder among Iranian couples
Ramezani, M. A., Ahmadi, K., Besharat, M., Noohi, S., & Ghaemmaghami, A. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1301690 · Cited by 13
“Everyone has such thoughts, whether negative or positive, but some people are more affected by their negative thoughts and are given to anxiety and depression (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMeasurement, Theory, and Current Issues in Metacognition: An Overview
Miller, T. M. (2017) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2017-1269.ch001 · Cited by 13
A Technology-Enhanced Intervention for Self-Regulated Learning in Science
Berglas-Shapiro, T., Eylon, B., & Scherz, Z. (2017) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811711901301 · Cited by 13
The metacognitive self: The role of motivation and an updated measurement tool
Brycz, H., Konarski, R., Kleka, P., & Wright, R. A. (2019) · Economics & Sociology · doi:10.14254/2071-789x.2019/12-1/12 · Cited by 13
“It was introduced into psychological science by Wilhelm Wundt (1883, 1896) and has attracted increasing attention in ensuing years (Brinol & DeMarree, 2012; Efklides & Valachopoulos, 2012; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 2007; Schwarz, 2015; Nelson & Narens, 1990; see also: Petty & Fabrigar, 2008).”
BackgroundRosario Arias Barahona, G., & Pereda, A. S. A. (2019) · Propósitos y Representaciones · doi:10.20511/pyr2020.v8n1.272 · Cited by 13
“Hacia la década de los 70, Flavell (1979) dio origen al término metacognición e inició su investigación conceptuándola como el conocimiento que uno tiene acerca de sus propios procesos y productos cognitivos, a la monitorización, la regulación y ordenación de dichos procesos en relación con los…”
BackgroundSensitivity to reward and punishment and alcohol outcomes: Metacognition as a moderator
Sistad, R. E., Simons, R. M., & Simons, J. S. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100213 · Cited by 14
“Metacognitive beliefs (Flavell, 1979; Wells, 2000), or metacognition (MC), refer to the beliefs and knowledge individuals hold about their internal states (i.”
BackgroundInfluence of Teachers’ Metacognitive Skills on Development of Early-Childhood Students
Thienngam, S., Promlek, A., & Thongsaard, K. (2020) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2020v45n1.2 · Cited by 15
“Flavell (1999) proposed body of knowledge about metacognition in 3 components as the followings:”
BackgroundInfluentialWendt, L., Vorhölter, K., & Kaiser, G. (2020) · International perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37673-4_29 · Cited by 13
Self-regulated learning: Overview and potential future directions in geoscience
Lukes, L., Jones, J. P., & McCONNELL, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.1080/10899995.2020.1820828 · Cited by 20
Wodaj, H. (2020) · Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health · doi:10.21891/jeseh.770794 · Cited by 13
“Metacognition is one’s knowledge concerning cognitive processes and products, and one’s actively monitoring and regulating that 27 J Educ Sci Environ Health cognitive process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundGandolfi, E., Soytürk, İ., & Ferdig, R. E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.133 · Cited by 14
An Examination of the Personality Constructs Underlying Dimensions of Creative Problem‐Solving Style
Isaksen, S. G., Kaufmann, A. H., & Bakken, B. T. (2014) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.75 · Cited by 15
Developing a diagnostic framework for evaluating student approaches to applied mathematics problems
Geiger, V., & Galbraith, P. (1998) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739980290406 · Cited by 13
Using Metacognitive Strategies to Help Students Learn in Pretest and Posttest Review
Poorman, S. G., & Mastorovich, M. L. (2008) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/01.nne.0000312199.81815.f4 · Cited by 13
“Research in metacognition has its beginnings in cognitive psychology(3) and developmental psychology.(1) These 2 fields essentially remained separate.”
BackgroundMetacognition changes during an engineering design project
Lawanto, O. (2009) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2009.5350642 · Cited by 13
“Flavell [6] stressed that metacognitive knowledge consists primarily of person, task, and strategy factors.”
BackgroundTeaching and Learning Strategies That Work
Hoffmann, R., & McGuire, S. Y. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.325_1203 · Cited by 13
Pifarré, M. (2007) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075070701346972 · Cited by 17
“In the educational literature, there are many references arguing that the use of metacognitive learning activities is essential to explain successful learning, because it enables individuals to bear on the overall cognitive activity, managing and controlling their cognitive activities in order to solve specific proble…”
BackgroundMair, C. (2012) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2012.18.2.42 · Cited by 13
Meta-cognitive Aspects of Solving Indefinite Integral Problems
Şengül, S., & Katrancı, Y. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.205 · Cited by 13
The Role of Metacognition in Reading Instruction
Silvén, M. (1992) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/0031383920360304 · Cited by 13
Durak, H., TÖRÜN, S. E., Sayıner, A., & Kandiloğlu, G. (2006) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.210.231 · Cited by 14
“When students achieve the ability to monitor their learning and to apply the appropriate cognitive and metacognitive strategies, they will have the self-regulatory ability and become active and effective learners (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundShavinina, L. V. (1998) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0732-118x(98)00010-5 · Cited by 13
Foster, S. (1986) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2103_5 · Cited by 13
Valuing the Situation: A Referential Outcome for Top-level Structurers
Bartlett, B. J. (2003) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 13
Quantifying metacognitive thresholds using signal-detection theoryPreprint
Sherman, M. T., Seth, A. K., & Barrett, A. B. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/361543 · Cited by 13
“Effective decision-making often requires the evaluation of the accuracy or effectiveness of our decisions, a process usually referred to as metacognition (‘cognition about cognition’) (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundNavigating the 'Zen Zeitgeist': The Potential of Personalized Neurofeedback for MeditationPreprint
Brandmeyer, T., Simmons, R., & Reggente, N. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x23me · Cited by 12
Poupard, M., Larrue, F., Bertrand, M. M., Liguoro, D., Tricot, A., & Sauzeon, H. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105332 · Cited by 12
Two decades of metacognitive training for psychosis: successes, setbacks, and innovations
Moritz, S., Balzan, R. P., Menon, M., Rojahn, K. M., Schlechte, M., Veckenstedt, R., Schöttle, D., & Meinhart, A. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2483204 · Cited by 12
A conceptual framework for knowledge integration in cross-disciplinary collaborations
Punjabi, S., Misra, S., Rippy, M. A., Grant, S. B., Galappaththi, E. K., Lim, T. C., & Birkland, T. A. (2025) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104197 · Cited by 18
Enhancing Critical Thinking in Generative AI Search with Metacognitive Prompts
Singh, A., Guan, Z., & Rieh, S. Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1287 · Cited by 15
“It involves the ability to monitor, evaluate, and regulate one’s thinking and learning strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
AI-driven HRM digitization in effect: Mechanisms, conditions, and employee outcomes
Ali, A., Cichoń, D., & Abbas, A. (2026) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2025.100919 · Cited by 24
Alyasin, A., & Shah, M. A. (2026) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2026.100256 · Cited by 26
Yazdanshenas, M. (2021) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-01-2021-0031 · Cited by 16
Dugan, J. A., & Bauer, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105441 · Cited by 11
Lenski, S., Elsner, S., & Großschedl, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.892312 · Cited by 19
“Selfevaluation is conceptually placed within the frameworks of metacognition and self-regulation (see Flavell, 1979; Panadero, 2017).”
BackgroundThe financial ambidexterity of the immigrant entrepreneurs: a conceptualization
Malki, B. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2021-1003 · Cited by 17
Blackford, K., Greenbaum, J. C., Redkar, N. S., Gaillard, N. T., Helix, M. R., & Baranger, A. M. (2023) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d2rp00208f · Cited by 17
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“Metacognition could be defined as the cognition about cog - nition, which involves the process of planning, monitoring and evaluation (Flavell, 1979 ; Kruger & Dunning, 1999; Yong & Sokumaran, 2023).”
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“Although a version of the concept of metacognition has been studied since ancient times, the term was first introduced by Flavell in his 1979 seminal contribution, 7 in which metacognition was described as ‘ knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena ’ (p. 906).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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