Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“Epstein (1973, 1994) integrated aspects of Freud’s psychodynamic account in his cognitive–experiential self-theory (CEST).”

“The current study focused on examining the relationship between self-monitoring and depressive symptoms through the mechanism of ESA, specifically focusing on (1) recognizing emotions [32,36,37], (2) being able to identify emotions [38-40], (3) identifying contextual factors surrounding emotions [36,38,41], (4) commun…”

“As Evans (2007) pointed out, Sloman (1996) and Epstein (1994) are proposing a more parallel interaction where both routes are supposed to be simultaneously computing a problem solution from the start. In Kahneman and Frederick’s (2002) framework and Evans’ (1984) own model one can find a more serial characterisation w…”

“Several studies have been conducted in which the modes have been pitted against each other, yielding support for the theory (e.g., Denes-Raj & Epstein, 1994; Epstein et al., 1992).”

“In contrast, individuals ’ decision-making relies on rationality, logical connections and conscious cognitive processing when in rule-based mode (e.g. Epstein, 1994; Loewenstein et al ., 2001; Reyna, 2004; Finucane & Holup, 2006).”

“Epstein S. 1994.”

“In broader terms, lower health literacy may predispose toward use of experiential/emotional rather than analytic information processing in the health domain (Epstein, 1994).”

“In particular, recent dual-process models of judgment and choice have distinguished spontaneous, associative, affective processing (bSystem IQ) from effortful, rule-based, and cognitive processing (bSystem IIQ; see [33,111,116]).”

“Are there parallel dual process models to be found in the literature? There are certainly dual process accounts, especially in social psychology, that propose two parallel modes of processing, as in the rational-experiential theory (Epstein, 1994 ; Epstein & Pacini, 1999 ) and the heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken,…”

“According to other authors, such as Epstein (5), Hogarth (7, 8) and Hammond (6), the two systems are jointly involved in most of our cognitive activities.”

“According to the parallel view (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996), both systems are supposed to be simultaneously computing a problem solution from the start.”

“A number of authors have been tempted to talk of two systems for learning, reasoning, and social processing (Epstein, 1994; Evans & Over, 1996; Reber, 1993; Sloman, 1996), which take responsibility for Type 1 and 2 processing, respectively.”

“This might be due to the fact that the two thinking modes outlined earlier—analytical thinking and experiential thinking—are working not independently from each other but simultaneously (Epstein 1994; Slovic et al. 2004).”

“…parallel modes of cognitionFa conscious, analytic system responsible for logical, computational processing, and a pre-conscious, experiential system that supports quick, intuitive, heuristic processing, and is based in implicit memory (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Klaczynski, 2001; Stanovich, 1999).”

“Leiserowitz (2006) outlines how dual processing theory – the two parallel, but distinct, risk processing systems we use for understanding risk (Epstein, 1994) – can shed light on how we engage with climate change imagery.”

“Denes-Raj and Epstein (1994) demonstrated that, with a chance to win a prize by drawing a red jellybean from a bowl, participants often elected to draw from a large bowl containing a greater absolute number, but smaller proportion, of red beans (9 in 100, 9”

“Although affective and deliberative processes in decision making are interdependent, they also appear to be separable (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Petty &Wegener, 1999; Zajonc, 1980).”

“…surface differences, most or all of these techniques are designed to shift cognitive processing largely from what Stanovich and West (2000; see also Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003) referred to as a System 1 mode of thinking (automatic, heuristic) to a System 2 (controlled, rule-governed) mode of…”

“We take the notion of 'experiential' in CEST to be broadly equivalent to 'intuitive' and to closely mirror intuition as depicted in this review.”

“Note, however, that - as all dual process models – the parallel model still defines Type 2 processing as being slow and demanding of cognitive resources (Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996).”

“, cognitive and experiential modes) are operating simultaneously (Epstein, 1994; Kuhl, 2000; Martin & Tesser, 1996).”

“…individuals who score high in numeracy should be less likely to exhibit biases and fallacies because they think more rationally and objectively, so-called Type 2 thinking (Epstein, 1994; Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj, & Heier, 1996; Lipkus & Peters, 2009; Peters et al., 2006; Stanovich & West, 2008).”

“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript evolutionarily primitive system of thought that relies on intuition and emotion rather than reflection and analysis (e.g., Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2008; Tversky & Kahneman, 1983).”

“Alternative models of reasoning have characterized System 2 processes primarily as logical (De Neys, 2006; Epstein, 1994) or based on the application of rules (Sloman, 1996).”

“Epstein [ 97 ] developed a series of measures of intuitive or “experiential” thinking versus analytical or rational thinking, which have been extended by Slovic and colleagues [98].”

“…old system of animal impulses and low-level decision making (the experiential system “1” to reflect its primacy in evolution) as contrasted with conscious cognition and high-level decision making (the rational system “2” to reflect its recency in evolution; Epstein, 1994; Stanovich & West, 2008).”

“The dominance of automatic processes stems not only from their tendency to be first on the scene, but also from the powerful influence they exert on controlled processes (Bargh, 1989; Epstein, 1994; Epsteinet al., 1992).”

“…have suggested diverse headings for the two types of thinking that they contrast depending on which features of automaticity they aim to emphasize (e.g., reflective vs. impulsive by Strack & Deutsch, 2004; systematic vs. heuristic by Chaiken, 1987; experiential vs. rational by Epstein, 1994).”

“Our view that intuitive approaches can be effectively integrated within a rational framework concurs with the dual-process view on information processing prevailing in cognitive psychology (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2003; Sloman, 1996).”

“The former is well illustrated by the behavior of phobics who are typically aware that the object of their fear is objectively nonthreatening, but are prevented by their emotional reactions from acting on this judgment (Barlow 1988, Epstein 1994).”

“Specifically, numerous theorists have proposed two-process models of cognitive activity that distinguish automatic heuristic processing from controlled analytic processing (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Evans & Over, 1996; Sloman, 1996; see Stanovich, 1999, for a review).”

“According to some perspectives, these feelings defy verbal description (Epstein, 1994), making them difficult, if not impossible, to assess via self-reports.”

“It is possible to apprehend reality in two fundamentally different ways: one labeled intuitive, automatic, natural, and experiential; and the other analytical, deliberative, and rational (Epstein, 1994; Fiske & Taylor, 2008).”

“Mental representations also influence what and how individuals store and remember experiences (see also Baldwin, 1992; Clausen, 1972; Crick & Dodge, 1994; Epstein, 1994).”

“Dual-process theories [22] suggest people think about their risk both in an analytical, deliberative way and in a more intuitive affectivebased manner [19].”

“ThoughWilson (2002) describes that second system as the ‘‘adaptive unconscious”, and Bargh and Barndollar (1996) call it the ‘‘wise unconscious”, it is important for our consideration of rational and intuitive contributions to decision making that we recognize the limits of both, and not ask the ‘I’ questions we inten…”

“They are related to the basic distinction between two personality systems of regulation: experiential and rational (Epstein, 1991, 1994; Epstein, Pacinin, & Denes-Raj, 1996).”

“Not only may the two hemispheres process information in distinct manners, but additionally there may exist other alternative information systems (Epstein, 1994).”

“Therearemany such dual-process models, and most share some basic family resemblances (for detailed discussions, see Brainerd & Reyna, 2001; Chai-ken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Evans & Over, 1996; Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001; Pollock, 1995; Sloman, 1996; Smith & DeCoster, 2000).”

“A defining characteristic of the intuitive, automatic system is its affective basis (Epstein 1994).”

“…on visual attention (e.g., Egeth & Yantis, 1997), learning (e.g., Reber, 1993), memory (e.g., Jacoby, 1991), reasoning and problem solving (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996), judgment and decision making (e.g., Ferreira, Garcia-Marques, Sherman, & Sherman, 2006; Kahneman, 2003), affect and…”

“The reasons presumably have to do with diVerences in the nature of implicit and explicit beliefs (Epstein, 1994; Pelham & Hetts, 1999).”

“Of the multiplicity of dual-process theories within the cognitive and social psychology literatures, Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST), developed by the social psychologist Seymour Epstein and his colleagues, is the most apposite for basing our discussion of intuition in the strategic management process.(15) A…”

“The high-road/low-road contrast relates to dual processing models of cognition that juxtapose deliberative with automatic processing (eg, Epstein, 1994 ; Evans, 2008 ; Stanovich, 1999 ).”

“This function of affect and emotions is the hallmark of the experiential system in Epstein’s dual process theory.(58) Research on emotions encompasses affect but is broader in scope.”

“It is increasingly recognised that human information processing and decision-making are also influenced by affect and emotions, which form the basis of the experiential system (Epstein, 1994).”

“…1953; Murray, 1938) and continues to be important in contemporary theory and research in personality psychology (McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989; for related distinctions in this and other disciplines, see Bargh, 1996; Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).”

“For example, in their integrative dual-process model Smith and DeCoster (2000; see also Epstein, 1994) incorporate several influences that lead to a reliance on either kind of processes and that are explicitly stated to be different from opportunity and motivation.”

“…feelings’’ and ‘‘mood as information’’ (Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001; Schwarz & Clore, 2003) and shares much in common with dual process theories, such as those by Epstein (1994) and Leventhal (e.g., Cameron & Leventhal, 2003; Leventhal, 1970; Leventhal, Diefenbach, & Leventhal, 1992).”

“…different processing systems to account for the differences between intuitive and analytic information processing (e.g., Chen & Chaiken, 1999; Epstein, 1973, 1994, 2003; Hogarth, 2001; Kahneman’s, 2003, revised view; Myers, 2002; Petty & Wegener, 1999; Sloman, 1996; Smith & DeCoster, 2000;…”

“Subscriber: Cambridge University Library; date: 03 April 2017 1999; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; Loewenstein et al., 2001; Marx et al., 2007; Pessoa, 2008; Sloman, 1996).”