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Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
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“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Lloret, M. R., Aguilar, E. M., & LLORET, A. (2009) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 8
Approche psychométrique de la métacognition : étude pilote en population clinique
Visinet, A., Soumet-Leman, C., Baptista, A., Bungener, C., & Jouvent, R. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.01.012 · Cited by 8
“This concept was introduced by Flavell in 1979 and has since been widely developed in the cognitive approach to mood and anxiety disorders.”
InfluentialBarak, M., Kaštelan, I., & Azia, Z. (2016) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27540-6_10 · Cited by 9
“• Metacognition refers to ‘thinking about thinking,’ knowledge of general strategies that might be used for different tasks, and the process of selecting, controlling or regulating cognitive processes such as learning and problem solving before, during or immediately after executing a task [7, 8].”
BackgroundDipalaya, T., & Corebima, A. D. (2016) · Open Access Publishing Group - European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v0i0.248 · Cited by 8
Lernstrategiewissen im Bereich Englisch
Neuenhaus, N., Artelt, C., & Schneider, W. (2016) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000171 · Cited by 8
Lessons in transfer: Better understanding of engineering students' metacognitive development
Williams, S. A., Morelock, J. R., Matusovich, H., et al. (2016) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2016.7757476 · Cited by 8
“Although the overall study is grounded predominantly in Flavell’s [2] framework for metacognition, this portion of the study is grounded in motivation and specifically Eccles’ expectancy-value theory (EVT) [10, 11].”
BackgroundA Conceptual Framework of Knowledge Exchange
Buder, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49077-9_6 · Cited by 10
Daciê, F. D. P., Espejo, M. M. D. S. B., Gimenez, F. A. P., et al. (2017) · Revista de Administração · doi:10.1016/j.rausp.2017.05.006 · Cited by 8
“…entrepreneurial orientation (Lumpkin & Dess, dmin 1 t c ( t p e m p e t i a a m a t w d 1 s d r m e a a i w p a r t i v c c t s a i b f p m q e i t e h s c b a f i i f a p i e o t C R A B C C C C C C C D D E F F.P. Daciê et al. / Revista de A 996; Miller, 1983) and metacognition (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKühne, F., Meister, R., Jansen, A., Härter, M. C., Moritz, S., & Kriston, L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015428 · Cited by 8
Tong, A. C. Y., Chang, W. C., Chan, A. N. Y., & Lin, J. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12760 · Cited by 8
“This evaluation process requires meta-cognitive ability, the ability to “think about thinking” (Flavell, 1979).”
Ay, K., & Erdem, M. (2019) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2019051147 · Cited by 10
Are There Differences in Learning Gains When Programming a Tangible Object or a Simulation?
Fessard, G., Wang, P., & Renna, I. (2019) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3304221.3319747 · Cited by 8
“During our experiment, learners had to answer a meta-cognitive [7, 13] questionnaire designed to evaluate how they situate themselves in the learning process [30].”
Harvey, A. C., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Hope, L., & Mann, S. A. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102935 · Cited by 8
HARADA, Y., NAKAO, T., Suzuki, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Research in Science Education · doi:10.11639/sjst.19019 · Cited by 8
Peranan metakognitif dalam pembelajaran dan pengajaran biologi di kelas
Listiana, L., Daesusi, R., & Soemantri, S. (2019) · Symposium of Biology Education (Symbion) · doi:10.26555/symbion.3504 · Cited by 12
Reshadi, E., Assadi, N., & Asl, H. D. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120937437 · Cited by 11
“Metacognition which is further referred to as cognition of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Metcalfe & Shimmura, 1994) has been an area of interest to educational researchers for more than 40 years (Al-Jarreh et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTeaching Athletes to Understand Their Attention Is Teaching Them to Concentrate
Oliver, A., McCarthy, P. J., & Burns, L. (2020) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2020.1838980 · Cited by 12
“Metacognition is an individual’s insight and control over their cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979), and it covers each cognition (e.g., meta-emotion, meta-memory, and meta-attention).”
BackgroundLawless, P., Lovell, G. P., Allen, A., & Kannis‐Dymand, L. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000879 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition refers to knowledge of one’s cognitive processes (i.e. thinking about thinking) and, accordingly, is involved in the appraisal, monitoring, or control of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Yılmaz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSettings, exchanges, and events: The SEE framework of self‐regulated learning supportive practices
Callan, G. L., Longhurst, D. N., Ariotti, A., & Bundock, K. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22468 · Cited by 10
Examining the role of calibration of executive function performance in college learners' regulation
Follmer, D. J. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3787 · Cited by 10
Metacognitive beliefs and emotional eating in adolescents
Limbers, C. A., Greenwood, E., Shea, K., & Fergus, T. A. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01078-0 · Cited by 9
How Closely Related Are Parent and Child Reports of Child Alexithymia?
Lampi, A. J., Jaswal, V. K., & Evans, T. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588001 · Cited by 9
Go if you know: Preschool children’s movements reflect their metacognitive monitoring
James, B. T., Parrish, A. E., Guild, A. S., Creamer, C. A., Kelly, V., Perdue, B. M., Kelly, A. J., & Beran, M. J. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.101001 · Cited by 8
Metacognición: un fenómeno estratégico para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje
Gutiérrez, C. F. V., & Ortega, F. J. R. (2021) · PURIQ · doi:10.37073/puriq.3.1.112 · Cited by 8
Cyrkot, T., Szczepanowski, R., Jankowiak-Siuda, K., Gawęda, Ł., & Cichoń, E. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01227-7 · Cited by 10
Learning Analytics Dashboard Supporting Metacognition
Chen, L., Lu, M., Goda, Y., Shimada, A., & Yamada, M. (2021) · Cognition and exploratory learning in the digital age · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65657-7_8 · Cited by 8
Real time estimation of task specific self-confidence level based on brain signals
Chatterjee, D., Chowdhury, A., Gavas, R. D., Sinha, A., & Saha, S. K. (2021) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-021-10676-8 · Cited by 8
Heuzeroth, J., & Budke, A. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11020029 · Cited by 12
“Flavell [18,19] differentiates metacognition into knowledge of strategies and knowledge on one side and, on the other, into surveillance of one’s own uses of strategies, i.e., the knowledge of dealing with cognitive challenges (e.g., problem-solving), as well as controlling and monitoring of one’s own activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialvan Ockenburg, L., van Weijen, D., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2021) · L1 Educational Studies in Language and Literature · doi:10.17239/l1esll-2021.21.01.06 · Cited by 10
“The SCL model aims for students to acquire productive metacognitive knowledge about tasks, strategies, and themselves as learners and about how these three factors interact to affect the course and outcome of cognitive activities (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundEducación basada en simulación: polemizando bases teóricas de la formación docente
Díaz-Guio, D. A., & Ferrero, F. (2021) · Revista Latinoamericana de Simulación Clínica · doi:10.35366/99867 · Cited by 8
Meher, V., Baral, R., & SANJUKTA, B. (2021) · i-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology · doi:10.26634/jpsy.14.4.17969 · Cited by 8
ReflectPal: Exploring Self-Reflection on Collaborative Activities Using Voice Assistants
Papachristos, E., Meldgaard, D. P., Thomsen, I. R., & Skov, M. B. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_12 · Cited by 9
Muntsant, A., Ramírez-Boix, P., Leal‐Campanario, R., et al. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6030087 · Cited by 8
Investigating anger in a metacognitive model of problematic pornography use: preliminary findings
Allen, A., Kannis‐Dymand, L., & Katsikitis, M. (2021) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2021.1991906 · Cited by 8
“Accordingly, metacognition (i.e. the monitoring, appraisal, or control of cognitions; Flavell, 1979) is regarded as a critical aspect of recurrent desire thinking (Spada et al., 2013).”
BackgroundOpinions of High School Principals on Their Cultural Intelligence
Gökalp, S. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.7.4.669 · Cited by 8
Trương, T. N. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.801570 · Cited by 11
Bröcker, A., Zimmermann, J., Stuke, F., Just, S. A., Bayer, S., Mielau, J., Bertram, G., Funcke, J., Maaßen, E., Hadzibegovic, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2048843 · Cited by 10
“…overlapping constructs have been conceptualized by varying perspectives, including neuroscientific (Frith, 2012), cognitive-behavioral or “integrative” (Moritz, Klein, et al., 2019), attachment-based (Brent et al., 2014; Fonagy et al., 2019), and psychodynamic approaches (Br€ocker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSituated learning in translator and interpreter training: Model United Nations simulations
Hastürkoğlu, G. (2019) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.631533 · Cited by 9
Realistic Creativity Training for Innovation Practitioners: The Know–Recognize–React Model
Valgeirsdóttir, D., & Onarheim, B. (2017) · Technology Innovation Management Review · doi:10.22215/timreview/1080 · Cited by 9
The Role of Human Operators' Suspicion in the Detection of Cyber Attacks
Hirshfield, L., Bobko, P., Barelka, A. J., et al. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8897-9.ch074 · Cited by 8
Dang, L., Zhang, M. X., Lau, J. T. F., Leong, K. K.-H., & Wu, A. M. S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00837-7 · Cited by 8
“…and health belief model; Ajzen, 1991; Rosen-stock, 1974) and metacognitive conceptualizations (e.g., metacognitive thoughts about knowledge; Flavell, 1979; Wells, 1995), Moss-Morris et al. (2002) proposed seven constructs in the general IPQ-R: (a) timeline chronic , which involves…”
BackgroundEnabling students critical thinking dispositions in hospitality financial management
Maniram, R. (2022) · Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15313220.2022.2096173 · Cited by 9
Łukowska, M., Kałwak, W., Osiński, D., Janik, J., & Wierzchoń, M. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102925 · Cited by 11
Barrett, E. S., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Love, S., Ramos‐Cejudo, J., & Lovell, G. P. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4040 · Cited by 10
Pun, J., & Gao, X. A. (2023) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2023.2173216 · Cited by 10
“…analysed the participants’ responses and developed codes and themes by identifying salient topical markers through the various discursive devices used by the participants in accordance with the afore-mentioned model of task, person, and strategy knowledge proposed by Flavell (1979 ; see Table 2 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe relationship between depressive symptoms, metamemory, and prospective memory in older adults
Coelho, C. D. S., Zuber, S., Künzi, M., Joly-Burra, E., & Kliegel, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2023.2195618 · Cited by 9
“Metamemory refers to the knowledge that individuals possess about their own memory abilities (Flavell, 1979; Nelson & Narens, 1990).”
BackgroundMetacognition in the audiovisual McGurk illusion: perceptual and causal confidence
Meijer, D., & Noppeney, U. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0348 · Cited by 10
“In a noisy restaurant, if we feel unsure whether the waiter said ‘beans’ or ‘greens’, we may ask him to repeat it [4-6].”
BackgroundExploring the Relationship between Self-Regulated Learning and Reflection in Teacher Education
Buzza, D., Kotsopoulos, D., Mueller, J. L., & Johnston, M. (2013) · Journal of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.22329/jtl.v9i1.3578 · Cited by 9
“According to these authors, reflection, or metacognition (Flavell, 1979), is critically important to the development of “adaptive expertise” (National Research Council, 2000) in the context of the extremely complex professional activity of teaching (Hammerness et al., 2005; Shulman, 1987). Bransford, Derry, Berliner,…”
BackgroundA Framework for Understanding Teachers' Promotion of Students' Metacognition.
Ader, E. (2013) · International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning · Cited by 8
Making Room on the Shelf: The Place of Postmodern Young Adult Novels in the Curriculum.
Knickerbocker, J. L., & Brueggeman, M. A. (2008) · American secondary education · Cited by 8
Wall, K., Burns, H. K., & Llewellyn, A. (2015) · Journal of Early Childhood Research · doi:10.1177/1476718x15579744 · Cited by 8
“As such, this ‘space’ facilitated metacognitive awareness (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundYu, F. (2005) · International Conference on Computers in Education · Cited by 9
Self-Regulation and Rubrics Assessment in Structural Engineering Subjects
Manzanares, M. C. S., Báez, M. Á. S., Ortega‐López, V., et al. (2015) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/340521 · Cited by 8
“Self-regulation is prominent among these active methods [3] and represents a fundamental tool available to the teacher to facilitate successful learning among students.”
BackgroundPrécis of The Philosophy of Metacognition
Proust, J. (2014) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/phpr.12152 · Cited by 8
Differential Prediction of Preparatory and Performance Self-Efficacy Judgments
Hanks, A. R., & Beier, M. E. (2012) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2012.703731 · Cited by 8
Healing the Caregiving System: Working With Parents Within a Comprehensive EMDR Treatment
Gomez, A. M. (2012) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.6.3.136 · Cited by 8
“…2010), mind-mindedness (Meins, Fernyhough, Fradley, & Tuckey, 2002), insightfulness (Koren-Karie, Oppenheim, Dolev, Sher, & Etziom-Carasso, 2002), and metacognitive monitoring (Flavell, 1979; Main, 1991) are all constructs linked to the parent’s capacity to develop infant’s attachment security.”
BackgroundInfluentialDiscrimination in measures of knowledge monitoring accuracy
Was, C. A. (2014) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0161-y · Cited by 8
Incorporating Metacognitive Strategy Training in ESP Writing Instruction: English for Lawyers
Rogers, R. J. (2010) · English Language Teaching · doi:10.5539/elt.v3n4p3 · Cited by 8
Chiou, K. S., & Hillary, F. G. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001846 · Cited by 8
“In the late 1970s, Flavell used the term metacognition to describe awareness of one’s own cognitive processing (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundSaldaña, D. (2004) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034304048777 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition refers to people’s ability to know and control their own mental functioning (Flavell, 1979; Martí, 1995; Simons, 1996) or, in other terms, to their ‘cognition about their cognition’.”
BackgroundDifferences in the Use of Learning Strategies in Mathematics in 8 th and 9 th grade
Gasco, J., Villarroel, J. D., & Goñi, A. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.342 · Cited by 8
Jones, S. (2013) · Language and Education · doi:10.1080/09500782.2013.763820 · Cited by 8
“Making our composing processes visible The importance of metacognition in writing (Butterfield, Hacker, and Albertson 1996; Kellogg 1994; Wallace and Hayes 1991) has been signalled almost from the point Flavell (1979) first developed conceptual thinking about metacognition.”
BackgroundEthics Is Not Rocket Science: How to Have Ethical Discussions in Your Science Class
Smith, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.v15i2.784 · Cited by 8
“First, it provides a real world example of a complex, context-sensitive, metacognitive skill of the sort that is widely recognized as being critical to high-quality learning (2, 6, 22, 26).”
BackgroundGhonsooly, B., & Loghmani, Z. (2012) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v4i3.1867 · Cited by 8
An assessment of the metacognitive knowledge of Botswana ESL university student writers
Magogwe, J. M. (2013) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err07.087 · Cited by 8
“objects on which they bear, usually in the service of some Metacognition consists of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or regulation (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialModeling Metacognition: Making Thinking Visible in a Content Course for Teachers
Conrady, K. (2015) · Journal of Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.17583/redimat.2015.1422 · Cited by 8
Gustilo, L. E. (2013) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/2229-0443-3-2 · Cited by 8
Clift, L. D. (2015) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 8
Ramírez‐Corona, N., Zaira, R. A. L., López‐Malo, A., et al. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--19227 · Cited by 8
Ownership and autonomy in early learning: The Froebel Research Fellowship project, 2002–2015
Hargreaves, D. J., Robson, S., Greenfield, S., & Fumoto, H. (2014) · Journal of Early Childhood Research · doi:10.1177/1476718x14536718 · Cited by 12
Mokhtari, K., & Velten, J. (2016) · Middle Grades Research Journal · doi:10.1108/mgrj-04-2016-0004 · Cited by 8
Karlen, Y. (2016) · Pedocs (German Institute for International Educational Research) · doi:10.5167/uzh-126535 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, MSK encompasses knowledge about the usefulness and characteristics of strategies (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundStudenti učitelství mezi tacitními a explicitními znalostmi
Švec, V., Nehyba, J., Svojanovský, P., Lawley, J., Šíp, R., Minaříková, E., Правдова, Б., Šimůnková, B., & Slavík, J. (2016) · Masarykova univerzita eBooks · doi:10.5817/cz.muni.m210-8429-2016 · Cited by 8
Effective and Adoptable Metacognitive Tools
Chen, J. (2016) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/p.26901 · Cited by 8
“These results seem to confirm the findings from the first study for (1) the improvement in performance on a subsequent exam for all wrappers and (2) an even stronger effect for the lowest-performing students who completed the exam wrapper.”
ResultMandalas: A Simple Project to Explore Creativity
Holbrook, R. L., & Comer, D. R. (2017) · Management Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/2379298117709782 · Cited by 9
“Flavell (1979) identified metacognition as knowing and thinking about cognitive phenomenon or thinking about thinking.”
BackgroundSamani, T., Porayska‐Pomsta, K., & Luckin, R. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_82 · Cited by 8
Jackson, S., Martin, G. D., Aidman, E., & Kleitman, S. (2017) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9177-y · Cited by 11
Lee, P.-T., & Makela, C. J. (2017) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2017.1378318 · Cited by 8
“Flavell (1979) defined metacognition as knowledge about one’s cognitive activities in learning processes.”
BackgroundSelf-Regulated Learning in Reading
Thiede, K. W., & de Bruin, A. B. H. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315697048.ch8 · Cited by 8
Yanti, H., Distrik, I. W., & Khasyyatillah, I. (2017) · Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-Biruni · doi:10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v6i2.2061 · Cited by 8
“Students who can manage their cognitive activities well, allowing them to handle tasks and solve problems well (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundPractising College Reading Strategies.
Cabral, A. P., & Tavares, J. (2002) · The reading matrix · Cited by 8
The Self-Efficacy as Predictors of the Metacognition Skills in Children
BOZGÜN, K., & Pekdoğan, S. (2018) · Journal of Education and Future · doi:10.30786/jef.390814 · Cited by 8
Filipi, A., & Markee, N. P. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.295.11fil · Cited by 8
Metacognition in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics
Lee, N. H., Ng, K. E. D., & Yeo, J. B. W. (2019) · Mathematics education - an asian perspective · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3573-0_11 · Cited by 9
Children’s CBT skills, metacognition, empathy, and theory of mind
Jones, J. S., Souchay, C., Moulin, C. J. A., Reynolds, S. A., & Adlam, A. (2019) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-12-2017-0052 · Cited by 8
Practicing metacognition through the use of repeated posttest predictions
Fox, L., Piccorelli, A. V., & Bruch, D. (2019) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.028 · Cited by 9
Mapping Assets: High Impact Practices and the First Year Experience
Wismath, S., & Newberry, J. (2019) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.7.1.4 · Cited by 13
“…integration (Spady, 1970; Tinto, 1993) and skills enhancement (Gifford et al., 2006) were approached through an emphasis on metacognitive learning (Flavell, 1979, 1987), which encompasses knowledge about strategies for learning and problem solving, reflection on one’s own strengths and…”
MethodDichotomy of EFL reading: Metacognition vs. proficiency
Öztürk, N., & Şenaydın, F. (2019) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.586757 · Cited by 11
“That is, cognitions can be monitored and controlled through actions and interactions of metacognitive knowledge, strategies, and experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialStephanou, G., & Tsoni, F. (2019) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v11n4p30 · Cited by 13
“…strategies and execution of procedural skills, while conditional knowledge is about ‘when’, ‘where’ and ‘why’ to use certain cognitive actions or strategies (Flavell, 1979; Harris, Graham, Brindle, & Sandmel, 2009; Holland-Joyner & Kurtz-Costes, 1997; Pressley, Borkowski, & Schneider, 1989;…”
BackgroundInfluentialAccuracy in judgments of study time predicts academic success in an engineering course
Gyllen, J. G., Stahovich, T. F., Mayer, R. E., Darvishzadeh, A., & Entezari, N. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09207-6 · Cited by 8
The Point, the Shrug, and the Question of Clarification
Harris, P. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553803.003 · Cited by 9
The Relations Among General Intelligence, Metacognition and Text Learning Performance
Saraç, S., Önder, A., & Karakelle, S. (2014) · Education and Science · doi:10.15390/es.2014.1261 · Cited by 10
“Metacognitive knowledge involves knowledge about; the individual's own cognitive characteristics (person knowledge), the nature of different cognitive tasks (task knowledge) and the strategies for different cognitive tasks (strategy knowledge) (Flavell, 1979, 2000).”
Understanding and supporting Chinese middle Schoolers’ monitoring accuracy in mathematics
Wang, Y., & Sperling, R. A. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09238-4 · Cited by 10
“In other words, students’ accurate monitoring spurs improved awareness of their knowledge, effective strategy deployment, and desired learning outcomes (Butler and Winne 1995; Dunlosky et al. 2005a; Flavell 1979; Huff and Nietfeld 2009; Pressley and Ghatala 1990; Winne and Jamieson-Noel 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of Voice Therapy for Persistent Dysphonia Following Laryngeal Microsurgery
Kim, J. S., Choi, S. H., Choi, C.-H., & Lee, D.-W. (2019) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.19606 · Cited by 8
“인지가 어떤 과제 를 수행하기 위한 지적인 활동이라면 메타인지는 과제의 처리를 위 한 모니터링 활동이며(Flavell, 1979), 인지가 어떤 것에 대한 이해나 이해하는 상태를 의미하는 것이라면 메타인지는 어떤 것에 대한 학습이나 이해를 넘어 어떻게 배울 것인지를 알고 있는 상태를 의 미한다(Senemolu, 2005).”
Dermitzaki, I. (2005) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.97.7.759-768 · Cited by 8
Mensmann, M., Rousseau, D. M., & Fresé, M. (2022) · Handbooks in philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76606-1_50 · Cited by 8
ELEMENTARY AND NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS’ ONLINE READING METACOGNITION
Aberšek, M. K., Dolenc, K., & Kovačič, D. (2015) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/15.14.121 · Cited by 8
“According to Flavell (1979, 1987), metacognition consists of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or regulation.”
BackgroundDouchemane, D., Isingrini, M. L., & Souchay, C. (2007) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503307004046 · Cited by 8
Impact of Multi-Media Case Studies on Improving Intrinsic Learning Motivation of Students
Mehta, A., Clayton, H. R., & Sankar, C. S. (2007) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/et.36.1.f · Cited by 8
Pathological Worry in Children: What is Currently Known?
Wilson, C. E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.008110 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
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