The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Collectively, these skills enable students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and refining information; organize and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve increasingly complex problems (e.g., Flavell, 1979;Lai, 2011).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“metacognitive feedback which prompts learners to reflect, track their progress, and develop self-regulated learning (SRL) skills.”
From Directive, metacognitive, or a blend of both? A comparison of AI-generated feedback types on student engagement, confidence, and outcomes (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“This level of metacognitive engagement ' thinking about one's own thinking' is a hallmark of high-impact learning experiences (Flavell, 1979).”
From Co-creating custom GPTs: an autoethnographic study of undergraduate students as partners in generative AI innovation (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognition-cognition about cognition-encompasses the knowledge, monitoring, and regulation of one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979).”
From The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension (2026) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Hence, metacognition can be divided into two components, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition (Flavell, 1979; Schraw, 1998; Schraw & Moshman, 1995; Schraw & Sperling Dennison, 1994).”
From University students' Motivated Attention and use of regulation strategies on social media (2015) · cites this paper as Flavell, 1979
In the citing paper
“Metacognitive knowledge and experiences are interrelated [64].”
From The Metacognitive Demands and Opportunities of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“A fifth potential barrier to insight is metacognition, or the processes which allow persons to be aware of and form integrated and complex ideas about the self and others.”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [143]
Citations
Cites
Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition
Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469
Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition
Kail, R. V., & Hagen, J. W. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 927
An Interview Study of Children's Knowledge about Memory
Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H., & Hagen, J. W. (1975) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165955 · Cited by 514
Self-citationRealizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation
Markman, E. M. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1977.tb01257.x · Cited by 415
Developmental changes in memorization processes
Flavell, J. H., Friedrichs, A. G., & Hoyt, J. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90019-8 · Cited by 401
Self-citationBrown, A. L., Campione, J. C., & Barclay, C. R. (1979) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04135.x · Cited by 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,401–4,500 of 10,404
Pair Programming as a Learning Method Beyond the Context of Programming
Benadé, T., & Liebenberg, J. (2017) · doi:10.1145/3162087.3162098 · Cited by 7
“Flavell [28] defined metacognition as knowledge about cognition and control of cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking.”
BackgroundChan, E. C. M., & Mansoor, N. (2007) · NIE Digital Repository (National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 7
Zhou, P., & Yang, Q. (2017) · International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT) · doi:10.1109/eitt.2017.35 · Cited by 7
Developing Students’ Reading Culture for Academic Reading Level through Metacognitive Strategies
Pranowo, P. (2018) · Lingua Cultura · doi:10.21512/lc.v12i1.2997 · Cited by 7
“The metacognition is defined as the knowledge that based on reasoning and the associated with cognitive events dealing with a matter (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialKoswara, A., & Mundilarto, M. (2018) · Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.21831/jipi.v4i1.6193 · Cited by 7
Language alternation in peer interaction in content and language integrated learning (CLIL)
Morton, T., & Evnitskaya, N. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.295.04mor · Cited by 7
The Impact of Various Methods in Evaluating Metacognitive Strategies in Mathematical Problem Solving
Loh, M. Y., & Lee, N. H. (2019) · ICME-13 monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10472-6_8 · Cited by 9
Adaptation of Physics Metacognition Inventory to Turkish
Ünlü, Z. K., & Dökme, Ï. (2019) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.483104 · Cited by 7
“Metacognition refers to knowledge and cognition about a cognitive phenomenon (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundThe sociocybernetics of observation and reflexivity
Scott, B. C. (2019) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392119837543 · Cited by 10
“In psychology and education, related terms are ‘metacognition’ (Flavell, 1979) and ‘learning to learn’ (Harri-Augstein and Thomas, 1991; Scott, 1996).”
BackgroundLove, H., Ozbek, M. E., & Cross, J. E. (2019) · International Journal of Construction Education and Research · doi:10.1080/15578771.2019.1657208 · Cited by 7
Kim, Y. H., & Stormont, M. A. (2019) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-019-00991-z · Cited by 8
“(2000) developed an instrument for five general problem-solving strategies to assess metacognitive knowledge (MCK) of general problem-solving strategies (Flavell 1979; Kim 2011; Metallidou 2009; Pintrich 2002).”
BackgroundReasoning Abilities and Learning Math: A Möbius Strip?
de Brito, L. P., Almeida, L. S., & Osório, A. J. (2019) · International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education · doi:10.29333/iejme/6259 · Cited by 8
“Inductive reasoning is required to come up with a mathematical formula that resumes a phenomena (Haverty, Koedinger, Klahr, & Alibali, 2000), and metacognition allows one to evaluate the suitability of a chosen strategy (Flavell, 1979) and/or the plausibility of an obtained solution of a problem.”
BackgroundHerrera, C. I., Osorio, E. D., & Román, I. F. (2019) · Literatura y lingüística · doi:10.29344/0717621x.40.2077 · Cited by 10
Guided Inquiry Assisted Concept Map to Improve Students Metacognition Skills
Leny, L., Syahmani, S., Ningsih, F. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1422/1/012036 · Cited by 7
Eaves, J., Gilmore, C. K., & Attridge, N. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820905739 · Cited by 7
“Meta-cognitive studies provide some support for this (Flavell, 1979), where encouraging individuals to reflect upon, and be consciously aware of the cognitive processes they are performing, benefits their strategy performance (Babai et al.”
BackgroundCapitalizing on Differences: Keys to Unlocking the Academic Achievement Gap
Byrd, M. (2020) · Multicultural Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1515/mlt-2019-0003 · Cited by 7
Bowe, B. J., Kjesrud, R. D., & Hemsley, P. (2020) · Journalism & Mass Communication Educator · doi:10.1177/1077695820906359 · Cited by 7
Exploring Reading Strategy Use in Native and L2 Readers
Feller, D., Kopatich, R. D., Lech, I. B., & Higgs, K. (2020) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2020.1735282 · Cited by 9
“MARSI and other self-report strategy measures assume that reading strategies can be metacognitive in nature; that is, they assume that readers have knowledge of the strategies and an awareness of when and how to use them to regulate reading behavior/cognitive activity (Flavell, 1979; Veenman, Van Hout-Wolters, & Affle…”
BackgroundBiological Stress Reactivity and Introspective Sensitivity: An Exploratory Study
Barrientos, M., Aróstica, L. T., Silva, J. R., & Gabriel Reyes, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00543 · Cited by 7
“Keywords: introspection, biological stress reactivity, TSST, consciousness, cortisol INTRODUCTION Introspection refers to the ability to access and report one’s own mental content (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundYoung children’s responses to teachers’ metacognitive questions
Gourlay, C., Mushin, I., & Gardner, R. (2020) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2020.1742671 · Cited by 9
“The term ‘metacognition’ refers to the ability to monitor one’s own cognitive processes and to control those processes when undertaking cognitive tasks (Flavell 1979; Efklides 2008).”
BackgroundMcCabe, T. M., & Olimpo, J. T. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education · doi:10.1128/jmbe.v21i1.2009 · Cited by 9
Monkevičienė, O., Vildžiūnienė, J., & Valinciene, G. (2020) · Research in Social Sciences and Technology · doi:10.46303/ressat.05.02.5 · Cited by 7
“Flavell (1979) designed a model of cognitive monitoring that included metacognitive knowledge about one’s own thinking and thinking of others, goal/task strategies, metacognitive experiences, cognitive and emotional thinking experiences (experiences related to thinking), cognitive goals/tasks, and…”
BackgroundKrüger, A., Vorhölter, K., & Kaiser, G. (2020) · International perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37673-4_27 · Cited by 7
“I’m the best! Or am I?”: Academic self-concepts and self-regulation in kindergarten
Compagnoni, M., & Losenno, K. M. (2020) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v8i2.605 · Cited by 9
“Children showing a fit between their self-concept and abilities are assumed to be able to adapt to task conditions and set challenging learning goals and are therefore more likely to adopt and train effective behavioural SR (Destan & Roebers, 2015; Flavell, 1979; Perry et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSocial and Emotional Learning in Schools
DiPerna, J. C., Frey, J. R., & Hart, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235532.025 · Cited by 8
Moritz, S., Gehlenborg, J., Bierbrodt, J., Wittekind, C. E., & Bücker, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110539 · Cited by 7
Effects of Metacognition and Learning Flow on Problem Solving Ability of Nursing Students
Mum Hee, N. A. M., & Hae Ok, K. I. M. (2020) · Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education · doi:10.13000/jfmse.2020.12.32.6.1655 · Cited by 7
Inferências e atividades de leitura
Botelho, P. F., & Vargas, D. D. S. (2021) · Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos · doi:10.20396/cel.v63i00.8660188 · Cited by 7
Elihami, E., Musdalifah, M., & Hasan, H. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1783/1/012054 · Cited by 7
“Higher of Think knowledge involves knowledge about; individual cognitive characteristics (people's knowledge), different cognitive task characteristics (task knowledge) and strategies for different cognitive tasks (knowledge strategies) (Flavell, 1979, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialMultiple Perspectives on Digital Literacies Research Methods in Canada.
Hagerman, M. S., Beach, P., Cotnam-Kappel, M., & Hébert, C. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7
Measuring Students’ Metacognitive Knowledge of Mathematical Modelling
Frenken, L. (2021) · International perspectives on the teaching and learning of mathematical modelling · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66996-6_18 · Cited by 7
Tremblay, K. A., Binder, K. S., Ardoin, S. P., Talwar, A., & Tighe, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12369 · Cited by 7
Șuteu, L. (2021) · Acta Didactica Napocensia · doi:10.24193/adn.14.1.13 · Cited by 7
Instant improvement in monaural spatial hearing abilities through cognitive feedback
Arras, T., Snapp, H., Sangen, A., et al. (2022) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-022-06333-7 · Cited by 7
“Studying “cognitive feedback” in this field of research is complex and there is still a lot to gain, since deep knowledge in psychology, metacognition (Flavell 1979; Dunlosky and Hertzog 2000), neuroscience and audiology is needed to really understand which factors are crucial in training sound localization abilities.”
BackgroundIntelligent Decision Making in Autonomous Vehicles using Cognition Aided Reinforcement Learning
Rathore, H., & Bhadauria, V. S. (2022) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/wcnc51071.2022.9771728 · Cited by 7
“The latter, which is the art of learning how to learn or create awareness of an individual’s thought processes and their associated background patterns, has garnered much interest recently [19], [20].”
BackgroundАванесовна, А. М. (2022) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2205.02 · Cited by 7
Macoveanu, J., Schandorff, J. M., Petersen, J. Z., Fisher, P. M., Vinberg, M., Jørgensen, M. B., Knudsen, G. M., Kessing, L. V., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110767 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, it has been suggested that improved metacognition (i.e., the ability to monitor, understand, and manipulate one's own cognitive processes (Flavell, 1979)) is a driving mechanism behind transfer between improved cognition and enhanced functioning in cognitive remediation trials in affective…”
BackgroundMetacognition and Coaching: How to Develop a Thinking Athlete
Dail, T. K. (2014) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2014.897577 · Cited by 7
“Flavell (1979) described it as a person’s knowledge about the contents and regulation of memory.”
BackgroundNasab, M. S. B., & Motlagh, S. F. P. (2015) · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.3p.166 · Cited by 7
“As Flavell (1979) remarks, metacognition relates to the phenomena of what we do and how we learn.”
BackgroundRational decision making: balancing RUN and JUMP modes of analysis
Betsch, T., & Held, C. (2012) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-011-0097-2 · Cited by 7
“Since the influential work on meta-cognition by Flavell (1979), psychologists have become increasingly interested in how individuals acquire skills to think about thinking, involving such aspects as predicting, planning, monitoring, evaluation and intentional change of their own cognitive processes.”
BackgroundLearner as Bobsled Operator: The Physics of Learner Engagement
Cates, W. M., & Bishop, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/jdge-fp38-6mnm-300m · Cited by 7
Fouché, J. (2013) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · Cited by 7
Stop Think: a simple approach to encourage the self-assessment of learning
Guy, R., Byrne, B., & Dobos, M. (2017) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00174.2016 · Cited by 7
“This suggests that students may be lacking in their ability to self-assess their learning (cognitive) approaches, and thus this aspect of metacognition (17, 35) should be taken into account when designing learning activities.”
Purnamawati, P., & Saliruddin, S. (2017) · Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi · doi:10.21831/jpv.v7i2.13447 · Cited by 7
Chinese English Teachers' Perspectives on “Distributed Flip MOOC Blends”
Orsini-Jones, M. E., Zou, B., Hu, Y., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.4018/ijcallt.2017100101 · Cited by 7
“Participants actively engaged in metareflective practice (Flavell, 1979; Efkledis, 2006), recording their thoughts on their teaching perceptions, beliefs and practice while engaging with MOOCs and reflecting on how they could integrate them into their curricula in the future.”
BackgroundThe alignment argument: at the crossroads between mindfulness and metacognition
Ruiz, X. M. (2018) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2018.1428096 · Cited by 7
Metacognition gains in public health graduate students following in-class peer evaluation
Borton, K., & Anderson, O. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1458211 · Cited by 7
“Metacognition refers to an individual’s knowledge of their own cognitive processes and generally references the way one thinks about their learning (Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundÖztürk, B. K. (2018) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v6i6.3108 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Metacognitive Strategies on Jordanian EFL Learners’ Writing Performance
Al-Jarrah, T. M., Mansor, N., & Rashid, R. A. (2018) · International Journal of English Linguistics · doi:10.5539/ijel.v8n6p328 · Cited by 7
“Cognitive strategies have been created to assist learners to achieve their cognitive goal (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMetacognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report
Melchior, K., Franken, I. H. A., & van der Heiden, C. (2018) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2018.82.4.375 · Cited by 7
BAKİ, Y. (2019) · Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.15285/maruaebd.586837 · Cited by 8
Hodnotenie v prírodovedných predmetoch v podmienkach slovenského školstva
Оросова, Р., Ganajová, M., Szarka, K., et al. (2019) · Scientia in educatione · doi:10.14712/18047106.1320 · Cited by 7
Integrating a Learning Analytics Dashboard in an Online Educational Game
Seaton, J., Chang, M., & Sabine Graf, A. (2019) · Smart computing and intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9335-9_7 · Cited by 8
“Metacognition is the understanding of a person’s own cogni147 tion and thought processes [15].”
BackgroundPROFIL KEMAMPUAN METAKOGNITIF SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA KELAS VII DI SMPN 13 KOTA SUKABUMI
Septiyani, E., Ramdhan, B., & Juhanda, A. (2020) · Jurnal BIOTEK · doi:10.24252/jb.v8i1.13356 · Cited by 7
Ali, M. S. Z., Siddiqui, G. K., & Tatlah, I. A. (2021) · Cited by 7
The Hidden Classroom: How Gender Stereotypes Impact Academic Achievement
Gonzalez, A. M., Oh, J. H. J., & Baron, A. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235532.018 · Cited by 11
Retrieval-Monitoring-Feedback (RMF) Technique for Producing Efficient and Durable Student Learning
Rawson, K. A., & Dunlosky, J. T. (2013) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5546-3_5 · Cited by 8
How do students know that they have learned? An investigation of students’ strategies
Kurnaz, M. A., & Çimer, S. O. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.570 · Cited by 7
Compétence cognitive, capacités d'apprentissage, et métacognition
Parent, S., Larivée, S. J., & Bouffard‐Bouchard, T. (1991) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207599108247162 · Cited by 9
A "Society of Mind" Cognitive Architecture Based on the Principles of Artificial Economics
Davis, D. N., & Venkatamuni, V. M. (2010) · International Journal of Artificial Life Research · doi:10.4018/jalr.2010102104 · Cited by 7
Norton, L., Scantlebury, E., & Dickins, T. E. (1999) · Innovations in Education and Training International · doi:10.1080/1355800990360403 · Cited by 7
High Intellectual and Creative Educational Multimedia Technologies
Shavinina, L. V. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493100316049 · Cited by 7
Knowledge Bases and Frameworks
Moonie, N. (1992) · Programmed Learning and Educational Technology · doi:10.1080/0954730920290305 · Cited by 6
Pupil Culture, Education and the Metacognitive Curriculum
Quicke, J. (1994) · Pedagogy Culture and Society · doi:10.1080/0965975940020105 · Cited by 7
Metacognition within a constructionist model of learning
Bonanno, P. (2004) · International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning · doi:10.1504/ijceell.2004.004570 · Cited by 7
Searching for a New Approach to Listening
Wallace, M. P. (2012) · Cited by 7
Student Learning in Higher Education: Where We Are and Paths Forward
Fryer, L. K., & Gijbels, D. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9415-5 · Cited by 8
“Many of these theories share early theoretical seeds (e.g., cognitive processing theories, Craik and Lockhart 1972; metacognition, Flavell 1979).”
BackgroundBowler, L. (2013) · Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS / Actes du congrès annuel de l ACSI · doi:10.29173/cais206 · Cited by 7
Smith, J. D., Coutinho, M. V. C., Boomer, J. B., & Beran, M. J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.013.0015 · Cited by 8
Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A. M., & Kongerslev, M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405172-0.00008-9 · Cited by 7
A studio-based teaching and learning model in IT
Carbone, A., & Sheard, J. (2002) · ACM SIGCSE Bulletin · doi:10.1145/637610.544485 · Cited by 7
The Role of Metacognition in Facilitating Conceptual Change.
Yürük, N., Özdemir, Ö. F., & Beeth, M. E. (2003) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University) · Cited by 7
Oswalt, S. (2013) · ScholarWorks (Boise State University) · Cited by 7
Children and adults or novices and experts? A dilemma for cross-cultural developmental research
Davidson, G. R., & R.Freebody, P. (1986) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538608259010 · Cited by 7
Motivated and Self-Regulated Learning of Adult Learners in a Collective Online Environment
Susimetsä, M. (2006) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 7
Metacognitive Development: Educational Implications
Schneider, W. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.92011-7 · Cited by 7
Exploring ESL students’ perceptions of their digital reading skills
Gilbert, J. (2014) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 7
The Role of Mindfulness in Peace Education in the Context of Conflict
Salomon, G. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch58 · Cited by 7
A prescriptive analysis of low-ability problem-solving behavior
Derry, S. J., & Kellis, A. (1986) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00139603 · Cited by 7
Coping under acute stress: The role of person characteristics
Delahaij, R. (2010) · Repository hosted by TU Delft Library (TU Delft) · Cited by 7
Writing with peer response using genre knowledge : a classroom intervention study
Hoogeveen, M. (2012) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036534895 · Cited by 7
“Writing strategies are defined as goal directed cognitive operations facilitating the performance of writing tasks (cf. Flavell, 1979; Pintrich, 2000).”
BackgroundGateru, W. A. (2011) · Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) · Cited by 7
Lohrey, S. (2016) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00028629 · Cited by 7
Adaptive Scaffolds in Open-Ended Computer-Based Learning Environments
Segedy, J. R. (2014) · Cited by 7
Metacognitive impairments extend perceptual decision making weaknesses in compulsivityPreprint
Hauser, T. U., Allen, M., Rees, G. E., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/098277 · Cited by 7
The role of metacognition in monitoring performance and regulating learning in early readersPreprint
Taouki, I., Lallier, M., & Soto, D. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ctbew · Cited by 7
A theory of effective computer-based instruction for adults
Lowe, J. S. (2004) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1143 · Cited by 7
Utilizing Natural Language Processing to Examine Self-Reflections in Self-Regulated LearningPreprint
Gamieldien, Y., McCord, R. E., & Katz, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4487795 · Cited by 9
Hoogervorst, K., Banellis, L., Fardo, F., Xue, K., Tyrer, A., Rahnev, D., & Allen, M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2gwky · Cited by 10
Meta-Cognitive Memory Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon LLM Agents
Liu, Z., Hao, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Hou, J., Ding, R., Yang, Y., Ji, W., Xia, W., & Liu, F. (2026) · arXiv · Cited by 12
“To bridge this gap, we adopt a metacognitive probe inspired by cognitive science (Flavell, 1979; Nelson and Narens, 1990) to estimate the model’s intrinsic uncertainty about the task state from the current memory.”
InfluentialSumarno, W. K. (2019) · Lingua Cultura · doi:10.21512/lc.v13i1.5028 · Cited by 6
“According to Flavell (1979), metacognition refers to knowledge about the regulation of self-cognition activities in the learning process.”
BackgroundChanges in affect: patterns in Grade 4 and Grade 8 students’ expressed emotional directions
Sumpter, L., & Sollerman, S. (2023) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2023.2184279 · Cited by 6
“For a long time, research on cognition has been central, for instance, as an important tool for reflection on mistakes (e.g. Epstude & Roese, 2008), or as part of meta-cognition (Flavell, 1979; Garofalo & Lester, 1985; Schneider & Artelt, 2010; Schoenfeld, 1987).”
MethodThe effects of musical feedback training on metacognition and self-directed learning
Li, W., Manoharan, P., Cui, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1304929 · Cited by 6
“Metacognition, first introduced by Flavell in 1979, is defined as “cognition about cognition” (Flavell, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodSeeking Socially Responsible Consumers: Exploring the Intention-Search-Behaviour Gap
Azzopardi, L. A., & van der Sluis, F. (2024) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3627508.3638324 · Cited by 9
“” (Diversity and Inclusion - Participant 59)”
Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Participation in CS1 Group Work
Wortmann, C., & Vahrenhold, J. (2024) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3632620.3671115 · Cited by 8
“The term metacognition itself was coined by Flavell, who first to used it in the context of cognition research [18].”
Kim, K., Hornor, E., & Zarrabi, A. J. (2024) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s464634 · Cited by 7
Research on metacognitive strategies of children’s self-regulated learning
NARENGAOWA, & Tungalag, O. (2024) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.52965/001c.120366 · Cited by 6
Paz-Baruch, N. (2024) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2024.2401409 · Cited by 6
“Metacognition (MC) is the awareness, knowledge and understanding, and control of one ’ s thinking (Flavell, 1979).”
Unmasking Dunning-Kruger Effect in Visual Reasoning & Judgment
Chen, M., Liu, Y., & Wall, E. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3456326 · Cited by 9
“These results contribute to the ongoing discourse about the complex nature of self-assessment in cognitive tasks and highlight the interplay between self-perception and actual skill levels in various domains [8,22].”
Su, H. (2024) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904018.2024.2420103 · Cited by 11
“The conception of metacognition was first brought up by psychologist John Flavell (1976, 1979), referring to learners’ “knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena” (Flavell, 1979, p. 906).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Flavell, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flavell, John H.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 906-911
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2093950336
- Cited by
- 11,282
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1118 · 2025: 902 · 2024: 768 · 2023: 751 · 2022: 680 · 2021: 687 · 2020: 666 · 2019: 603 · 2018: 518 · 2017: 449 · 2016: 415 · 2015: 410 · 2014: 451 · 2013: 363 · 2012: 336
- FWCI
- 19.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- metacognition, cognitive monitoring, cognitive development, self-monitoring, metacognitive awareness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
