Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“The intuitive System 1 is reward seeking and often oriented toward what feels good, whereas the deliberative System 2 is rule based and oriented toward what is appropriate and sensible (Epstein 1994; Shiv and Fedorikhin 1999).”

“…reality in two fundamentally different ways, one labeled intuitive, automatic, natural, nonverbal, narrative, and experiential (sometimes referred to as System 1), and the other analytical, deliberative, and verbal (referred to as System 2; see, e.g., Epstein, 1994; Stanovich & West, 2000).”

“Metacognitive monitoring and control are assumed to involve dual processing that can engage analytic, deliberate processing mechanisms and/or use of heuristics which involve fast, nonanalytic, automatic processes (Epstein 1994; Kelley and Jacoby 1996; Koriat and Levy-Sadot 2001; Jacoby and Brooks 1984; Kahneman 2003;…”

“The link of schematic processing in Leventhal’s model to experiential processing (Epstein, 1994) is easy to make because the two processes are similarly defined.”

“…of evidence showing that individuals process information about themselves and their environment not only in an explicit (i.e. controlled or conscious) mode but also in an implicit (i.e. automatic or nonconscious) mode (Epstein, 1994; Greenwald et al., 2002; Wilson, Lindsley, & Schooler, 2000).”

“Dual-process models are frequently used to explain differences between intuitive and deliberative decisions in psychology (Epstein 1994; Evans and Stanovich 2013; Glöckner and Witteman 2010; Kahneman 2003, 2011; Pham 2007; Stanovich and West 2000).”

“%) and the other tray contains containing 10 jellybeans, including 1 of the winning color (i.e., 10%; Denes-Raj & Epstein, 1994).”

“According to Kaufman (2016), the roots of Kahneman’s thinking can be traced to cognitive-experiential self theory (CEST; Epstein, 1991, 1994), which also proposed two systems with similar characteristics to System 1 and System 2, called “experiential” and “rational,” respectively.”

“Epstein (1994) describes the existence of two systems of knowing: an experiential system (which is more intuitive and emotional) and a rational system (which is more logical and evidence-based).”

“This distinction between decision-making based on feelings and decisionmaking based on thorough deliberation is a prominent distinction in psychology and decision-making research (e.g., Betsch et al., 2003; Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2008; Hogarth, 2005; Kahneman, 2003; Lieberman, 2000; Wilson, 2002).”

“…levels of behavioural control is demonstrated by the wide variety of dual-process models in the literature (e.g. Carver, 2005; Eisenberg, 2002; Epstein, 1973, 1994; Evans, 2003; Hirsh, 1974; Lieberman, Gaunt, Gilbert, & Trope, 2002; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Rolls, 1999; Rothbart & Bates,…”

“It is partly based on the dual-process theory of Epstein and Hammond, 8 recently popularized in Daniel Kahneman’s book “Thinking Fast and Slow.””

“Based on the work by Epstein (1994) and Sloman (1996), we predicted that students would identify a conflict when they made mistakes on incongruent items, but that they would not always be able to suppress the natural-number based answer (Prediction 3).”

“Two recent proposals largely subsume these dichotomies and describe a distinction between two general information-processing systems, one more deliberate and analytic than the other ( Epstein, 1990, 1994; Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj, & Heier, 1996; Sloman, 1996).”

“Several modern cognitive psychology and persuasion theories indicate that there are two fundamentally different ways in which people experience the world and process new information (Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Slovic et al., 2004).”

“In particular, Cognitive–Experiential Self-Theory (or CEST; Epstein, 1994) proposes that people process information through two independent but interacting modes of processing, the rational and the experiential systems.”

“Various theories in psychology and cognitive sciences suggest that individuals can operate in either of two different modes of thought (Chaiken, 1980; Devine, 1989; Epstein, 1994; Epstein, Lipson, Holstein, & Huh, 1992; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”

“Despite their diversity, all the different dual-process theories that have been put forward assume that two types of processing coexist in the mind, with different evolutionary histories, different functioning, and possibly distinct cerebral substrates (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2006; Evans & Over, 1996; Sloman, 1996; Sta…”

“According to cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), there are two different information-processing systems, experiential and rational (Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999).”

“…famous heuristics and biases program (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971), and indeed a wealth of other dual process theories (e.g., Chaiken and Trope (1999), Epstein (1994), Evans (2003), Schneider and Shiffrin (1977), Shiffrin and Schneider (1984), Sloman (1996), Stanovich andWest (2002)) is the notion…”

“…people base their decision on their immediate, holistic, affective reaction to different choice alternatives, with affect-guided approach and avoidance reactions as the primary decision process (Damasio, 1993; Epstein, 1994; Hsee and Kunreuther, 1998; Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee and Welch 2001).”

“…one’s feelings (affect or emotions) as a source of information for making judgments (Schwarz, 2012) is largely based on the rapid, associative, automatic experiential system of thinking rather than on the slow, logical, rational analytical system (Epstein, 1991, 1995; Slovic et al., 2002, 2004).”

“From the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein, 1994), two information processing modes or systems operate in an independent, parallel, and interactive manner.”

“Value incongruence poses a gap between what employees want to do and what they should do, resulting in a “conflict between the head and the heart” (Epstein, 1994, p. 710) and activating controlling self-regulation processes.”

“Given its psychodynamic origins, relational clinicians tend to stress distinctions between more versus less conscious aspects of personality and psychopathology (Epstein, 1994; Westen, 1999).”

“The theory behind this task assumes that there are two distinct cognitive processes: a fast intuitive one and a slow and rather reflective one (Epstein, 1994).”

“For example, the parallel model (Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996) posits that System 1 and System 2 are always engaged simultaneously from the start of the reasoning process.”

“These distinctive roles of ‘‘cool’’, reasoned cognitions with ‘‘hot’’, affective motivations have also been identified by other theories of behavior (Epstein, 1994; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002).”

“Scholars argue that individual differences in dominant thinking styles influence responses to messages such that rational messages can be more appealing to analytical thinkers compared to emotional messages (Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999).”

“The possible interplay between cognition and affect has been prominent in dual-process theories of information processing (Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996), which revolve around the idea that when people make judgments and decisions or engage in problem solving, two qualitatively…”

“For example, CognitiveExperiential Self-Theory (Epstein, 1994) posits “two fundamentally different ways of knowing” referred to as the “rational system” (corresponding to System 2) and the “experiential system” (corresponding to System 1); the latter is “associated with feelings and experience,”…”

“We believe that this result taken on its own is very strong evidence for the soundness of the Immunity Objection applied to the Knobe Effect.19 4.3 The Further Information Hypothesis: Subjects that are Allowed to See Both Help and Harm Scenarios before Giving Answers are Less Likely to Display The Knobe Effect.”

“These findings are principally in accordance with dualprocessing theories of decision making (e.g., Epstein, 1994; J. S. B. T. Evans, 2003; Kahneman, 2003).”

“While economists in the latter part of the 1800s noted this Weber-Fechner formulation and the underlying relationship, it was not believed to be applicable to understanding buyer behavior as it dealt with psychological responses to external (physical) stimuli. Interestingly though, in his initial economics text, Marsh…”

“Such propositions appear quite consistent with dual-processing theories of cognition that posit that there are two systems of information processing: a rational (or analytic) system and an experiential (or intuitive) system (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2008).”

“Dual processing theory states that human behavior can be guided by two systems (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; Sloman, 1996).”

“number of opportunities for the event to happen (the denominator of a ratio; e.g., Alonso & Fernandez-Berrocal, 2003; Epstein, 1994; Pacini & Epstein, 1999; Pedersen, 2017; Reyna & Brainerd, 2008).”

“This assumption is most strongly advocated by Sloman (1996, 2002), and other authors hold this view as well ( Epstein, 1994;”

“Slovic (2007) and Epstein (1994) have blamed the failure of System 2 (rational, normative analysis) to inform and direct System 1 processing of information (experiential, intuitive and affect-based response).”

“Unpleasant feelings generally motivate actions or thoughts anticipated to avoid those feelings (Epstein, 1994).”

“Meanwhile, the rational thinking model is a cold model that supports systems 2 based on careful consideration [33, 51].”

“…and social psychologists have drawn distinctions between two contrasting forms of knowledge: for example, declarative (‘what’) and procedural (‘how’; Anderson, 1976, cited in Grant, 1996); ‘rule-based’ and ‘associative’ (Sloman, 1996); and ‘rational’ and ‘experiential’ (intuitive; Epstein, 1994).”

“…system, which responds to disease information with emotional experiences and imagery that may fuel motivations to take protective action (see Epstein, 1994, for a review; see Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996; Leventhal & Cameron, 1994; Leventhal, Diefenbach, & Leventhal, 1992, for detailed…”

“…this two-domain system of human mental processes is consistent with work in consciousness (e.g., Ornstein, 1972), psychodynamic theory (e.g., Epstein, 1994), neuropsychology (e.g., Kolb & Whishaw, 1990), cognitive psychology (e.g., Kaufman, 1990), and philosophy of mind (e.g., Aristotle).”

“…memory rules Another way of viewing the habitual solution is that it is automatic, in the terms of Chaiken and Trope (1999), Dickinson (1985), Epstein (1994), Evans (2003), Kahneman and Frederick (2002), Schneider and Shiffrin (1977), Shiffrin and Schneider (1984), Sloman, (1996) and…”

“If the affective state was positive at the time of an experience, an individual will seek situations that may replicate the state ( Epstein, 1994 ).”

“Furthermore, some authors have also explicitly linked intuitive processes with affect and emotions (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Slovic & Peters, 2006; Slovic, Peters, Finucane, & MacGregor, 2005).”

“Recent research has identified two distinct modes of thought, one associative and feeling based, the other deliberate and rule based (Chaiken and Trope 1999; Epstein 1994; Peters and Slovic 2000; Sloman 1996; Stanovich and West 2002).”

“Most cognitive science models differentiate between two, at times three, memory systems (Epstein, 1994).”

“7 Furthermore, both systems are assumed to operate simultaneously, 8 meaning that people can possess different levels of implicit and explicit self-esteem at the same time.”

“…Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST) and associated dual process nomenclature of ‘experiential/intuitive’ (emotion based) and ‘rational’ systems (Epstein, 1994; Epstein et al., 1996) also adopts this key distinction although important theoretical differences exist within those advocating…”

“Dual-processing models describe two distinct processes through which individuals form judgments: one involves automatic and relatively effortless processing, the other a more deliberate and conscious thought process (Bargh, 1996; Epstein, 1990, 1994, 2002; Sloman, 1996).”

“In the language of dual-system theories (e.g., Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; cf. Keren & Schul, 2009), suspicion of the source may trigger a shift from the ‘‘hot’’ experiential system 1 to the ‘‘cool’’ cognitive system 2, compromising the persuasiveness of the ideological message.”

“Presumably, this has to do with differences in the nature of people’s implicit and explicit beliefs (see DeHart et al., 2006 for a more detailed explanation; Epstein, 1994).”

“…and active judgment has the potential to intervene, exercise executive control over, and “micromanage” the X-system (Reynolds, 2006: 740) in a process of higher-order conscious reasoning (Epstein referred to this as “a conflict between the head and the heart,” Epstein, 1994: 710) and learning.”