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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
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Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
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An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
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Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
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Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,001–4,100 of 10,404
Does social context impact metacognition? Evidence from stereotype threat in a visual search task
Gajdos, T., Régner, I., Huguet, P., Hainguerlot, M., Vergnaud, J., Sackur, J., & de Gardelle, V. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215050 · Cited by 9
Solórzano-Restrepo, J., & Vargas, O. L. (2019) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.14349/sumapsi.2019.v26.n1.5 · Cited by 11
“Flavell (1976, 1979) la define como el conocimiento que tiene una persona acerca de sus propios procesos cognitivos y el control que puede ejercer sobre estos; es decir, es la capacidad que tienen las personas para gestionar y regular sus propios procesos de aprendizaje.”
BackgroundReflective practice enhances osteopathic clinical reasoning
McIntyre, C., Lathlean, J., & Esteves, J. E. (2019) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2019.07.002 · Cited by 10
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Bensaad, S., & Ouahmiche, G. (2020) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.851001 · Cited by 9
“Relevant to this, metacognitive reading strategies entail monitoring comprehension and taking measures to increase it through identifying a purpose for reading, planning how the text will be read, self-monitoring for errors in reading comprehension, and self-evaluating how well the objectives are well fulfilled, other…”
BackgroundThe effect of foreign language acquisition on preschool children’s self-regulation and social skills
Uslu, B. (2020) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2020.1783928 · Cited by 10
“Information Processing Theory is represented by studies of Flavell (1979) and Brown (1998), from which the concepts of ‘meta-cognitive’ and ‘executive control’ emerge from this approach.”
MethodUniversity Teachers Engaged in Critical Self-Regulation: How May They Influence Their Students?
Bartimote-Aufflick, K., Brew, A., & Ainley, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_19 · Cited by 9
“Paris (2002) states that “ Flavell (1979) described metacognition in terms of person, task, and strategy knowledge whereas Brown (1978) interpreted metacognition in terms of processes such as planning, monitoring, and regulating” (p. 106).”
BackgroundSoliemanifar, O., Behroozi, N., & Safaei Moghaddam, M. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 9
Investigating the Effects of Metacognition in Dynamic Control Tasks
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Manzanares, M. C. S., Martín, M.-Á. C., & Sánchez, J.-M. R. (2014) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy13-1.ahan · Cited by 9
“Los estudios sobre metacognición tienen dos referentes claros (Crespo, 2000): los trabajos de Flavell (1979), que diferencian entre conocimiento declarativo (conocimiento metacognitivo) y conocimiento procedimental (habilidades metacognitivas).”
BackgroundThe Concept and Instruction of Metacognition in Translation Competence Development
Zou, Y. (2015) · International Forum of Teaching and Studies · Cited by 10
Framing the Features of Good-Quality Knowledge for Teachers and Students
Lawson, M. J., & Askell‐Williams, H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139048224.010 · Cited by 10
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“This former process is called “on-line” self-monitoring and is the evaluative part of the self-regulation system (Flavell, 1979).”
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TEACHING THE ARITHMETIC STORY PROBLEM PROCESS
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Students' Use of Metacognitive Skills While Problem Solving in High School Chemistry
Delvecchio, F. L. (2011) · Cited by 9
Learning Strategy Use of Chinese PhD Students of Social Sciences in Australian Universities
Yang, C. (2006) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/2101 · Cited by 9
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“Coined by Flavell (1979) it is usually understood as "thinking about one's thinking".”
BackgroundMacArthur Competence Assessment Tools
Schaefer, L. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_184303 · Cited by 9
Multilingualism and Metacognitive Processing
Bright, P., Ouzia, J., & Filippi, R. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch17 · Cited by 10
The role of decision confidence in advice-taking and trust formationPreprint
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Connecting Informal and Formal Language Learning
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Evidence accumulation determines conscious accessPreprint
Pereira, M., Mégevand, P., Tan, M. X., Chang, W., Wang, S., Rezai, A. R., Seeck, M., Corniola, M. V., Momjian, S., Bernasconi, F., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.196659 · Cited by 8
“The processing of sensory signals by the human brain gives rise to two interrelated phenomena: 22 perceptual consciousness, defined as the subjective experience associated with a sensory 23 event (Chalmers, 1995; Nagel, 1974; Block 2011), and perceptual monitoring, defined as the 24 capacity to introspect and reflect…”
BackgroundPressley, M. G., & Hilden, K. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0212 · Cited by 50
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The Exam Autopsy: An Integrated Post-Exam Assessment Model
Owen, L. R. (2019) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2019.130104 · Cited by 9
A computational model of inner speech supporting flexible goal-directed behaviour in autism
Granato, G., Borghi, A. M., Mattera, A., & Baldassarre, G. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18445-9 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, classical literature considered metacognition mainly as a form of ‘thinking about thinking’ 46 .”
Pratt, S. M., Coleman, J. M., & Dantzler, J. (2022) · Literacy Research and Instruction · doi:10.1080/19388071.2022.2039334 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition is both conscious and purposeful thinking about cognitive processes involved in reading (Flavell, 1979; Pressley, 2002).”
BackgroundAkkan, E., Canhilal, S. K., & Orhan, M. A. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2022.2064718 · Cited by 8
“The goal-directed and future-oriented aspect of metacognition (Flavell, 1979) helps expatriates effectively evaluate how the information they receive is instrumental in attaining their goals in the subsidiary.”
BackgroundTiffin‐Richards, S. P., Lenhart, J., & Marx, P. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101654 · Cited by 8
Webster, L., Norman, C., Jones, G., & Marriott, M. (2022) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2022.2108388 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition is broadly defined as “thinking about thinking” (Flavell, 1979), and often described as an individual’s ability to evaluate their own cognitive processes and use these evaluations to form behaviour (Barbato et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBampa, G., Kouroglou, D., Metallidou, P., Tsolaki, M., Kougioumtzis, G. Α., Παπαντωνίου, Γ., Sofologi, M., & Μoraitou, D. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12102410 · Cited by 7
“Flavell, J.H. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry.”
BackgroundThiyagarajan, S., Saldanha, P. R. M., Govindan, R., Leena, K. C., & Vasuki, P. P. (2023) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1798_22 · Cited by 8
“[8] Adopting metacognitive skills in learning improves the learner’s performance significantly than other learners.”
BackgroundAngell, D. K., Lane-Getaz, S., Okonek, T., & Smith, S. (2024) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.22-10-0212 · Cited by 8
“…awareness, understanding and monitoring of one’s own learning processes is considered essential for effective learning (Donovan and Bransford, 2005; Flavell, 1979; Tobias and Everson, 2002) and is thought to play a critical role in the academic success of college students (Everson and Tobias,…”
Littrell, S., Fugelsang, J. A., & Risko, E. F. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112570 · Cited by 8
Improving pre-service teachers’ argumentation skills: A holistic online scaffolding design approach
Ucar-Longford, B., Hosein, A., & Heron, M. (2024) · Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/21532974.2024.2320440 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition has two facets, ones’ knowledge about the cognition and the regulation of the cognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundÜNSAL-GÖRKEMOĞLU, B., & Karacan, C. G. (2024) · Journal of College Reading and Learning · doi:10.1080/10790195.2024.2316578 · Cited by 9
“It consists of metacognitive knowledge, strategies, and experiences (Efklides, 2009; Flavell, 1979), which enable learners to monitor their learning process by gaining self-awareness (Sun & Zhang, 2022a; Teng, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehrendt, M. G., Clark, C., Elliott, M., & Dauer, J. T. (2024) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-024-00231-z · Cited by 10
“Although a general de fi nition of metacognition is “ thinking about thinking ” 10 , contemporary conceptualizations typically divide it into two distinct processes: knowledge about cognition, including self-monitoring, andself-regulatorymechanisms 10 – 12 .”
BackgroundMaximino-Pinheiro, M., Menu, I., Boissin, E., Brunet, L.-A., Barone, C., & Borst, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60972-0 · Cited by 9
Cognitive architecture for cognitive cyber-physical systems
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Domain-specific updating of metacognitive self-beliefs
Hoogervorst, K., Banellis, L., & Allen, M. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105965 · Cited by 9
“…computational and theoretical models suggest a layered hierarchy of representations underpinning metacognitive processes (Allen et al., 2019; Flavell, 1979; Fleming, 2023), extending from lower-level systems encoding perceptual and cognitive signals to higher-order systems determining their…”
BackgroundInfluentialTraining of Awareness in ADHD: Leveraging Metacognition
Lenartowicz, A., DeSchepper, B. G., & Simpson, G. V. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20240006 · Cited by 10
“However, as articulated by Moritz et al. [79], it is difficult to dispute that CBT approaches, by nature of including self-reflection and experience of targeted cognitions or behaviors, satisfy prevalent definitions of metacognition [31] by way of fostering metacognitive knowledge and experience.”
BackgroundSadykova, A., Оразгалиевна, И. М., Ismailova, G., Ishmukhametova, A., Советова, А. Б., & Mukasheva, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1460496 · Cited by 9
Treating Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Whole Lifespan Perspective
Penadés, R., Forte, M. F., Mezquida, G., Andrés, C., Catalán, R., & Segura, B. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212196 · Cited by 10
“Metacognition refers to one’s ‘knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ [77].”
BackgroundMetacognitive strategies improve self-regulation skills in expert sports coaches
Sabaliauskas, S., Gražulis, D., Žilinskienė, N., & Kaukėnas, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86606-7 · Cited by 18
“In scientific literature, metacognition is most commonly defined as a person’s awareness of and control over his or her mental processes 24 or the ability to assess and manage his or her cognitive processes 25 , which is manifested in various cognitive domains such as experience, perception, and…”
Suprijono, A., Abbas, E. W., & Riyadi, R. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2458915 · Cited by 21
“Referring to the concept of Flavell (1979), metacognition refers to learning about one ’ s learning or thinking about one ’ s thoughts.”
Eberhart, J., Murayama, K., Sakaki, M., & Bryce, D. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101561 · Cited by 12
Lee, H., Stinar, F., Zong, R., Valdiviejas, H., Wang, D., & Bosch, N. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713960 · Cited by 15
“Metacognition, commonly referred to as thinking about one’s thinking, is a high-order thinking skill that includes crucial cognitive activities such as planning, monitoring, reflecting, and evaluating one’s learning strategies and knowledge [27, 35, 54].”
Cognitive Factors in Process Model Comprehension—A Systematic Literature Review
Möller, M., Winter, M. R., & Reichert, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050505 · Cited by 23
“Metacognitive strategies involve planning how to approach the interpretation of process models, assessing the level of understanding, and identifying potential difficulties in comprehension [36].”
Taylor, R., Cella, M., & Wykes, T. (2025) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455251343303 · Cited by 8
Enhancing Students’ Metacognition With Innovative IA-Based Metacognitive Reflective Learning Tool
Fan, F., Wang, S., Hemuti, M. D. ⋅. M., Nie, X., & Yang, L. T. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2025.3580536 · Cited by 15
“Metacognitive knowledge is a person’s awareness of how thinking works—both their own and others, including self-knowledge, task knowledge, and strategy knowledge [47], [48].”
The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
Vermeylen, L., Braem, S., Ivanchei, I. I., Desender, K., García-Román, J. M., González‐García, C., Ruz, M., & Notebaert, W. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00282-x · Cited by 11
“Humans tend to have several subjective metacognitive experiences when performing cognitive tasks 1,2 .”
Ayasrah, M. N., Khasawneh, M. A. S., Almulla, M. O., & Aboutaleb, A. H. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70127 · Cited by 14
Fast, slow, and metacognitive thinking in AI
Ganapini, M. B., Campbell, M. S., Fabiano, F., Lior Horesh, C., Lenchner, J., Loreggia, A., Mattei, N., Rossi, F., Srivastava, B., & Venable, K. B. (2025) · npj Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s44387-025-00027-5 · Cited by 10
“This recognition comes from another part of human cognition called ” meta-cognition ” , which is the ability to think about our own thinking and assess our level of knowledge and skills for a speci fi c task 3 4 – 36 .”
Zhao, D. (2025) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-025-09469-x · Cited by 14
Measurement of mentalizing: A systematic review and development of a construct validity framework
Hawksdale, H., Meng, B., Feigenbaum, J., Fonagy, P., & Nolte, T. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102657 · Cited by 11
Understanding Children’s Private Speech and Self-Regulation Learning in Web 2.0
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Cognitive Processes in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
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Bebko, J., Rhee, T., McMorris, C. A., & Ncube, B. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00182 · Cited by 8
“Metamemory refers to the awareness of one’s own memory, including the processes by which individuals are able to reflect on their memory skills, and the manner by which they use this knowledge to regulate their learning (e.g., Flavell, 1979; Bebko et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialInvestigating Mathematical Search Behavior Using Network Analysis
Hills, T. T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0561-1_50 · Cited by 8
“, 1976; Pea, 2004), metacognition (Flavell, 1979; Schoenfeld, 1992), situated learning and the principles of transfer (Anderson et al.”
BackgroundMetacognition in Nonhumans: Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Uncertainty Monitoring
Beran, M. J., Couchman, J. J., Coutinho, M. V. C., Boomer, J. B., & Smith, J. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6546-2_2 · Cited by 9
“…or seek additional information, they are demonstrating their capacity for metacognition (Benjamin, Bjork, & Schwartz, 1998; Dunlosky & Nelson, 1992; Flavell, 1979; Koriat, 1993, 2007, 2008; Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994; Nelson, 1992; Schwartz, 1994; M.J. Beran (*) Language Research Center, Georgia…”
BackgroundDEBE feedback for large lecture classroom analytics
Mitra, R., & Chavan, P. (2019) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3303772.3303821 · Cited by 9
“It is important to note that the metacognitive gain, which will be tested empirically in our studies, is expected to arise from a specific type of metacognition, namely, metacognitive experiences [14] .”
BackgroundChi, S. Y., Chua, E. F., Kieschnick, D. W., & Rabin, L. A. (2021) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acab008 · Cited by 10
DAĞDALAN, G., Taş, E., & Kaya, E. (2021) · Journal of Computer and Education Research · doi:10.18009/jcer.818342 · Cited by 8
“Journal of Computer and Education Research Year 2021 Volume 9 Issue 17 62-79 63 does to be aware, control and organise of their own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnton syndrome after subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia: A case report
Barojas-Álvarez, M. R., Mariana, L.-I. E., Sosa-Ortiz, A. L., et al. (2021) · Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100023 · Cited by 8
“" These views have been shared by Flavell [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialLindow, S., & Lang, A. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2268 · Cited by 8
Metacognitive training modified for negative symptoms: A feasibility study
Swanson, L., Schwannauer, M., Bird, T., Eliasson, E. T., Millar, A., Moritz, S., & GRIFFITHS, H. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2692 · Cited by 10
“Metacognition was initially referred to as the capacity to think about and monitor one’s mental processes (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEnabling automatic retrieval of schemas from long-term memory in English grammar practice
Guo, L., & Wang, C. (2022) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-022-09762-9 · Cited by 8
Neumann, D. L., Olive, A., Moffitt, R. L., et al. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102195 · Cited by 8
Tran, M.-T., & Hasegawa, S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073837 · Cited by 15
Stop and think: Additional time supports monitoring processes in young children
Wacker, S., & Roebers, C. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274460 · Cited by 8
“Monitoring is a fundamental part of metacognition [5, 6], describing an individual’s capability to reflect and supervise cognitive processes [4].”
BackgroundZulnaidi, H., Tak, C. C., & Leong, K. E. (2022) · Contemporary Mathematics and Science Education · doi:10.30935/conmaths/12510 · Cited by 8
“The direct effect of metacognitive awareness findings is consistent with earlier research findings (Abdelrahman, 2020; Erenler & Cetin, 2019; Flavell, 1979; Ozturk, 2017; Smith et al., 2017; Tak et al., 2022b; Yelgec & Dagyar, 2020).”
ResultGutierrez, A. P., Londoño, D. M. M., Daset, L. R., Cuadro, A., Delgado, M. M., Núñez, O. M., de la Cadena, C. G., Navarro, M. B. B., Arias‐Trejo, N., Balmaceda, A. R., et al. (2023) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-023-09338-x · Cited by 10
“…are related, in the sense of continuing to explore whether knowledge predicts regulation, or how this association is established, to account for a higher level of metacognitive awareness in learners (Brown, 1987; Flavell, 1979, 1987; Kuhn, 2000; Peña-Ayala & Cárdenas, 2015; Schraw et al., 2012).”
BackgroundKinetic Thinking Styles: A tool for developing entrepreneurial thinking
Dimov, D. P., & Pistrui, J. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing Design · doi:10.1016/j.jbvd.2023.100015 · Cited by 9
The Relationship Between Mental health, Metacognition, and Emotion Regulation in Older People
França, A. B., Samra, R., Vitorino, L. M., & Schelini, P. W. (2023) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2023.2231456 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition is defined by Flavell (1979) as the thoughts and knowledge the individual has about their own thoughts and cognitive processes and their forms of operation.”
BackgroundDelayed Metacomprehension Judgments Do Not Directly Improve Learning from Texts
Hausman, H., & Kubik, V. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11070150 · Cited by 10
“Metacognition refers to our thinking about our own thinking (Flavell 1979) and consists of two related processes: monitoring and control (e.g., Nelson and Narens 1990).”
BackgroundLewis, C. M. (2023) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3568813.3600116 · Cited by 9
“More generally, Eteläpelto [32] noted that experts engaged in metacognition [34] during code comprehension.”
BackgroundMentalizing in individuals with state and trait risk for psychosis: a systematic review
Salve, F. D., Rossi, C., & Oasi, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1214385 · Cited by 9
“Metacognition has been primarily defined as the ability to “think about thinking” (7).”
BackgroundEfrati, Y., & Spada, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2259894 · Cited by 8
“term ‘metacognition’ was first coined by Flavell (1979) and later expanded upon by Wells and Matthews in their Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of psychopathology in 1994 (Wells & Matthews 1994).”
BackgroundNair, B., Khan, S., Naidoo, N. S., Jannati, S., Shivani, B., & Banerjee, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1240791 · Cited by 16
“The theme of Awareness ties in with the concept of metacognition found in educational psychology (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundAlbery, I. P., Noriega, M. R., & Frings, D. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108043 · Cited by 9
Thinking about Believing: Can Metacognitive Reflection Encourage Belief Updating?
O'Leary, A., & Fletcher, W. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12050047 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition is often defined as thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing, and is typically described as having two subcomponents: metacognitive monitoring (or metacognitive knowledge) and metacognitive control (or metacognitive regulation; Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundCleary, T. J., Zhang, R., Russo, M. R., & Slemp, J. (2024) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2024.2344107 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition refers to an individual’s awareness, knowledge, and control over mental processes and includes a range of skills, such as planning, monitoring, and reflection (Flavell, 1979; Mayer, 1998).”
ElSayary, A., & Mohebi, L. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12894-7 · Cited by 12
“Based on Tezer (2020), it was stated that in order to make a proper integration, elements of metacognition (Flavell, 1979) and social development (Vygotsky, 1979) should be included.”
Zhang, Y., & Xu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2024.2386290 · Cited by 8
“The original proposition made by Flavell (1979) suggested that metacognitive knowledge is an expression of learners’ understanding of how the person, task, and strategy use interact with each other.”
Shavinina, L. V., & Ponomarev, E. A. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008044198-6/50028-0 · Cited by 8
Selbstreguliertes Lernen in der Hochschule fördern - Lernkulturen gestalten
Gerholz, K.-H. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung · doi:10.3217/zfhe-7-03/07 · Cited by 8
Kırbulut, Z. D., & Gökalp, M. S. (2014) · International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education · Cited by 8
The Effect of Predicting Expertise in Open Learner Modeling
Hochmeister, M., Daxböck, J., & Kay, J. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33263-0_32 · Cited by 8
Review of Research: Individuals with ADHD Lost in Hyperspace
Harlin, R., & Brown, V. S. (2009) · Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/00094056.2009.10523110 · Cited by 10
A New Look at Comprehension in EFL/ESL Reading Classes
Namjoo, A., & Marzban, A. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.835 · Cited by 8
da Rosa, C. T. W., & Filho, J. D. P. A. (2014) · Ciência & Educação (Bauru) · doi:10.1590/1516-731320140010005 · Cited by 8
Dunn, K. E., & Lo, W. (2015) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2015.1094589 · Cited by 10
“It is defined as awareness of and exertion of control over one’s thinking and learning (Flavell, 1979; Hertzog & Dunlosky, 2011).”
BackgroundCollaborative Learning in a Japanese Language Course
Doi, M., & Peters, J. M. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015581016 · Cited by 8
“This attention to process and content has to do with metacognition, or thinking about thinking (Flavell, 1979; Hennessey, 1999; Kaplan, Silver, LaVaque-Manty, & Meizlish, 2013; Martinez, 2006), as much as it is to do with what they are thinking about.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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