Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“…Hsee, Weber, & Welch, 2001; Mellers, Schwartz, & Ritov, 1999; Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002) and in the suggestion that there are two distinct modes of information processing: experiential and rational (Epstein, 1994; Lieberman, 2000; Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norezayan, 2001).”

“The need to belong is the only psychological need that consistently appears on each and every contemporary list of psychological needs (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Epstein, 1994; Fiske, 2004; Sheldon, Elliot, Kim, & Kasser, 2001).”

“These findings are consistent with theories showing the primacy of affect over cognition [55,56] but also with dual models of cognition that distinguish between emotional and analytical systems of mind [57,58].”

“trade-offs), short-cuts in decision making are made [36].”

“To assess these individual differences, Pacini and Epstein (1999) developed a measure, the Rational–Experiential Inventory (REI), which assesses preferences for experiential and rational processing.”

“Parallel models (Denes-Raj and Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996) suggest that fast and slow thinking occur simultaneously (and thus there is a continuous monitoring and feelings of conflict).”

“Indeed, a growing body of work indicates that attitudes assessed at the implicit level accurately track experiences with a given person, perhaps even better than do attitudes assessed explicitly (Betsch, Plessner, Schwieren, & Gütig, 2001; Epstein, 1994; Fazio & Olson, 2014; Jones, Olson, & Fazio, 2010; McNulty & Olso…”

“…that human judgment and decision behavior is driven by automatic and unconscious mental processes (system 1), sometimes including emotions (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Slovic et al., 2005), as distinguished from controlled and reflective processes (system 2), and the latter inhibits biases generated…”

“The two minds theory is really a development of the idea of dual systems underlying Type 1 and 2 processing (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Evans & Over, 1996; Reber, 1993; Stanovich, 1999, 2004).”

“Interestingly, Epstein (1994) claimed that explicit SE refers to a cognitive mode and implicit SE to an experiential mode.”

“Secondly, the proposal that DM requires dual 438 systems, which are responsible for directing attentional focus has been substantially investigated 439 (Epstein, 1994; Evans 2008).”

“System 1 is involved in fast, automatic, associative, emotional, and effortless actions, whereas system 2 operates slowly, neutrally, in a controlled and rule-governed way, and with effort (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002).”

“However, although the rational and experiential processing systems are presumed to coexist through most of the life span ( Epstein, 1994 ), educational, familial, and other factors may affect the extent to which a given youth or adult typically relies on one system over the other.”

“Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) posits that an individual who experiences an emotionally significant event (e.g., a religious appeal) is likely to respond experientially (e.g., based on emotions) instead of rationally ( Epstein, 1990, 1994 ).”

“…is conceptually similar to the type of accuracy-oriented controlled process found in dual-process models of recollection memory (e.g., Jacoby, 1991; Roediger, 1990), judgment and decision making (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996), or persuasion (e.g., Chen & Chaiken, 1999; Petty & Wegener, 1999).”

“Differences in and interactions between System 1 and System 2 processing strategies have been shown to predict distinctive outcomes in persuasion, judgment and decision making, and a host of other domains (Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Stanovich & West, 2000; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler…”

“A clarification of the meaning of rationality that is in concord with the development of the issue in decision theory has been brought forward by Fillieule (1996). It is the distinction between rationality of frame and rationality of inference.”

“By contrast, theories that posit competing processing styles, such as cognitive experiential self theory (CEST; Epstein, 1994), seemingly dominates the study of religious and magical beliefs.”

“Nevertheless, investigators still continue to use findings from cognitive psychology to support the existence of the Freudian unconscious (e.g., see Ekstrom, 2004; Epstein, 1994; Erdelyi, 2004; Westen, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).”

“As mentioned before, Denes-Raj and Epstein (1994) reported irrational decisions made by participants selecting probabilities of 9, 8, 7, 6, and even 5% (presented as 9:100, 8:100, 7:100, 6:100, and 5:100, respectively), in preference to 10% (presented as 1:10).”

“Limitations of psychoanalytic theory have long been well known; it fares poorly regarding both personality-and-prediction (Mischel, 1968) and experimental tests (Eysenck & Wilson, 1973), and some core claims are difficult to reconcile with basic principles of evolution (Epstein, 1994).”

“According to dual-process theories, mental functioning can be characterised by two different types of process that have different functions and different strengths and weaknesses (eg, Brainerd & Reyna, 2001 ; Epstein, 1994 ; Evans & Over, 1996 ; Stanovich, 1999 ).”

“Classifications of individual differences in information processing style typically categorize people as intuitive or Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1088 analytical in their decision making processes (Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Evans, 2003).”

“Authentic learning recognizes that learning involves the body as centrally as the mind and embraces cognitive, emotional, physical, and social dimensions (Epstein 1994; Hutchins 1995; Johnson 1987; Smith 1999; Varela et al. 1991).”

“In many dual-process theories, the controlled process is one that seeks out, or extracts, information from the environment to provide accurate and appropriate judgments and behaviors (Epstein, 1994; Ferreira, Garcia-Marques, Sherman, & Sherman, 2006; Kahnenman, 2003; Sloman, 1996).”

“System 2 processes are more reliable, but they come at the cost of being slower since they require more reflection (cf. Epstein 1994; Sloman 1996, 2002; Stanovich and West 2002).”

“There is considerable agreement among researchers that information in decision making involves two qualitatively different thinking modes: (1) an intuitive mode characterized by fast and parallel processes that are affective, holistic, and associative in nature and (2) a deliberative/analytical mode characterized by s…”

“It suggests that analogous neutral pathways were engaged during the two conditions, implying that some mental processes may operate on the same basis whether or not conscious perception is involved (Balconi, 2003; Epstein, 1994; Lazarus, 1991; Miller, 1996).”

“Consistent with a great deal of theorizing elsewhere (e.g., Epstein 1994; Finucane et al. 2000; Hammond 1996; Kahneman and Frederick 2002; Sloman 1996; Stanovich and West 2002), Greene and his colleagues have proposed an account in terms of two systems.”

“…as well as an “intuitive and automatic” mode (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003); (b) the intuitive mode handles most of the processing load (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Posner & Snyder, 1975); (c) people mistakenly believe they are aware of cognitive processes governing behavior (e.g., Nisbett &…”

“…founded on dual process theories f high-level cognition, which hold that mental processes fall into two types that are commonly referred to as “System 1” and “System 2” (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000; for a review see Evans & Stanovich, 2013).”

“(6):1070–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980543000123 Deroy O, Spence C, Noppeney U (2016) Metacognition in multisensory perception.”

“In a private communication context such as in a person’s inner speech, daydreams, or journal writings, verbal immediacy may track “task engagement” and thereby reflect the “hot”, experiential processing of emotionally colored autobiographic material (Epstein, 1994; Wiener & Mehrabian, 1968).”

“Our findings are consistent with theories about the duality of information processing in emotional or imagistic versus rational or logical modes and with the general conclusion that individuals process traumatic events differently from ordinary events (Brewin et al., 1996; Epstein, 1994).”

“Whereas, the rational system is effortful, deliberate, and conscious (Epstein, 1994).”

“Given that emotions can be triggered more quickly than rational responses (Ekman, 1992; Epstein, 1994), it is not surprising that aesthetics not only influences whether people like or dislike a given website within milliseconds (Lindgaard et al., 2006; Tuch et al., 2012), but it also affects…”

“Relating these findings to the two system view of information processing (Epstein 1994, Kahneman and Frederick 2002), people seem to rely more on their affective attitudes as a decision heuristic when they feel confident to evaluate a company.”

“The Reflective component draws on rational and experiential knowledge (Epstein, 1994) to produce a metacognitive process described as a “deeper sense of knowing” (Bennett-Levy, 2002).”

“, controlled versus automatic) (Epstein 1994; Strack and Deutsch 2004).”

“Both of these models belong to a rich tradition of theoretical frameworks that view the human mind as dual 4–7 and intend to explain thinking, reasoning, decision making and also social cognition as based on the operation of, at least, two systems 2 often named System 1 and System 2 2 characterized…”

“The parallel view entails that both systems are always activated simultaneously from the start of the reasoning process (Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996).”

“Mental representations also influence what and how children store and remember experiences (Baldwin, 1992; Clausen, 1972; Crick & Dodge, 1994; Epstein, 1994).”

“The research and theories of Bruner (1986) and Epstein (1994, 1999) call attention to the adaptive potential of the narrative or experiential component of human consciousness along with abstract-analytic thought.”

“According to recent dual process models, two distinct information-processing modes with different operating principles can be distinguished: the reflective and the associative mode (Epstein, 1994; Gawronski and Bodenhausen, 2006).”

“Together they form the dual process theory that explains people’s “rational thinking failure” when people rely heavily on prior beliefs and intuition rather than a logical reasoning process [8, 9].”

“information processing described by Epstein(8) and Slovic et al.”

“…in helping to explain behavior in experimental, social, and organizational contexts (Bing, Burroughs, Whanger, Green, & James, 2000; Brewin, 1989; Epstein, 1994; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Hogan, 1991; LeBreton et al., 2006; D. C. McClelland et al., 1989; Mischel & Shoda, 1995; Spangler, 1992;…”