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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
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Metacognitive strategies implemented with d/Dhh students in upper elementary schools in Saudi Arabia
Albalhareth, A. H., & Alasmari, A. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101222 · Cited by 15
Payaprom, S. (2022) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1301.04 · Cited by 9
The effect of face masks on sign language comprehension: performance and metacognitive dimensions
Giovanelli, E., Gianfreda, G., Gessa, E., et al. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103490 · Cited by 9
“Metacognition is our ability to think about our cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979), and it has a substantial impact on our behavior.”
Kurniawan, P., & Wijayanti, P. (2022) · MATHEdunesa · doi:10.26740/mathedunesa.v11n3.p644-656 · Cited by 9
Assessment of students’ metacognitive skills in the context of education 4.0
Попандопуло, А., Kudysheva, A., Fominykh, N., Нургалиева, М. Е., & Кударова, Н. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1182377 · Cited by 14
“Flavell (1979), the inventor of the term, defined metacognition as self-knowledge regarding one’s cognitive processes and products or anything related thereto.”
BackgroundAsk, T. F., Knox, B. J., Lugo, R. G., Hoffmann, L., & Sütterlin, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.988043 · Cited by 12
Symeonidou, M., Mizokawa, A., Kabaya, S., DOHERTY, M. J., & Roß, J. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13417 · Cited by 10
Bampa, G., Tsolaki, M., Μoraitou, D., Metallidou, P., Masoura, E. V., Mintziviri, M., Paparis, K., Tsourou, D., Παπαντωνίου, Γ., Sofologi, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11090184 · Cited by 9
“It is a higher-level cognitive system comprising three key components: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and metacognitive control (Flavell 1979; Dunlosky and Metcalfe 2008; Nelson and Narens 1990).”
BackgroundChristou, A. I., Tsermentseli, S. K., & Drigas, A. S. (2023) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v17i18.42437 · Cited by 15
Bhat, Z. H. (2023) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12311 · Cited by 9
Steinberg, E., Marsch, S. C. U., Yanagida, T., Dörrenbächer‐Ulrich, L., Pfeiffer, C., Bührle, P., Schwarz, L., Auer, U., Kleinsorgen, C., & Perels, F. (2023) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10295-y · Cited by 14
Lunov, V., Maltsev, O., Matiash, M., Mosiichuk, V., & Tkach, B. (2023) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642231214083 · Cited by 9
“Overconfidence or under confidence in one’s judgment can lead to misestimation of threats (Flavell, 1979).”
InfluentialMentoring and metacognition—Interferences and interdependencies
Bocoș, M. D., Mara, D., Roman, A. F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i2.2859 · Cited by 9
Hot metacognition: poorer metacognitive efficiency following acute but not traumatic stress
Smith, A., Bisby, J. A., Dercon, Q., Bevan, A., Kigar, S. L., Lynall, M.-E., Dalgleish, T., Hitchcock, C., & Nord, C. L. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02840-z · Cited by 10
“Metacognition refers to our ability to re fl ect on and evaluate our thinking [1].”
BackgroundUlu, Y., & Yerdelen-Damar, S. (2024) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.20.010130 · Cited by 12
Liu, B., & Yuan, D. (2024) · International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education · doi:10.4018/ijicte.346823 · Cited by 9
He, G., Lin, H., & Su, A. (2024) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-024-09397-8 · Cited by 9
“Metacognition is a psychological construct that refers to individuals’ knowledge of and regulation over their cognitive processes, including thinking, learning, and problem-solving (Flavell, 1979).”
Metacognitive tools in Interpreting training: a pilot study
Doğan, A., Ribas, M. A., & Mora-Rubio, B. (2009) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 9
BİLMENİN İLLÜZYONU: MATEMATİKSEL PROBLEM ÇÖZME VE TEST KALİBRASYONU
Özsoy, G., & Kuruyer, H. G. (2012) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 9
The Evolution of Evolvability Applied to Human Creativity
Kozbelt, A. (2009) · The International Journal of Creativity and Problem Solving · Cited by 9
EFL Learners’ Perceptions towards Meta-Cognitive Strategy Use in English Language Listening
Bidabadi, F. S., & Yamat, H. B. (2013) · Cited by 9
Saçkes, M., & Trundle, K. C. (2013) · Journal of Science Teacher Education · doi:10.1007/s10972-013-9355-y · Cited by 11
“Metacognition promotes problem solving by helping learners to activate, monitor, and regulate necessary cognitive resources (Antonietti et al. 2000; Bielaczyc et al. 1995; Flavell 1979).”
Backgroundmoghadam, A. Z., & Fard, M. M. M. M. K. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.394 · Cited by 9
The misbehaviour of a metacognitive monkey
Sayers, K., Evans, T. A., Menzel, E., Smith, J. D., & Beran, M. J. (2015) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003251 · Cited by 10
“Definitions of metacognition abound (Beran et al., 2012), but at their most basic level involve the monitoring of one’s own mental states (“cognition about cognitive phenomena,” Flavell, 1979:906) and include sensations of knowing, not knowing, and doubt.”
BackgroundZarrabi, S. (2016) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) · Cited by 9
Cross Cultural Indicators of Independent Learning in Young Children: A Jordanian Case
Al-Meqdad, Q., Al-Hamouri, F., Al-Zghoul, R., Al‐Rousan, A. H., & Whitebread, D. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.35 · Cited by 9
“…this study draws upon the cognitive and developmental psychology literature from which the term metacognition was initially originated in the work of Flavell (1979) and Brown (1987), and the socio-cultural literature from which the term self-regulation was derived from the work of Vygotsky (1978).”
BackgroundTeaching For Hot Conceptual Change: Towards A New Model, Beyond The Cold And Warm Ones
Kural, M., & Kocakülah, M. S. (2016) · Open Access Publishing Group - European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v0i0.301 · Cited by 20
“Flavell (1979) defines metacognition as the knowledge of one’s cognition.”
BackgroundRum, S. N. M., & Ismail, M. A. (2016) · The International Arab Journal of Information Technology · Cited by 9
Development of Metacognition in Higher Education
Alias, M., & Sulaiman, N. L. (2017) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2218-8.ch002 · Cited by 9
Fostering Metacognition in K-12 Classrooms: Recommendations for Practice
Peteranetz, M. S. (2017) · The Nebraska Educator · doi:10.13014/k21z429d · Cited by 9
“The term was introduced by Flavell (1979), and his early ideas have been analyzed and expanded upon in the 35 years since.”
BackgroundMeasuring Sustained Attention and Perceived Workload
Laurie‐Rose, C., Curtindale, L. M., & Frey, M. C. (2017) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816684063 · Cited by 9
“Metacognitive studies in the cognitive development literature (e.g., Flavell, 1979) and self-report studies in the pain literature (e.g., von Baeyer, Uman, Chambers, & Gouthro, 2011) suggest that children have the ability not only to “think about their thinking” but also to report reliably on their…”
BackgroundInnovation Education for the Gifted: A New Direction in Gifted Education
Shavinina, L. V. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6162-2_65 · Cited by 9
Towards Professionalism in Music: Self-assessed Learning Strategies of Conservatory Music Students
Virkkula, E., & Nissilä, S. (2017) · Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.26529/cepsj.290 · Cited by 11
Chua, H. L., Lee, S. H., & Fulmer, G. W. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Science Education · doi:10.1186/s41029-017-0015-y · Cited by 11
“…interviews and survey findings showed, the feedback seemed to work for most of our students because it focused them on attending to their thinking (Flavell, 1979), taking ownership for their work (Pintrich and Zusho, 2002) and getting motivated to perform through the self-correction (Salomon and…”
BackgroundUbuz, B., & Erdoğan, B. (2017) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-017-9852-0 · Cited by 9
“^ Flavell (1979) described three major facets of metacognition, namely metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences, and metacognitive skills.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-Regulation in Childhood: A Developmental Perspective
Ziv, Y., Benita, M., & Sofri, I. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64592-6_10 · Cited by 13
Assessing Decision-Making Capacity After Brain Injury: A Phenomenological Approach
Owen, G. S., Freyenhagen, F., & Martin, W. (2018) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2018.0002 · Cited by 9
“We encountered a similar result as regards metacognition, which has been defined as “knowledge or cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979) or “thinking about thinking” (Frith, 2012).”
ResultChapman, R. (2018) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764218768859 · Cited by 9
“Over time, scholars increase awareness and self-control over their scholarship practice (Biggs, 1985; Flavell, 1979) and internalize successful practices and habits of scholarly productivity (Chapman, 2017).”
BackgroundDesign Principles for Lesson Study Practice: A Case Study for Developing and Refining Local Theory
Jagals, D., & van der Walt, M. (2018) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/91830 · Cited by 9
“Flavell (1979) defined this reflection as metacognitive skill (also see Frith, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchools, mindfulness, and metacognition: A view from developmental psychology
Shute, R. H. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1435322 · Cited by 9
“Although Piaget recognized metacognition, it was Flavell (1979) who took up this idea more strongly in reflecting on and extending Piaget’s work.”
BackgroundWeb-Based Metacognitive Scaffolding for Internet Search
Şendurur, E., & Yıldırım, Z. (2018) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/0047239518803291 · Cited by 9
“The former emphasizes on self-regulatory activities throughout the problem-solving process (Veenman, Prins, & Elshout, 2002), whereas the latter is contingent upon the interaction between characteristics of person and task and available strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring Metacognitive Strategies Employed by ESL Writers: Uses and Awareness
Alamri, B. (2018) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n1p159 · Cited by 9
“Flavell (1979) further developed two domains to classify metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThinking Beyond Writing Development in Peer Review
Chaktsiris, M. G., & Southworth, J. (2019) · The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2019.1.8005 · Cited by 10
Multilateral Relationship between Information Literacy, Self-Concept and Metacognitive Ability
Durodolu, O. O., & Ngoaketsi, J. M. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86968 · Cited by 9
Cesur, E., Onur, Ö. Ş., & Erten, E. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1649722 · Cited by 10
Karnain, R., Rahman, S., Surat, S., & Ali, M. T. (2019) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v14i20.11462 · Cited by 10
University mathematics students’ self-efficacy beliefs about proof and proving
Viholainen, A., Tossavainen, T., Viitala, H., et al. (2019) · LUMAT International Journal on Math Science and Technology Education · doi:10.31129/lumat.7.1.406 · Cited by 9
“Succeeding in this, call for a deep understanding of mathematical structures and quite a lot of monitoring and evaluation both during and after the proving process (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundBröcker, A., Bayer, S., Stuke, F., Just, S. A., Bertram, G., Funcke, J., Grimm, I., Lempa, G., von Haebler, D., & Montag, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00269 · Cited by 9
“Interventions differ as they start from a varying understanding of the term “metacognition” (dating back to Flavell, 1979) that is rather broad and needs clarification (Brüne, 2014; Moritz and Lysaker, 2018).”
BackgroundThe Implementation of Metacognition in Teaching Character Education in Primary Education
Suminto, E. A., & Mbato, C. L. (2020) · IDEAS Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning Linguistics and Literature · doi:10.24256/ideas.v8i1.1255 · Cited by 12
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition is dealing with both knowledge and cognition on the phenomena of cognitive, through which there is an accomplishment of the cognitive monitoring process.”
BackgroundMerisi, P. O., & Pillay, A. (2020) · Journal of Education · doi:10.17159/2520-9868/i79a03 · Cited by 11
“The metacognitive theory, proposed by Flavell (1979), relates to the individual’s knowledge about his or her most basic mental states such as perceptions, feelings, and beliefs, among others.”
BackgroundA Multidimensional Assessment of Metacognition Across Domains in Multiple Sclerosis
Mazancieux, A., Moulin, C. J. A., Casez, O., & Souchay, C. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720000776 · Cited by 9
“Beliefs about cognitive functioning [referred to here as metacognitive knowledge (Flavell, 1979), and which are easily operationalised in questionnaire studies] have been the most evaluated metacognitive construct in MS.”
BackgroundSezgin, S. (2020) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.21.20.8.1 · Cited by 10
“Some of these cognitive characteristics include cognitive style (Witkin, Moore, Goodenough, & Cox, 1977), metacognition & monitoring (Flavell, 1979) and critical thinking (Kovanović et al.”
BackgroundInvestigation of Primary School Students' Metacognitive Awareness and Decision-Making Skill
Akaydın, B. B., Yorulmaz, A., & Çokçalışkan, H. (2020) · International Journal of Progressive Education · doi:10.29329/ijpe.2020.268.10 · Cited by 9
Kassaie, L., Shaïri, H. R., & Gashmardi, M. R. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 9
Students’ Awareness of Metacognitive Reading Strategies in Academic Reading
Dangin, D. (2020) · Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues · doi:10.21043/jetli.v3i1.7145 · Cited by 9
“Metacognitive strategies are ordered processes used to control one's own cognitive activities and to ensure that a cognitive goal (for example, solving a math problem, writing an effective sentence, understanding reading material) have been met (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognition in action as a possible explanation for stock‐flow failure
Aşιk, G., & Küçük, Z. D. (2021) · System Dynamics Review · doi:10.1002/sdr.1692 · Cited by 9
“The monitoring function refers to the knowledge that one has of one’s cognition, whereas the regulatory function refers to the use of this knowledge to orchestrate ongoing cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPSİKOLOJİK ÖLÇMELERİN KISA TARİHİ VE 21. YÜZYILDA SINIF İÇİ DURUM BELİRLEME ANLAYIŞI
Kutlu, Ö., & Altıntaş, Ö. (2021) · Trakya Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24315/tred.896121 · Cited by 9
Escobedo-Aedo, P. J., Forjan-González, A., Martínez, A. S.-E., Ruiz-Ruano, V. G., Sánchez-Alonso, S., Mata-Iturralde, L., Muñoz-Lorenzo, L., Baca‐García, E., David, A. S., & López-Moríñigo, J.-D. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12020028 · Cited by 10
“Over the last few years there has been growing research interest in metacognition, defined as ‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ [15] or ‘the ability to think of one’s own and others’ thinking’ [16], which is known to be impaired in SSD patients [17,18].”
BackgroundApplying Situational Leadership to Redeployment Duties During COVID-19: Lessons Learned
Nonaillada, J., & Martin, R. A. (2022) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0000000000000350 · Cited by 9
Xu, J. B., Chung, K.-H. M., Zhang, X., & Tavitiyaman, P. (2022) · Journal of China Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/19388160.2022.2047858 · Cited by 11
“These questions cover students’ learning experiences and thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSchaeffner, S., Chevalier, N., Kubota, M., & Karbach, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39292-5_18 · Cited by 19
Metacognitive Development in Engineering Students Through Cooperative Problem Based Learning (CPBL)
Jumari, N. F., Mohd‐Yusof, K., & Phang, F. A. (2017) · World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC) · doi:10.1109/weef.2017.8467177 · Cited by 10
Albalhareth, A. H., Paul, P. V., & Alasmari, A. (2022) · Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation · doi:10.21554/hrr.042201 · Cited by 9
Razavi, G.-S., Alamdari, E. F., & Ahmadian, M. (2022) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-022-09895-3 · Cited by 11
“Metacognitive Interventions and L2 Listening The term “metacognition”, simply defined as “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906), incorporates “one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes... and active monitoring and consequent regulation and…”
BackgroundÖzgüç, S., & Tanrıverdi, D. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00869-z · Cited by 9
Aydın, E., & Dinçer, Ç. (2022) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101104 · Cited by 13
Nourazar, S., Kakvand, R., & Aliasin, S. H. (2022) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/6297895 · Cited by 9
“Flavell [4] introduced knowledge and experience as the two aspects of metacognition and emphasized person knowledge, task knowledge, and strategic knowledge as three interactive variables of metacognitive knowledge.”
BackgroundStandardized career course curriculum: Effects on negative career thoughts
Dozier, V., Morgan, M., Burbrink, I. E., & Peace, C. S. (2022) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12305 · Cited by 9
Fu, L., Wang, Y., Leung, S. O., & Hu, W. L. (2023) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969221145804 · Cited by 9
“META reflects thoughtful decision-making and monitoring (Flavell, 1979).”
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Azzi, V., Obeïd, S., Gerges, S., Dine, A. S. E., Malaeb, D. N., Soufia, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05308-4 · Cited by 10
“Metacognition is thus a major component of human’s subjective experiences and behaviors [7].”
BackgroundMetric error monitoring as a component of metacognitive processing
Öztel, T., & Balcı, F. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16182 · Cited by 9
“The contemporary approaches to the investigation of consciousness primarily focus on ‘ metacognition ’ , which, in its simplest form, can be defined as ‘ cognition about cognition ’ (Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe, 2000).”
BackgroundFernández, F., & Ribas, M. A. (2014) · Babel Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation / Revista Internacional de Traducción · doi:10.1075/babel.60.3.06fer · Cited by 9
Metacognitive Structures Occuring in Mathematical Modelling Within A Technology Enhanced Environment
Hıdıroğlu, Ç. N., & Güzel, E. B. (2015) · Türk bilgisayar ve matematik eğitimi dergisi · doi:10.16949/turcomat.00708 · Cited by 9
Effects of a Self-Reflective Learning Process on Student Art Performance
Bland, L. S. (2005) · Cited by 9
General Versus Specific Intellectual Competencies
Johnson, S. D., Dixon, R. A., Daugherty, J. L., & Lawanto, O. (2011) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-549-9_4 · Cited by 10
Dinis, A., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_11 · Cited by 9
Self-regulating activity: use of metacognitive guides in the interpreting classroom
Pujols, M. D. C., & Ribas, M. A. (2012) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2012.661934 · Cited by 9
“It is not only a matter of adding strategies and resources onto the practices and activities of teaching and learning, but also of promoting a much deeper dimension regarding “knowing about knowing” (Flavell, 1979 ).”
BackgroundMetacognition and Lifelong E-Learning: A Contextual and Cyclical Process
Worrall, L., & Bell, F. (2007) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.2304/elea.2007.4.2.161 · Cited by 9
“Learners can also affectively self-reflect upon their prior experiences and this will invariably impact upon present and future expectations of success or failure and learner processes and behaviours (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAll That Wheezes Is Not Asthma
Park, D. B., Dobson, J. V., & Losek, J. D. (2014) · Pediatric Emergency Care · doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000000065 · Cited by 8
Assessing Self-Regulation in Individuals With Visual Impairments
Argyropoulos, V., Sideridis, G. D., Botsas, G., & Padeliadu, S. (2011) · Assessment for Effective Intervention · doi:10.1177/1534508411406899 · Cited by 10
“…relies heavily on thinking about one’s thinking (metacognition); on the use of planning, monitoring, and other processes (strategy use); and on the use of adaptive driving patterns (i.e., motivation) (Butler & Winne, 1995; Flavell, 1979; Perry, Phillips, & Hutchinson, 2006; Winne & Perry, 2000).”
BackgroundMeltzer, L. J., Solomon, B., Fenton, T., et al. (1989) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(89)90003-8 · Cited by 9
Guidelines for Training Adaptive Expertise
Lazzara, E. H., Dietz, A. S., Weaver, S. J., Pavlas, D., Heyne, K., Eduardo Salas, A., & Ramachandran, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193121005402716 · Cited by 9
“Metacognitive Skills Training Metacognition can be defined as an individual’s knowledge of and control over his or her cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundA cognitive model’s view of animal cognition
D’Mello, S. K., & Franklin, S. (2011) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/czoolo/57.4.499 · Cited by 9
“Sometimes described as “thinking about thinking,” metacognition in humans and animals involves monitoring deliberative processes, allocating cognitive resources, and regulating cognitive strategies (Flavell, 1979; Smith and Washburn, 2005).”
BackgroundLa herramienta UVE del conocimiento para favorecer la creatividad de docentes y estudiantes
Chrobak, R., & Prieto, A. B. (2010) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 9
Understanding the Neuropsychology of Aesthetic Paradox: The Dual Phase Oscillation Hypothesis
Mukhopadhyay, D. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000009 · Cited by 9
“It is also referred as metacognition, which refers to “one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them” (Flavell, 1979; Johnson et al., 2002; Sun & Mathews, 2012).”
BackgroundAssessment for Learning and for Self-Regulation
Lysaght, Z. (2015) · OAR@UM (University of Malta) · Cited by 9
Contribution of Mindfulness to Individuals' Tendency to Believe and Share Social Media Content
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2016070104 · Cited by 12
An analysis of how students construct knowledge in a course with a hierarchical knowledge structure
Myers, L. (2016) · South African Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.1080/10291954.2016.1196528 · Cited by 9
“Metacognition is the concept of ‘thinking about thinking’ or ‘knowing about knowing’ and was introduced by Flavell (1971, 1979).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Integrated Instructions on Reading Comprehension, Motivation, and Cognitive Variables.
Alhabahba, M. M., Pandian, A., & Mahfoodh, O. H. A. (2016) · Issues in educational research · Cited by 8
Experiential Strategies for Building Individual Absorptive Capacity
Cannon, H. Μ., Geddes, B. C., & Feinstein, A. H. (2014) · Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning: Proceedings of the Annual ABSEL conference · Cited by 9
Risk sensitivity, phylogenetic reconstruction, and four chimpanzees
Sayers, K., & Menzel, C. R. (2016) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2234-8 · Cited by 9
“Humans, for example, might evaluate their own uncertainty, or expected reward contingencies, differently than chimpanzees (Flavell 1979; Smith et al. 2012; Sayers et al. 2015), and relevant decision-making in ourselves might involve, at least in part, apomorphic neurophysiological pathways (Daw et…”
Metacognitive Knowledge and Metacognitive Regulation in Time-Constrained in Information Search.
Crescenzi, A. (2016) · Cited by 9
Supporting Mathematical Proficiency
Allsopp, D. H., Lovin, L. H., & Lauer, S. V. I. (2017) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0040059917692112 · Cited by 9
Metacognition: A Concept Analysis
Irwin, L. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.06.012 · Cited by 9
Steiner, C., Nussbaumer, A., Neville, K., et al. (2017) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · Cited by 9
Wolgast, A., & Barnes‐Holmes, Y. (2017) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000077 · Cited by 8
“When this is the case, they are likely to use these strategies recurrently and apply metacognitive knowledge (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Schneider, 2015).”
BackgroundSmith, B., Moore, Y., & PHILLIPS, C. J. (1983) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8578.1983.tb00150.x · Cited by 9
A Comparison and Analysis of Preservice Teachers’ Oral and Written Reflections
Lambert, M. D., Sorensen, T. J., & Elliott, K. M. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural Education · doi:10.5032/jae.2014.04085 · Cited by 9
“Others have proposed teacher reflection activities that emphasize metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPatterns of Metacognitive Awareness Among Primary School Teachers
Palantis, N. J., Johan, A. M., Ibrahim, A. S., et al. (2018) · Jurnal VARIDIKA · doi:10.23917/varidika.v29i2.5629 · Cited by 9
“In the late 1970s, the word metacognitive was coined by John Flavell (1979) which defines the phenomenon of thinking your own thinking (Lai, 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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