Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“, Bargh, 1989; Tversky & Kahneman, 1983; Wegner, 1994), and personality (Epstein, 1994; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999).”

“Dual-process models—which propose that there are two modes of information-processing—provide a means for considering both implicit and explicit self-esteem (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Morling, 1995; Smith & DeCoster, 2001; Strack & Deutsch, 2004; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”

“Another possible mediational path involves cognitive style, which refers to the distinction between analytic and intuitive thinking (also referred to as System 2 and System 1, respectively; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003; Stanovich & West, 2000). Analytic or System 2 thinking is controlled and systematic, whereas intui…”

“Thus, Epstein and colleagues concluded that the scales supported the CEST assumption, that is, the two thinking styles were independent of one another (Epstein & Pacini, 1999).”

“Having abandoned the strong assumption of feature alignment (e.g. see Epstein, 1994), E&S adjust their dual-process position by drawing a distinction between the defining features of the two processing “Types” and their correlated features.”

“The symbolic and reflective (often sequential and propositional) level of conceptual processing differs from the experiential (holistic) processing of patterns of emotional relevance described above (Epstein, 1993; Greenberg et al., 1993).”

“Importantly, there is the need to integrate the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious in our understanding of what is going on in financial behaviour (Epstein 1994).”

“This idea has been formalized in several different ways by different authors (Fodor, 1983, 2001; Scheider & Schiffrin, 1977; Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999; Chaiken, 1980; Chen & Chaiken, 1999; Reber, 1993; Evans & Over, 1996; Evans, 1989, 2006; Sloman, 1996; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Hammond,…”

“This finding builds on the notion of two interacting modes of information processing (Epstein, 1994).”

“With respect to morally challenging situations in video games, Hartmann (2011) suggests—based on cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein, 1994)—a dual-process approach to understanding video game experiences: a cognitive-rational system and an experiential system.”

“Proposition 5: Perceptions of climate efficacy are responsive to imagery One quality of the non-analytic, experiential system is that it encodes reality in concrete images and metaphors rather than through words and numbers (Epstein, 1994; Slovic et al., 2004).”

“It is fast, primitive, associated with emotionality and creativity, and it develops through life experiences (Epstein, 1994, 2008).”

“Third, CEST posits that experientiality is intimately associated with affect and emotions (Epstein, 1994).”

“…total MFH scores were also associated with various validity criteria as expected on the basis of previous studies of traditional superstitions (a review: Vyse, 1997), disgust (e.g. Haidt et al. 1994; Rozin & Fallon, 1987; Rozin & Nemeroff, 1990) and experiential thinking (e.g. Epstein, 1990, 1994).”

“This is a part of the human brain shared with all vertebrates and is designed to automatically interpret environmental cues through associations with content in memory (Epstein, 1990, 1994).”

“This is an important omission, given that individuals use dual systems of information processing that utilize both cognition and affect in responding to their environments (Bower & Forgas, 2000; Edwards, 1990; Epstein, 1994; Forgas, 1995).”

“…that intuitive and analytic approaches refer to two distinct types of information processing systems (Dane et al. 2011; Dane and Pratt 2007; Epstein 1994; Evans 2010; Hodgkinson and Clarke 2007), implying that intuition cannot be reduced to a shortcut to deliberation (Betsch and Glöckner…”

“Making decisions consciously means relying on mental connections made through a relatively slow and effortful process, in contrast to the associative qualities of using a subconscious system (Epstein, 1990, 1994; Kihlstrom, 1987).”

“Epstein (1994) contrasted such thinking styles, which are in fact central to the decision-making literature (Kahneman, 2003).”

“Whereas discursive processing involves abstract symbols, words, and numbers (MacInnis & Price, 1987), imagery involves encoding in the form of nonverbal concrete sensory representations (Childers, Houston, & Heckler, 1985; Epstein, 1994).”

“According to cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST; Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999), there exist two different information processing systems, experiential and rational, which represent intuitive and analytical modes of information processing, respectively.”

“A basic function of the reflective system is to override intuitive processing when such processing is likely to lead to mistakes (e.g. Epstein, 1994).”

“…that information processing is managed in terms of two different systems (dual process theory) which make a distinction between intuitive and rational reasoning (Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 2006; Epstein, 1994, 2008; Evans, 2008; Evans, 2003; Hammond, 1996; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich and West, 2000).”

“…that taking into account such processes and their interactions is critical to understanding psychological phenomena (e.g., Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2011; Kross & Mischel, 2010; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Posner & Snyder, 1975; Sloman, 1996;…”

“This approach, often called Dual Process Theory (DPT), has been developed in empirical decision theory and cognitive psychology (cf. Epstein, 1994; Greene & Haidt, 2002; Haidt & Graham, 2007; Sloman, 1996, 2002; Stanovich & West, 1998; see Kahneman 2011 for a popularized overview of his own…”

“Prime examples of such tests are the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005), the Actively Open Minded Thinking Test (Stanovich & West, 1997) and the RationalExperiential Inventory (Epstein, 1994).”

“In particular, there is increasing evidence that affective reactions play a central role in investors’ use of the heuristic, intuitive, processing system (as opposed to the slower, conscious, analytical system; Epstein [1994] , Lowenstein, Weber, Hsee and Welch [2001] , Slovic, Finucane, Peters and MacGregor [2002] ).”

“Examples of MacLean’s model of brain evolution appear in other areas, including models of personality (Epstein, 1994), attention (Mirsky & Duncan, 2002), psychopathology (Cory & Gardner, 2002), market economics (Cory, 2002), and morality (Narvaez, 2008).”

“The problems used in this experiment were based on the ratio-bias task as previously published (see for instance Bonner & Newell, 2010; Denes-Raj & Epstein, 1994; Rudski & Volksdorf, 2002; Stanovich & West, 2008).”

“[53, 62, 68].”

“Prolonged practice with the demands of daily life allows rapid and effortless judgments and decisions to be made, in part because life experience leads to the development of automatic affective reactions (Damasio 1994; Epstein 1994).”

“Although all human beings use both approaches when processing social information (Epstein, 1994; Epstein, Lipson, Holstein, & Huh, 1992), some individuals (e.”

“Accordingly, survey items were developed to measure two broad types of one’s tornado experiences: (1) their most memorable tornado experience and (2) their multiple tornado experiences.”

“The hypotheses outlined previously can be regarded as variants of a dual-process hypothesis, which suggests that people’s experiential systems automatically integrate cognitive and affective input in motivating behavior (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003; Sloman, 1996).”

“This is consistent with the system I and system II type processing [17], which is briefly alluded to in the review by Trepel et al.”

“Epstein (1994) introduced cognitive–experiential self-theory (CEST) as a dualprocess model of human information processing, and assumed that we process”

“A large and growing literature in cognitive science, social psychology and neurology has confirmed affect’s key role in cognition, decisionmaking and behavior (e.g., Alhakami & Slovic 1994; Epstein 1994; Isen 1993; Johnson & Tversky 1983; Janis & Mann 1977; Kahneman & Snell 1990; Loewenstein 1996; Loewenstein et al. 2…”

“These early advertisements were designed to appeal to the analytical processing system in smokers [16, 17].”

“This duality has been explored in the psychology literature in two-process theories (Epstein, 1994; Evans & Over, 1996; Sloman, 1996).”

“This system relies on images, metaphors, and narratives, and is assumed to be associated with the experience of affect.(9) Especially for laypeople, decisions about risks are often too complex to allow consideration of all pros and cons; it seems reasonable to assume that laypeople may use the experiential system to e…”

“It has been postulated that high levels of affect may cause people to make decisions based on their emotions (sexual and emotional arousal) rather than logic and reasoning (Denes-Raj and Epstein, 1994; Epstein, 1994 ).”

“As a foundation for the two facets of interest, Krapp (2002, p. 401), following Epstein’s cognitive-experiential self-theory (Epstein, 1973, 1994), postulates the existence of two interacting, but separate systems of behavior regulation.”

“Epstein (1994) notes there is plenty of evidence in everyday life to support the notion that people apprehend reality in two fundamentally different ways: one is intuitive, automatic, natural, nonverbal, narrative, and experiential; and the other is analytical, deliberative, verbal, and rational.”

“According to CEST (Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999) information is processed by two partially independent systems, known as an experiential and a rational mode.”

“The encoding of reality via rational numeric symbolism is counter to experiential observation, where reality is shaped from concrete images, metaphors, and narratives (Epstein 1994); 'rationality may endanger sensitivity to context, experience, and intuition' (Fiyvbjerg 2001, p.”

“Recent empirical advances indicate that many of our social judgments are determined by causes far removed from awareness (Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001; Epstein, 1994; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Haidt, 2001; Nisbett &Wilson, 1977;Wegner & Bargh, 1998;Wilson, 2002).”

“Dual processing theories can be traced to Aristotle’s Nicomachaean Ethics, but are best expressed contemporarily by the work of Bruner (1986), Hammond et al. (1987), and as the central feature of the ‘Cognitive-Experiential Self Theory’ (CEST) of Epstein (1991, 1994).”

“…& Glumicic, 2008; Evans, 2006b, 2007; Kahneman and Frederick, 2002; Stanovich, 1999] that a default-interventionist model is more plausible than a parallel model, where both processes are assumed to be simultaneously computing a problem solution from the start [e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman 1996].”

“From the perspective of the individual decision-maker, such as a wildlife manager, experiential and analytic modes of information processing also impact the quality of decisions, especially when risk and uncertainty are present (Epstein, 1994; Finucane & Holup, 2006).”