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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Items 3,401–3,500 of 10,404
Seron, X. (2014) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2014.04.002 · Cited by 17
Promoting Metacognitive Awareness within a Game-Based Intelligent Tutoring System
Snow, E. L., McNamara, D. S., Jacovina, M. E., Allen, L. K., Johnson, A. M., Perret, C. A., Dai, J., Jackson, G. T., Likens, A. D., Russell, D. G., et al. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_116 · Cited by 12
“This ability to reflect upon what we do know and what we do not know is often referred to as metacognition [1].”
BackgroundCansino, S., Torres-Trejo, F., Estrada-Manilla, C., Martínez-Galindo, J. G., Hernández-Ramos, E., Ayala-Hernández, M., Gómez-Fernández, T., Ramírez-González, M. D., & Ruiz‐Velasco, S. (2018) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-018-0031-1 · Cited by 13
Çoymak, A. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cet.512539 · Cited by 12
“Certainly, one of the most important skills that students should develop through HE is metacognition, which can basically be defined as knowledge about what they already know or do not know (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInnovation in Psychotherapy, Challenges, and Opportunities: An Opinion Paper
Schweiger, J. I., Kahl, K. G., Klein, J. P., Sipos, V., & Schweiger, U. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00495 · Cited by 13
“Only two refer to a specific psychological theory derived from general psychology: metacognitive therapy (MCT) (Wells, 2009) draws on and develops the concept of metacognition as described by Flavell (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAcute Physical Exercise Can Influence the Accuracy of Metacognitive Judgments
Palmer, M. A., Stefanidis, K. B., Turner, A., Tranent, P. J., Breen, R. J., Kucina, T., Brumby, L. E., Holt, G. A., Fell, J. W., & Sauer, J. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48861-3 · Cited by 14
Krawitz, J., & Schukajlow, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00506 · Cited by 13
“Monitoring has been claimed to be essential for problem solving (Flavell, 1979) and plays an important role in detecting incorrect intuitions and misconceptions such as linear overgeneralizations (Van Dooren et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTime-Based Measures of Monitoring in Association With Executive Functions in Kindergarten Children
Kälin, S., & Roebers, C. M. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000422 · Cited by 16
Embedding Metaliteracy in the Design of a Post-Truth MOOC: Building Communities of Trust
Mackey, T. P. (2020) · Communications in Information Literacy · doi:10.15760/comminfolit.2020.14.2.9 · Cited by 12
“Metacognition is central to this process because it provides individuals with insights about their thinking while reinforcing the ability to self-regulate or control their learning (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMowling, C. M., & Sims, S. K. (2021) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2020.1867268 · Cited by 12
Failure attributions and metacognitive awareness of EFL learners
Güneş, Ö. (2021) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2021.1960538 · Cited by 13
“Following the establishment of different theoretical models of metacognition (Brown, 1977; Flavell, 1979; Paris & Winograd, 1990; Schraw & Moshman, 1995), research studies focused on the impact of metacognition on learning.”
BackgroundRelationship between negative teacher behaviors and student engagement: Evidence from India
Kuril, S., Gupta, V., & Chand, V. S. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101858 · Cited by 15
The anatomy of agency: Improving academic performance in first‐year university students
Rutenberg, I., Ainscough, L., Colthorpe, K. L., & Langfield, T. (2021) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2137 · Cited by 16
“As both forethought and self- reflectiveness require the knowledge and regulation of one's cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979), it is not surprising that these two factors co- loaded onto the metacognition factor.”
BackgroundValidation of Metacognitive Awareness Inventory from a Private Medical University in India
Omprakash, A., Kumar, A. P., Kuppusamy, M., Sathiyasekaran, B. W. C., Ravinder, T., & Ramaswamy, P. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_39_21 · Cited by 13
“” [1] The documented associations exist between metacognition, academic performance, and other related processes such as planning (P), assessing, and self‐monitoring.”
BackgroundFollmer, D. J., & Tise, J. C. (2022) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10257-7 · Cited by 12
“…as true variation in executive functioning or elaborative processing, but rather as variation in their metacognitive awareness (Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995), which would be leveraged to report on these target skills (i.e., executive functioning and elaborative…”
BackgroundTeng, M. F., & Zhang, L. J. (2022) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2052301 · Cited by 16
“Slight di ff er-ences appeared between both groups: whereas Yao students ’ MCK development was straightforward and their scores increased over time, the enhancement in MCK among Han students Flavell ’ s (1979) theory of mind.”
InfluentialOndé, D., Rodríguez, V. J., Alvarado, J. M., & Gràcia, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894327 · Cited by 12
Filippi, R., & Bright, P. (2022) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2022.100097 · Cited by 11
Wang, M., Zhang, L. J., & Hamilton, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141214 · Cited by 12
“Working within Flavell’s framework (Flavell, 1979, p. 907), scholars in the EFL learning research realm primarily incorporated metacognition within specific domains or skill areas of EFL learning, for example, reading, writing, listening, speaking, vocabulary, and grammar.”
BackgroundInfluentialFu, Y., Wang, M., Min, S., Zhou, S., & Pan, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1148610 · Cited by 31
“One factor that has been widely investigated in the past decade is metacognition, which is an umbrella term for learners’ knowledge about and regulation of their cognitive activities in the learning process (Flavell, 1979; Zeng and Goh, 2015).”
BackgroundMetacognitive monitoring in schizotypy: Systematic literature review and new empirical data
Lehmann, M., & Ettinger, U. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101891 · Cited by 13
Unleashing Creative Synergies: A Mixed-Method Case Study in Music Education Classrooms
Cardoso, M., Morgado, E. M. G., & Leonido, L. F. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13179842 · Cited by 12
Improving Students’ Meta-cognitive Skills within Intelligent Educational Systems: A Review
Peña‐Ayala, A., Kayashima, M., Mizoguchi, R., & Dominguez, R. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21852-1_51 · Cited by 12
“The “Formal Model for Metacognitive Monitoring” proposed by Favell in 1979 is a starting point to depict metacognition [ 12 ].”
BackgroundExploring ESL/EFL Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge on Reading Strategy Instruction
Xu, W. M. (2015) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v8n11p155 · Cited by 12
Choi, E., & Song, H. (2013) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2013.34.5.99 · Cited by 14
“인지적 자기조절은 자신의 사고를 점검, 평가, 수정하는 상위인지 능력이기 때문에(Flavell, 1979) 인지적 실행기능이 높을수록 사고를 더”
Learning Grammar Autonomously through Metacognitive Strategies: An Experiment
Stephen, S. M., & Singh, X. P. (1970) · Journal of NELTA · doi:10.3126/nelta.v15i1-2.4620 · Cited by 12
Metacognitions in generalized anxiety disorder: theoretical and practical perspectives
van der Heiden, C. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.161 · Cited by 12
Fahim, M., & Alamdari, E. F. (2014) · International Journal of Research Studies in Education · doi:10.5861/ijrse.2014.762 · Cited by 14
“Flavell (1979) deconstructed the term ‘metacognition’ into two broad components: (1) metacognitive experience, and (2) metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundJou, Y.-J. (2014) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v8n1p180 · Cited by 12
Introduction: A metacognition bridge
Son, L. K. (2007) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701352317 · Cited by 13
“And interestingly, although the term “metacognition” had been defined already in different ways by the separate fields, it was also via another general description of metacognitive processes—the ability for an individual to reflect on his or her own thinking (Flavell, 1979 )—that early bridges were crossed.”
BackgroundPLANNING, MONITORING AND MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS WHILE SOLVING MODELLING PROBLEMS
Schukajlow, S., & Krug, A. (2013) · Cited by 12
Pilcher, L. A., Riley, D. L., Mathabathe, K. C., et al. (2015) · South African Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.17159/0379-4350/2015/v68a32 · Cited by 12
Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students
Csíkos, C., & Steklács, J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_16 · Cited by 12
The role of invitations to parents in the completion of a child’s home reading challenge
Colgate, O., Ginns, P., & Bagnall, N. F. (2016) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2016.1165799 · Cited by 17
“Metacognitive strategies involve children’s efforts to control their own learning (Flavell, 1979; hacker, Dunlosky, & Graesser, 2009).”
BackgroundStudying self-awareness in children: validation of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning (QEF)
Geurten, M., Catale, C., Geurten, C., Wansard, M., & Meulemans, T. (2016) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1178331 · Cited by 12
“Cognitive self-awareness is typically defined as the ability to perceive and understand one’s own cognitive strengths and limitations (Flavell, 1979; Kennedy & Coelho, 2005; Morris & Mograbi, 2013; Toglia & Kirk, 2000).”
BackgroundDevelopment of a metaconceptual awareness and regulation scale
Kırbulut, Z. D., Uzuntiryaki-Kondakçı, E., & Beeth, M. E. (2016) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2016.1230791 · Cited by 12
“…agree that metacognition is fundamental to deep learning, definitions of metacognition are wide-ranging and subject to debate (Brown, 1987; Hacker, 1998), and researchers have proposed different categorisations for the various components of metacognition (Brown, 1987; Chi, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundUsing contrasting cases to improve self-assessment in physics learning
Jax, J. M., Ahn, J. N., & Lin‐Siegler, X. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1577360 · Cited by 19
“…two key elements: (1) the development of knowledge about a specific subject domain and oneself as a learner; and (2) regulation of one’s own learning, which involves planning, monitoring, and revising one’s own learning and cognitive activities (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Zimmerman, 2001).”
BackgroundThe comparative effectiveness of distributed and colocated team after-action reviews
Jarrett, S. M., Glaze, R. M., Schurig, I., Muñoz, G. J., Naber, A. M., McDonald, J. N., Bennett, W. R., & Arthur, W. (2016) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2016.1208662 · Cited by 12
“Metacognition consists of two components: knowledge acquisition—accumulated knowledge about cognitive process—and regulation of knowledge, which is the use of regulatory strategies to facilitate cognitive performance (Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Development in Engineering Students Through Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL)
Jumari, N. F., Mohd‐Yusof, K., & Phang, F. A. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60937-9_9 · Cited by 13
“Based on cognitive monitoring model proposed by Flavell [43], the problem given usually will ignite one’s cognitive goal.”
BackgroundRodríguez‐Serrano, L. I., Timpka, T., Ekberg, J., Dahlström, Ö., & Jacobsson, J. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13020 · Cited by 12
Khodabakhshzadeh, H., Hosseinnia, M., & Rahimian, S. (2017) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-017-0427-5 · Cited by 12
A comparison of metacognitive factors among patients with cancer and the control group
Mutlu, H. H., Bilican, F. I., Mutlu, H. H., & Gümüş, M. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4667 · Cited by 14
The first impression in the urban sonic experience: transitions, attention, and attunement
Paiva, D., Cachinho, H., & Participants, A. (2018) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.2018.1444943 · Cited by 12
“Metacognitive experiences are experiences in which individuals reflect on how they apprehend and learn things (Flavell 1979; Tarricone 2011), and metaemotional experiences are those in which individuals assess how they feel about the emotions that certain situations cause (Mendonça 2013; Norman and…”
BackgroundDuman, B. (2018) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v6i5.3080 · Cited by 17
“In short, metacognition can be expressed as the awareness and control of one’s own thinking process (Flavell, 1979; Wellman, 1985, 1; Hacker & Dunlosky, 2003; Jager, Jensen & Reezigt, 2005; Baker, 2010).”
BackgroundA Disorder by Any Other Name: Metacognition, Schizophrenia, and Diagnostic Practice
Lysaker, P. H., Zalzala, A. B., Ladegaard, N., Buck, B., Leonhardt, B. L., & Hamm, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167818787881 · Cited by 13
Model of entrepreneurship competence as a basis for the development of entrepreneurship education
Venesaar, U., Täks, M., Arro, G., Malleus, E., Loogma, K., Mädamürk, K., Titov, E., & Toding, M. (2018) · Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri = Estonian Journal of Education · doi:10.12697/eha.2018.6.2.06 · Cited by 18
Wright, A. C., Fowler, D. G., & Greenwood, K. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022546 · Cited by 14
Álzate, Ó. E. T., Alzate, V. C., & Londoño, D. M. M. (2018) · Revista Colombiana de Educación · doi:10.17227/rce.num76-4188 · Cited by 21
Learning to read at home: Kindergarten children’s report in relation to observed parent behaviour
Evans, M. A., & Hulak, L. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.010 · Cited by 12
Baten, E., & Desoete, A. (2019) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-018-01024-6 · Cited by 12
THE ROLE OF SELF EFFICACY IN IMPROVING STUDENT METACOGNITIVE SKILLS
Wibowo, L. A., Sihaloho, L., & Rahayu, A. (2018) · JPBM (Jurnal Pendidikan Bisnis dan Manajemen) · doi:10.17977/um003v4i32018p130 · Cited by 14
“Metacognition also includes the ability to regulate thought processes in a knowledge of processes, products or anything related to cognitive itself (Flavell, 1979; Goh, 2016; Tok, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Challenge of Quantum Physics Problems with Self-Metacognitive Questioning
Dökme, Ï., & Ünlü, Z. K. (2019) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-019-9821-4 · Cited by 14
The development of metacognitive awareness of reading strategies through WebQuest based teaching
Hacer, U. L. U., & Ulusoy, M. (2019) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/pegegog.2019.025 · Cited by 12
“The concept of ‘‘metacognition’’ is firstly defined by Flavell (1979) as being aware of one’s thinking processes and being able to control these processes.”
BackgroundSevgi, S., & Çağliköse, M. (2019) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2019053981 · Cited by 14
“Böylelikle problem çözme sürecinde öğrencilerin üstbiliş becerilerini kullanma durumları daha belirgin gözlenmektedir (Chan ve Mansoor, 2007; Flavell, 1979).”
Zieni, H. A. (2019) · The Journal of AsiaTEFL · doi:10.18823/asiatefl.2019.16.3.19.1020 · Cited by 12
“Regarding metacognitive skills and according to Flavell (1979), metacognition means thinking about thinking and reflecting on what you know and what you do not know.”
BackgroundConceptualizing Cultural Intelligence
Liao, Y., & Thomas, D. C. (2020) · Springer series in emerging cultural perspectives in work, organizational, and personnel studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18171-0_2 · Cited by 14
Ghislandi, P., Raffaghelli, J. E., Sangrà, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2020-021-ghis · Cited by 12
Lingel, K., Neuenhaus, N., Artelt, C., & Schneider, W. (2014) · Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik · doi:10.1007/s13138-013-0061-2 · Cited by 12
“Damit bezeichnet Metakognition allgemein alle Prozesse und Produkte des Denkens, welche das Denken zum Gegenstand haben (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeach, P., Henderson, G. E., & McConnel, J. (2020) · Teachers and Teaching · doi:10.1080/13540602.2020.1863206 · Cited by 11
“As a component of teacher cognition, metacognition is an internal and active process of self-monitoring and self-awareness, and involves knowledge of one’s own cognitions before, during, and after instruction (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundImproving Metacognition in the Classroom
Hausman, H., Myers, S. J., & Rhodes, M. G. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000440 · Cited by 15
The Social Nature of Second Language Metacognition
Wu, M. M.-F. (2021) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00596-4 · Cited by 14
“The majority of research on metacognition, including that on second language (L2) metacognition, has been conducted under the tradition of cognitive approaches (Anderson, 2012; Flavell, 1979, 1987; Goh, 2008; Lee & Mak, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialÜniversite Öğrencilerinin Bilinçli Farkındalıkları ile Bilişsel Esneklikleri Arasındaki İlişki
Akman, T. P., & Demir, M. (2021) · Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31461/ybpd.879554 · Cited by 12
Intact context memory performance in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Justus, S. A., Powell, P. S., & Duarte, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99898-2 · Cited by 18
Wang, G., Zhen, Y., Chen, X., et al. (2022) · ZDM · doi:10.1007/s11858-022-01366-2 · Cited by 12
“Later, Flavell (1979) constructed a metacognitive monitoring model that gradually expanded the definition of metacognition and divided it into four categories, namely, metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, goal or task, and action or strategy, which interact with each other.”
BackgroundFactor Structure of the Russian Version of the «Metacognitive Awareness Inventory»
Perikova, E. I., & Бызова, В. М. (2022) · Cultural-Historical Psychology · doi:10.17759/chp.2022180213 · Cited by 17
La evaluación de los procesos metacognitivos: estrategias y problemática actuales
Saldaña, D., & Aguilera, A. (2003) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1174/021093903765762901 · Cited by 12
“Incluyen habilidades de regulación de los procesos cognitivos, entre las que cabe distinguir las de planificación, supervisión y revisión (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Simons, 1996).”
BackgroundUsing a subject area model as a learning improvement model
Thompson, E. (2006) · Cited by 12
Lawanto, O., Butler, D. L., Cartier, S. C., Santoso, H. B., Lawanto, K., & Clark, D. (2023) · Journal of design and technology education/Design and technology education · doi:10.24377/dteij.article1664 · Cited by 12
Shawer, S. F. (2010) · The Curriculum Journal · doi:10.1080/09585176.2010.480872 · Cited by 12
“It can, for example, lead learners ‘to select, evaluate, revise, and abandon cognitive tasks, goals, and strategies’ (Flavell 1979, 908).”
BackgroundInfluentialProblem Solving, Instructional Methods and Logo Programming
Au, W., & Leung, J. P. (1991) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/k88q-rwv1-avpu-3dtk · Cited by 12
The formative capacity of momentous events and leadership development
Olivares, O. J. (2011) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731111183766 · Cited by 12
Information–integration category learning and the human uncertainty response
Paul, E. J., Boomer, J. B., Smith, J. D., & Ashby, F. G. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0041-4 · Cited by 14
“…responses form the basis of the literature on uncertainty monitoring and metacognition (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Bjork, 2008; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Scheck & Nelson, 2005; Schwartz, 1994; Serra &…”
Metacognitive awareness and math anxiety in gifted students
Oğurlu, Ü., & Sarıçam, H. (2016) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v10i4.228 · Cited by 12
“For instance, several researchers have viewed metacognition as a predictor of learning (Flavell, 1979; Glaser, 1990; Veenman & Elshout, 1995; Wang, Haertel & Walberg, 1993).”
BackgroundUmino, A., & Dammeyer, J. (2016) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2016.05.004 · Cited by 14
Problem-Posing and Questioning: Two Tools to Help Solve Problems
Carrillo, J., & Cruz, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28023-3_2 · Cited by 12
A Critical Challenge Awaiting Marketing Education
Ramocki, S. P. (2007) · Marketing Education Review · doi:10.1080/10528008.2007.11489010 · Cited by 13
A readability comparison of anti- versus pro-influenza vaccination online messages in Japan
Okuhara, T., Ishikawa, H., Okada, M., et al. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.013 · Cited by 12
“Published by Elsevier Inc a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o”
BackgroundMcDuffie, A. R. (1996) · Cited by 12
Keung, E. K. (2011) · Cited by 12
Poissant, H., Neault, I., Dallaire, S., Rouillard, M., Émond, V., Guay, M.-C., & Lageix, P. (2008) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2007.01.007 · Cited by 12
Learner autonomy in a mainstream writing course: Articulating learning gains
Cotterall, S. (2009) · Hong Kong University Press eBooks · doi:10.5790/hongkong/9789622099234.003.0006 · Cited by 12
Modeling Units of Learning From a Pedagogical Perspective
Koper, R., Van Es, R., & McGreal, R. (2003) · doi:10.4324/9780203416082 · Cited by 12
Technocentrism revisited: Computer literacy as cultural capital
Emihovich, C. A. (1990) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405849009543460 · Cited by 12
Reconstructing the Paradigm of Learning Disabilities: A Holistic/Constructivist Interpretation
Grobecker, B. (1996) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1511060 · Cited by 12
“Metacognitive processes, which include factors such as deployment of attention, selection and application of strategies, and the ability to monitor strategy effectiveness, have been proposed to mediate the functioning of cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979, 1985).”
BackgroundMental Processes in Reading and Writing: A Critical Look at Self-Reports as Supportive Data
Gordon, C. J., & Braun, C. (1986) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1986.10885694 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Science and Cognitive Development
Keil, F. C. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0214 · Cited by 12
Ali, S. N. (2012) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1791 · Cited by 13
“Lastly, knowledge of strategy variables consists of knowledge about when and where it is appropriate to use effective strategies (Flavell, 1979, 1987).”
BackgroundThe Capacity for Self-Observation in Psychotherapy
Falkenström, F. (2012) · DiVA (Linkoping University) · Cited by 12
Reading strategy instruction in grades 4 to 6 : towards a framework for implementation
Klapwijk, N. M. (2011) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 12
Cook, E., & Kazlauskas, E. J. (1993) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/2v08-22dg-c3gh-pr22 · Cited by 12
Niemivirta, M. (2004) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 12
Metamemory and Cognitive Aging
Hertzog, C. K., & Curley, T. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.377 · Cited by 15
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities
Lakshmanan, P. S. (2020) · ADVANCED SCIENCES INDEX · Cited by 12
Seel, N. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_108 · Cited by 12
Metacognitive awareness : impact of a metacognitive intervention in a pre-nursing course
Doyle, B. (2013) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2644 · Cited by 12
“As one might expect, studies indicate that adults generally have higher levels of knowledge of cognition and can describe that knowledge better than children (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Moshman, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialMelanou, C., & Beege, M. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16040651 · Cited by 12
Survey measures of metacognitive monitoring are often false
Double, K. S. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02621-6 · Cited by 12
“Monitoring is seen as crucial for the regulation of thought as it allows individuals to identify what they know and what they do not know (Flavell, 1979), and this monitoring facilitates various control processes such as resource allocation, strategy selection, and error detection (Nelson, 1990).”
Gmeiner, F., Marquardt, N., Bentley, M., Romat, H., Pahud, M., Brown, D., Roseway, A., Martelaro, N., Holstein, K., Hinckley, K., et al. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713861 · Cited by 28
“From a broader cognitive perspective, self-awareness about one’s intentions relates to metacognition [27], and recent research by Tankelevitch et al. [87] have proposed a stronger focus on supporting users’ metacognitive processes, such as self-awareness and task decomposition , for mitigating…”
AI‐Augmented Approaches to Creative Problem‐Solving: A Metacognitive Perspective
Hoßbach, C., & Isaksen, S. G. (2025) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.70003 · Cited by 22
Quantifying uncert-AI-nty: Testing the accuracy of LLMs’ confidence judgments
Cash, T. N., Oppenheimer, D. M., Christie, S., & Devgan, M. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01755-4 · Cited by 20
“Though there has been great empirical interest in the cognitive capacities of generative AI chatbots and their underlying LLMs, far less attention has been paid to their metacognitive capacities—their ability to think about their own cognition (A. Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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