Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious

“Epstein (1994) provides one possible answer.”

“Risk assessment is thought to occur through both rational and experiential processing systems [42].”

“Various dual-process theories have been proposed in which it is argued that there are two different types of information processing (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2011; for overviews, see Evans, 2008; Evans & Stanovich, 2013): “intuitive or experiential” thinking (often referred as Type 1) and…”

“The results of this study are consistent with the view that rational problem solving is largely independent of automatic/experiential coping activities (D'ZuriUa & Maydeu-Olivares, in press; Epstein, 1990, 1994; Epstein et al., 1992).”

“The study takes into account both utilitarian and hedonic aspects of shopping and the corresponding information processing systems (Epstein, 1994; Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001).”

“In brief, the experiential processing system (Epstein, 1994) has its basis in implicit memory (i.e., remembering information without consciously trying to remember).”

“6 As those familiar with psychodynamic theory will be aware, Freud differentiated between primary and secondary processes as well, also loosely paralleling the animal–human distinction (Epstein, 1994).”

“Still others make a more direct reference to the fact that one of the modes is essentially cognitive in character, whereas the other is affect-based (e.g. Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Hsee & Rottenstreich, 2004; Loewenstein & O’Donoghue, 2004; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Mukherjee, 2010; Van Gelder et al., 2009…”

“But other research shows that those difficulties are reduced when analytical and experiential processing modes are combined (Epstein, 1994; Marx et al., 2007).”

“The other type of decision processes has been called “automatic” (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977), “impulsive” (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), “reflexive” (Lieberman, 2003), or “experiential” (Epstein, 1994).”

“In his cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST; e.g., Epstein, 1990, 1994, 2008; Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj & Heier, 1996), Epstein talks of rational processes and experiential processes, broadly contrasting conscious reasoning and automatic learning.”

“These findings partially corroborate other work highlighting the fact that “experientially derived knowledge is often more compelling and more likely to influence behaviour than is abstract knowledge” (Epstein, 1994, quoted in Leiserowitz, 2007).”

“Rational-choice models imply that people make logical, deliberate judgments about risks using their brain’s analytic processing system (Epstein, 1994; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Leiserowitz, 2006).”

“Reliance on habits is logical from an evolutionarily perspective, as we are evolved to preserve time and energy and the use of cognitive attention and working memory is both energydraining and time-consuming (Epstein 1994).”

“Mind states such as presence ( Biocca, 2001 ) and transportation ( Green, 2004 ; Green & Brock, 2002 ) increase emotion or are in part synonymous with emotion ( Epstein, 1994 ).”

“…social psychology and some areas of marketing research that people make decisions by integrating two qualitatively distinct types of thinking: one, automatic and affect laden; the other, controlled and deliberate (Epstein 1994; Gawronski and Bodenhausen 2011; Shiv and Fedorikhin 1999; Zajonc 1980).”

“…human behaviors, theories explicating the way people interact with the world they live in have repeatedly argued that our judgments and choices concerning the external environment are not only governed by cognitive thinking, but also by emotional responses (see Epstein 1994 for a detailed review).”

“But PSM is not the only intrinsic motivator in the public sector, and several strands of theories of motivation state that relatedness or group affiliation is one of the basic needs of individuals (Maslow 1954; Fairbairn and Jones 1954; Epstein 1994; Baumeister and Leary 1995).”

“intuitive-experiential (Epstein, 1994; Epstein et al., 1996) and System 1 vs.”

“In this coexistence of cognitive and affective responses, the affective response (e.g., overall anxiety) might influence cognitive processing because affect could easily precede the cognitive inputs and bias cognitive thinking (Epstein 1994).”

“Epstein 1994, Sloman 1996, Stanovich and West 2000, Kahneman and Frederick 2002) made up of two cognitive processes: System 1, executed quickly without much reflection and System 2, more deliberate and requiring conscious thought and effort. The questions in the CRT have an immediate (intuitive) incorrect response (Sy…”

“For example, Epstein (1994) differentiates between a rational system and an emotionally driven experiential system.”

“Intuition and reason are generally regarded as two complementary modes of thought that operate in parallel (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2007; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich, 2004).”

“These affective associations are easily accessed and need not require deliberation to be effective (Epstein, 1994; Zajonc, 1980, 2001).”

“1002/mar 587 implying that consumers encode reality in abstract or amodal symbols, words, and numbers (Epstein, 1994; Barsalou, 1999).”

“rational thinking and declarative memory, and occurred relatively late in human phylogeny (Epstein, 1994).”

“This has been referred to as the cognitive unconscious Many theorists consider this distinct from a psychodynamic unconscious in which material is held inaccessible by repression (e.g. Epstein, 1994; Kihlstrom, 1990; Shevrin, 1992).”

“Dual-process models of cognition (Evans, 2007; Evans & Over, 1996; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman & Fredericks, 2005; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich, 1999) postulate that reasoning (Evans, 2007, 2008), moral judgment (Greene, 2007; Greene, Morelli, Lowenberg, Nystrom, & Cohen, 2008) and decision-making…”

“Concrete–experiential and emotional systems are closely linked (Epstein, 1994), and so symptom imagery may be particularly likely to trigger the affective processes through which worry promotes motivations for protective behavior.”

“Finally, conducting much of the procedure in imagery may be beneficial: it may engender the experience of having had a concrete experience (Epstein, 1994).”

“However, others have argued that there is nothing wrong with the detection process (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Houdé, 2007; Sloman, 1996).”

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“Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory (CEST; Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Pacini, 1999; Pacini & Epstein, 1999), for instance, posits that people process information through an affect-driven experiential system in which responses are automatic and more rapid than those produced through people’s more effortful and logical rat…”

“Our findings are in line with a growing body of research showing the major role of emotions in decision making (Epstein, 1994; Greene et al., 2001; Loewenstein & Lerner, 2003; Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001; Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002; Sunstein, 2005).”

“For example, Stanovich and West (2000) listed a dozen different models, including associative/rule-based (Sloman, 1996), implicit cognition/explicit learning (Reber, 1993), intuitive cognition/analytical cognition (Hammond, 1996), recognition-primed decisions/rational choice strategy (Klein, 1998), and experiential sy…”

“The results coincide more with the notion that people have two autonomous reasoning systems, intuitive and an analytical system (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2003; Sloman, 1996) and that especially people who rely intuitive thinking hold more superstitions than others (Epstein et al.”

“Cognitive psychologists divide human thought processes into two intertwined systems, the analytic system and the experiential system ( Epstein, 1994 ).”

“System 1 is unconscious, fast, intuitive and emotional while system 2 is conscious, slow, analytical and rational (Epstein 1994; Sloman 1996; Sloman 2002; Stanovich and West 2002).”

“The psychodynamic theory of personality also describes the role of stories and narratives in interactions between individuals (Epstein, 1994; Mischel and Shoda, 1995).”

“The experiential system integrates emotions, imagery, and cognitions and is characterized by automatic and efficient information processes (Epstein, 1994).”

“, selfconcepts), there is an increased shift toward the study of unconscious or implicit self-aspects (Epstein, 1994; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).”

“It has been assumed that affective processing is unconscious — and vice versa (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Slovic et al., 2002).”

“Regarding affects, people refer to events in the past that have remained in their memory, including emotional states associated with them (Zajonc 1980; Epstein 1994; Finucane et al.”

“According to modern theories of cognitive psychology, this is accomplished by a fast affective implicit system, which assembles all available information at once in order to reach a quick decision (Chaiken and Trope, 1999; Eppstein, 1994).”

“pathways whose overall level of functioning (from low to high) relates to diverse kinds of psychological and behavioral variability.”

“(Epstein, 1994; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).”

“Fourth, because direct personal experiences, which are associative and affect driven processes, are much more likely to influence perceptions than analytical processes alone (Epstein 1994; Leiserowitz 2006), environmental education programs that focus on providing direct experiences with climate-influenced resources m…”

“…have further emphasized and defined the distinction between these dual systems of cognitive processes: those executed quickly with little conscious deliberation and those that are slower and more reflective (e.g., Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Sloman, 1996).”

“Specifically, we follow the assumptions of parallel-competitive structured process theories, which propose that multiple processes affect behavior simultaneously, resulting in conflict or alignment among these processes (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996; Strack and Deutsch, 2004).”

“For example, research has proposed that people apprehend reality and risk by two interactive, parallel processing systems: the experiential system and the analytic system (Epstein, 1994; Slovic et al., 2004).”