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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,601–3,700 of 10,404
Metacognitive experience on Raven’s matrices versus insight problems
Chuderski, A., Jastrzębski, J., Kroczek, B., Kucwaj, H., & Ociepka, M. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09236-6 · Cited by 13
“This work examined the structured metacognitive ratings in the form of questionnaires that probed participants’ metacognitive experiences (Flavell, 1979) referring to current, on-going cognitive processing and the resulting affective states.”
BackgroundLiao, W.-W., Wu, C., Liu, C., Lin, S.-H., Chiau, H.-Y., & Chen, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236654 · Cited by 11
Manzanares, M. C. S., & Valdivieso-León, L. (2020) · Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado · doi:10.6018/reifop.385491 · Cited by 11
Understanding Students’ Metacognition in Mathematics Problem Solving: A Systematic Review
William, S. K., & Maat, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v9-i3/7847 · Cited by 10
“As the students experience the metacognition, their metacognitive strategy helps them properly monitor their progress and the solution they had computed (Flavell, 1979) and hence lower the risk of doing mistakes in solving the mathematical problem.”
BackgroundInfluentialSocially-Shared Metacognitive Regulation in Collaborative Science Learning
Vauras, M., Volet, S., & Iiskala, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51673-4_5 · Cited by 11
Stavholm, E., Lagerlöf, P., & Wallerstedt, C. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103306 · Cited by 11
Metacognitive attitude for decision making at a university hospital
Lins, M. P. E., Pamplona, L., Lins, A. E., & Fontes, K. L. (2021) · International Transactions in Operational Research · doi:10.1111/itor.12975 · Cited by 12
Metacognição e seus 50 anos: cenários e perspectivas para o Ensino de Ciências
da Rosa, C. T. W., Corrêa, N. N. G., Passos, M. M., & Arruda, S. D. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática · doi:10.5335/rbecm.v4i1.12194 · Cited by 11
Cannon, J. P., Lohtia, R., & Paulich, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/02734753211058357 · Cited by 15
“Researchers generally agree that metacognition is composed of two components: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation (Flavell, 1979; Schraw & Dennison, 1994; A. Young & Fry, 2008).”
BackgroundVerezub, E., & Wang, H. (2008) · ASCILITE Publications · doi:10.14742/apubs.2008.2366 · Cited by 11
“Flavell (1979) describes meta-cognition as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (p. 906).”
BackgroundMetacognition, Adaptation, and Mental Health
Martin, A. M. S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.028 · Cited by 12
The quality of argumentation and metacognitive reflection in engineering co-Design
Seppanen, M. (2022) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2022.2054314 · Cited by 11
“In an early study, Flavell (1979) clarified that metacognition is the awareness and monitoring of one’s own thinking and action in learning.”
BackgroundMetacognition in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: Current Directions
Corcoran, K., & Segal, Z. V. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1680/ijct.2008.1.1.33 · Cited by 11
A Multicentre Analysis of Approaches to Learning and Student Experiences of Learning Anatomy Online
Stone, D. M., Longhurst, G. J., Dulohery, K., Campbell, T. J., Richards, A., O’Brien, D., Franchi, T., Hall, S., & Border, S. (2022) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-022-01633-7 · Cited by 12
“Flavell [61] first described metacognition as “one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes”, encompassing the processes used by students to monitor and assess their own learning.”
BackgroundGupta, P., & Bamel, U. K. (2023) · Global Business and Organizational Excellence · doi:10.1002/joe.22208 · Cited by 14
Artificial Intelligence in the Process of Training and Developing Employees
Ali, N. A. A., Hamdan, A., Alareeni, B. A., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26953-0_50 · Cited by 11
Metacognición y resolución de problemas matemáticos
Fuentes, E. L. R., Morales, C. E. R., & Miranda, M. A. V. (2023) · Tecné Episteme y Didaxis TED · doi:10.17227/ted.num53-14068 · Cited by 11
“…entender o explicar acerca de sus propios fenómenos cognitivos, por lo que se convierte en el propó-sito y control reflexivo que uno ejerce sobre su propia cognición (Brown, 1980; Flavell, 1979, en Durley y Ge, 2019), a partir de saberes previos que luego dan lugar a uno nuevo Haeruddin et al .”
BackgroundMetacognition and Self-Scaffolding in MMORPGs: Case Study of an Adolescent Male Gamer
Monem, R. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2121 · Cited by 11
Science Teachers Self Perception about Metacognition
Yousef, M. (2015) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1s1p77 · Cited by 11
“There are many literature reviews from Flavell (1971) until Balcikanli (2011) that studies on metacognition.”
BackgroundInfluentialLehrerfahrung und der „Shift from teaching to learning“
Fendler, J., & Glaeser-Zikuda, M. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung · doi:10.3217/zfhe-8-03/03 · Cited by 11
Couchman, J. J., Beran, M. J., Coutinho, M. V. C., Boomer, J. B., Zakrzewski, A. C., Church, B. A., & Smith, J. D. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02065.x · Cited by 11
“These types of reflective and hint-seeking behaviours form the basis for the study of human metacognition (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994).”
BackgroundQué conocimientos y concepciones movilizan futuros maestros analizando un vídeo de aula
Climent, N., Romero-Cortés, J. M., Carrillo, J., et al. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 11
Østefjells, T., Melle, I. S., Hagen, R., Romm, K. L., Sönmez, N., Andreassen, O. A., & Røssberg, J. I. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.026 · Cited by 11
“Metacognitive beliefs are assumptions that individuals hold about their thoughts that outline the perceived importance or consequences of specific thoughts (Flavell, 1979; Wells and Matthews, 1996).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Awareness and Comprehension Monitoring in Reading Ability of Iranian EFL Learners
Khonamri, F., & Kojidi, E. M. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 11
Boey (1999) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199908)14:8 · Cited by 95
Walt, M. S. V. D., Maree, J. G., & Ellis, S. M. (2008) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2008.9748004 · Cited by 14
Design of Telematic Learning Environments: A Cognitive Mediational View∗
Elen, J., Lowyck, J., & Proost, K. (1996) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/1380361960020301 · Cited by 11
Anjomshoaa, L. (2012) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/ijalel.v.1n.6p.193 · Cited by 11
“Whether in L1 or L2, reading is considered a cognitive enterprise that entails three components including reader, text and activity (Flavell, 1979; Gou, 2008; Snow & Sweet, 2003).”
BackgroundEakin, D. K. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.4.1012 · Cited by 11
“Metamemory or knowledge about one’s own memory (Flavell, 1979) is influenced by the number of associates of words in the same way that memory is influenced (e.g., Eakin & Hertzog, 2006, 2010a; Hertzog et al., 2002; Schreiber, 1998; Schreiber & Nelson, 1998; but see Eakin & Hertzog, 2010b).”
BackgroundEscala de estratégias de leitura para etapa inicial do ensino fundamental
Joly, M. C. R. A. (2006) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2006000300006 · Cited by 11
The Effects of Faded Prompts and Feedback on College Students’ Reflective Writing Skills
Chen, C., Chung, M.-Y., & Wu, W. V. (2013) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-013-0059-z · Cited by 11
“Because reflective thinking is a metacognitive activity that involves knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell 1979), supports that are amenable to students’ reflective thinking processes become critical.”
BackgroundSethumadhavan, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181311551074 · Cited by 10
“Metacognition is defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSaldaña, D. (2004) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173215 · Cited by 11
Yee, J. S. R. (2007) · Design Principles and Practices An International Journal—Annual Review · doi:10.18848/1833-1874/cgp/v01i01/37556 · Cited by 12
“This process allows designers to be aware of their underlying design process: thinking about thinking – also known as metacognition, a term first described by Flavell (1979).”
BackgroundÖztürk, E. (2012) · İlköğretim Online (elektronik) · Cited by 11
Gamification: Metacognitive Scaffolding Towards Long Term Goals?
Tang, L. M., & Kay, J. (2014) · Cited by 11
Arrastia-Chisholm, M. C., Zayed, A. M., & Elnagar, H. Z. (2016) · International Research in Higher Education · doi:10.5430/irhe.v1n2p46 · Cited by 11
“The construct of metacognition has been a topic of much study for educational psychologists since the 1970s (e.g., Barzilai & Zohar, 2014; Flavell, 1979; Garner & Alexander, 1989; Quintana, Zhang, & Krajcik, 2005; Zimmerman, 1995).”
BackgroundConsciousness, Metacognition, and the Unconscious
Winkielman, P., & Schooler, J. W. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n4 · Cited by 10
Metacognitive awareness of Reading Strategies
Rajoo, F. X. A. S., & Selvaraj, B. (2010) · doi:10.1109/cssr.2010.5773739 · Cited by 11
Children's Use of Memory Editing Strategies to Reject Source Misinformation
Moore, K. N., Lampinen, J. M., Gallo, D. A., Adams, E. J., & Bridges, A. J. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12716 · Cited by 11
Introspection during short-term memory scanning
Gabriel Reyes, M., & Sackur, J. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021817738951 · Cited by 11
“We sought to achieve that goal by focusing participants’ attention on the mental content of interest, an idea present in the literature for many years (Flavell, 1979; Hurlburt & Heavey, 2001), with the appropriate methodological safeguards (Goldman, 2004; Piccinini, 2003).”
BackgroundThe Process of Active Word Learning
Jimenez, S. R., Sun, Y., & Saylor, M. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77182-3_5 · Cited by 14
Children’ ; s metacognition as predictor of reading comprehension at different developmental levels
Kolić‐Vehovec, S., & Bajšanski, I. (2002) · Cited by 11
Slow Education and Cognitive Agility
Knox, B. J., Lugo, R. G., Helkala, K. M., & Sütterlin, S. (2019) · International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism · doi:10.4018/ijcwt.2019010104 · Cited by 9
“Metacognition was considered as having two dimensions: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundTest format effects: a componential approach to second language reading
Lim, H. (2019) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-019-0082-y · Cited by 12
“(Grabe, 2010). The componential approach and many other reading models value the role of processing skills as critical for accurate and fluent reading in L2. For instance, the simple view of reading defines reading comprehension as a product of decoding skills and listening ability. In the cognitive processing approac…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Using Metacognition Reading Strategies on the Reading Comprehension of Arabic Texts
Al-Alwan, A. F. (2012) · Cited by 11
A Grounded-Theory Study of Meta-Attention in Golfers
Oliver, A., McCarthy, P. J., & Burns, L. (2020) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2019-0014 · Cited by 12
“Metacognition 25 is conceptualised as an individual’s insight and control over one’s cognitive processes 26 (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundÇakır, N. K. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.46328/ijres.v6i2.975 · Cited by 11
“Flavell (1979) has divided metacognition primarily into two sub-categories, namely, monitoring and self-regulation, and metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundKyriakides, L. E., Creemers, B., & Panayiotou, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44810-3_3 · Cited by 12
Karlen, Y. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-015-0123-2 · Cited by 11
A Framework for Reader Autonomy: An Integrated Perspective.
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Recall After Relearning by Fast and Slow Learners
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Reading Workshop: Reading, Writing, Thinking.
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A dynamic model of memory for research on human information processing
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“In the sense that metacognitive knowledge"can lead you to select, evaluate, revise, and abandon cognitive tasks, goals and strategies in light of their relationships with one another and with your own abilities and interests with respect to that enterprise" ( Flavell, 1979, p. 908 ), the metacognitive perspective seem…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effect of leads on cognitive load and learning in a conceptually rich hypertext environment
Antonenko, P. (2007) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-16756 · Cited by 12
“Thus, a key aspect of the cognitive flexibility theory appears to be the ability of the learner to regulate their learning or metacognition (Baker & Brown, 1984; Flavell, 1979, 1987; Garner, 1987).”
BackgroundMotivation und Volition von Lehrkräften in Schulinnovationsprojekten
Schellenbach‐Zell, J. (2009) · Cited by 11
Montgomery, J. W. (1992) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38341-9 · Cited by 10
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Metacognitive Development: Educational Implications
Schneider, W. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/02388-3 · Cited by 11
Lund, A. E., Corrêa, C. M. C., Fardo, F., Fleming, S. M., & Allen, M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/p97s5 · Cited by 11
Thinking Fast and Slow in Human and Machine Intelligence
Fabiano, F., Ganapini, M. B., Loreggia, A., Mattei, N., Murugesan, K., Pallagani, V., Rossi, F., Srivastava, B., & Venable, K. B. (2025) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3715709 · Cited by 13
“10,14 Managing our thoughts during the learning process enables us to distinguish between what we already know and what we have yet to discover.”
Exploring the Potential of Metacognitive Support Agents for Human-AI Co-Creation
Gmeiner, F., Luo, K., Wang, Y., Holstein, K., & Martelaro, N. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735785 · Cited by 25
“…this work, we follow an exploratory prototyping approach [105] to explore the potential of voice-based agents that support designers’ metacognition [40] 1 while working on a manufacturing design task in a 3D GenAI CAD tool, where the designer specifies their goals as parameters and geometry within…”
InfluentialLebuda, I., Hofer, G., & Benedek, M. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09432-2 · Cited by 15
“The significance of metacognitive processes, including metacognitive monitoring, in learning has been highlighted multiple times from the early interest in metacognition to the present day (e.g., Dignath et al., 2023; Flavell, 1979 ; Janssen & Lazonder, 2024 ; Veenman et al., 2006).”
Stofiana, T., Sunendar, D., Mulyati, Y., & Sastromiharjo, A. (2025) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2025.100242 · Cited by 19
Knowing (Not) to Know: Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Human Metacognition
von Zahn, M., Liebich, L., Jussupow, E., Hinz, O. F., & Bauer, K. (2025) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2024.1431 · Cited by 21
Bal, M., & Arseven, T. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.102118 · Cited by 17
Davor, I., Boateng, F. O., Osei-Wusu, F., Bosompem, A. O., Osei-Tutu, P., & Hamenu, J. (2026) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2026.2661434 · Cited by 15
Wu, Y., Qi, L., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043711 · Cited by 10
Fazenda Annoni: das primeiras experiências educativas às escolas atuais
LAUER, M. J. (2021) · doi:10.48209/978-65-994306-4-8 · Cited by 10
Educação Física do Campo: uma proposta curricular para áreas de assentamentos da Reforma Agrária
LAUER, M. J. (2021) · doi:10.48209/978-65-994306-4-6 · Cited by 10
Fieldwork in pro-poor tourism: a reflexive account
Truong, V. D., Knight, D., Pham, Q., Nguyen, T. T. K., Nguyen, T., & Saunders, S. G. (2022) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2022.2126923 · Cited by 10
“Flavell (1979) divided metacognition into metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences.”
InfluentialWongdaeng, M., & Higgins, S. (2022) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2022.2146122 · Cited by 10
“Metacognitive experiences are ‘any conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany and pertain to any intellectual enterprise’ (Flavell 1979, 906).”
BackgroundInfluentialZheng, X., Gu, X.-Y., Lai, W.-H., Tu, Y., Hwang, G., & Wang, F. (2023) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10220-5 · Cited by 12
Razkane, H., Sayeh, A. Y., Diouny, S., et al. (2023) · English Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1007/s42321-023-00156-7 · Cited by 10
Reflecting on diagnosis: The Metacognitive Diagnostic Reasoning Model©
Beebe, S. L., McNelis, A. M., El‐Banna, M. M., & Dreifuerst, K. T. (2024) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000001018 · Cited by 10
“Two components remain the pillars of metacognition: (1) knowledge about cognition and (2) regulation of cognition (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979; Harrison & Vallin, 2018; Schraw & Dennison, 1994).”
Nzembayie, K. F., & Coghlan, D. (2024) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2024.e00471 · Cited by 10
Smartphone-based study reminders can be a double-edged sword
Nobbe, L., Breitwieser, J., Biedermann, D., & Brod, G. (2024) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-024-00253-7 · Cited by 13
“Forhypotheses3and4,wetookacloserlookatstudents ’ test performance.”
You Can Lead an Adolescent to Mindfulness, but You Can’t Make Them Mindful
Johnson, C., Taylor, A. M., Dray, J., & Dunning, D. L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02391-w · Cited by 17
“Since Flavell (1979) introduced “thinking about thinking”, definitions of metacognition have expanded into many sub-concepts (Schneider, 2008), with ongoing debate about how each element develops and how to measure them (Gascoine et al., 2017).”
Immigrants’ entrepreneurial intentions: acculturation-based socio-psychological lens
Dheer, R. J. S., & Kara, A. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-01003-2 · Cited by 11
“Research also emphasizes cognition’s role in enabling entrepreneurs to incorporate feedback and promote adaptability in uncertain and complex decision-making situations, indicative of the venture creation process (Flavell, 1979; Haynie & Shepherd, 2009).”
Non‐routine mathematical problems and the strategies used by gifted students: A case study
Moya, M. G., Marcos, S. C., & Cézar, R. F. (2024) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12695 · Cited by 16
Metacognitive knowledge about self-control
Hennecke, M., & Kulkarni, P. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101861 · Cited by 10
Lee, S., Park, H., & Yu, S. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106385 · Cited by 10
Rashid, S., Malik, S., Abbas, F., & Khan, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-024-00338-7 · Cited by 19
“Flavell (1979) claimed that the relationship between them is overlapping, and "metacognitive experiences can affect your metacognitive knowledge base by adding to it, deleting from it, or revising it" (p. 908).”
InfluentialA metacognitive approach to understanding what marker variables measure
Leonard, S. R., Simmering, M. J., & Wall, A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06640-y · Cited by 12
“To understand how survey respondents understand and react to marker variable scales, we turned to metacognition, which is defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena…monitoring of [one’s] own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive enterprises” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Children's Persistence in the Context of Diminishing Rewards
Kim, S., Berry, D. J., & Carlson, S. M. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13585 · Cited by 10
Leader(ship) Identity Development and Meaning Making: A Scoping Review
Sunderman, H. M., & Orsini, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Leadership Studies · doi:10.1002/jls.21905 · Cited by 18
Ahola, S., Malmberg, J., & Järvenoja, H. (2024) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2024.100870 · Cited by 12
Metacognition in nonhuman primates: a review of current knowledge
Subias, L., Katsu, N., & Yamada, K. (2024) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-024-01169-x · Cited by 15
“John H. Flavell introduced the term “metacognition” to describe higher level cognition, or as it is often summarized: “cognition about cognition” (Flavell 1979).”
Introduction to Game-Based Learning
Rye, S., Sousa, M., & Sousa, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78523-8_2 · Cited by 20
Platz, L., & Zauner, M. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15020227 · Cited by 18
Why Do Students Struggle in CS Theory Courses So Much?
Dougherty, R. E. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3718347 · Cited by 10
“Meta-cognition, or the ability to monitor and regulate one’s own cognitive 11:3 processes, plays a key role in this transition [8].”
Systemizing Entrepreneurial Metacognition: Thinking About the Past and Future
Bastian, B., Hjelle, M., & Shepherd, D. A. (2025) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587251315664 · Cited by 15
“For example, although Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena, metacognition has also been used to describe how ineffective strategies can be abandoned and how reframing thoughts can lead to a cognitive restructuring process.”
InfluentialMenekşe, M., Putra, A. S., Kim, J. W., Butt, A. A., McDaniel, M. A., Davidesco, I., Cadieux, M. L., Kim, J., & Litman, D. J. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100397 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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