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Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
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“the implicit system is highly contextual and only changes in an enduring way after considerable time, effort, and / or intensity of experience.”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Epstein, 1994
In the citing paper
“some general dual-process theories in psychology (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Strack & Deutsch, 2004) suggest that such reductions are likely to be highly contextual and short-lived.”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Epstein, 1994
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Are there really patterns of attachment? Comment on Fraley and Spieker (2003).
Waters, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.417 · Cited by 54
“It is one of the hallmarks of human cognition (Caudill & Butler, 1992; Epstein, 1994; Mithen, 1996) and one of the reasons humans have managed to exploit almost every terrestrial niche on the planet.”
BackgroundBurns, L. R., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1999) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018799700207 · Cited by 47
“In his cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), Epstein (1990, 1994) distinguishes between two different information-processing systems that are assumed to play an important role in determining everyday coping behavior: an experiential system and a rational system.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf‐Regulatory Perspectives on Personality
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0508 · Cited by 50
Dispensing With the Dynamic Unconscious
O’Brien, G., & Jureidini, J. N. (2002) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2003.0031 · Cited by 44
“By variously integrating the dynamic unconscious with the cognitive unconscious (Epstein 1994) or extending the cognitive unconscious to cover psychical entities and processes traditionally associated with the dy- namic unconscious (Westen 1998), the hope is that the struggling psychoanalytic…”
BackgroundInfluentialExamination of the Role of Implicit Clinical Judgments During the Mental Health Intake
Nakash, O., & Alegria, M. M. (2013) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732312471732 · Cited by 52
“This thinking process is acquired through associative learning, and it becomes the basis for judgments through holistic evaluations which are often affectively laden (Dane & Pratt, 2007; Epstein, 1994; Lieberman, 2000).”
BackgroundMartín‐Raugh, M. P., Kell, H. J., Randall, J. G., Anguiano‐Carrasco, C., & Banfi, J. T. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2670 · Cited by 51
Intelligence and the Cognitive Unconscious
Kaufman, S. B. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.023 · Cited by 46
“For instance, some dualprocess theorists emphasize the affective nature of type 1 processes (Epstein, 1994; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Zajonc, 1980), whereas emotions are not a key component of other models of implicit cognition (e.”
BackgroundMegías‐Robles, A., Navas, J. F., Petrova, D., Cândido, A., Maldonado, A., García‐Retamero, R., & Catena, A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22812 · Cited by 48
“A number of models have emerged trying to explain decision-making based on two different processing routes or systems [Damasio, 1994; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman and Frederick, 2005; Lieberman et al. 2002; Slovic et al. 2007, among others].”
BackgroundMethodSmith, E., Burkle, F. M., & Archer, F. L. (2010) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1001/dmp.10-v4n2-hre10008 · Cited by 44
“10 (2-10) New case of inhalational plague 8.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive Reflection, Decision Biases, and Response Times
Alós‐Ferrer, C., Garagnani, M., & Hügelschäfer, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01402 · Cited by 47
Lemons problem in collaborative consumption platforms
Bae, J., & Koo, D. (2018) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-08-2017-0332 · Cited by 48
“According to previous literature (Epstein, 1994; Slovic, et al., 2002), people apprehend reality in two ways: either intuitive, automatic, natural, non-verbal, narrative, and experiential (experiential system) or analytical, deliberative, verbal, and rational (analytical system).”
MethodTrust and Welfare State Reform: The Example of the NHS
Taylor‐Gooby, P. (2007) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00592.x · Cited by 44
Remarks on Support Theory: Recent Advances and Future Directions
Brenner, L. A., Koehler, D. J., & Rottenstreich, Y. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.029 · Cited by 45
Epistemic Factors in Selective Exposure and Political Misperceptions on the Right and Left
Meirick, P. C., & Bessarabova, E. (2015) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12101 · Cited by 45
Evidence-based recommendations for communicating the impacts of climate change on health
Peters, E. M., Boyd, P., Cameron, L. D., Contractor, N., Diefenbach, M. A., Fleszar‐Pavlović, S. E., Markowitz, E. M., Salas, R. N., & Stephens, K. K. (2022) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac029 · Cited by 54
Metacognition and abstract reasoning
Markovits, H., Thompson, V. A., & Brisson, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0488-9 · Cited by 43
“These theories postulate the existence of two inferential systems (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2007; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000).”
BackgroundXu, Y., & Chen, X. (2016) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-016-0004-9 · Cited by 42
“The Dual Process Theory of cognition has been used in research to successfully explain “failure in rational thinking” in behavioral economics [14, 15, 28, 41] and reported life satisfaction [29, 40].”
BackgroundMethodChanging Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory
Hagger, M. S., Hankonen, N. E., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.008 · Cited by 67
Employee engagement in brand value co-creation: An empirical study of Vietnamese boutique hotels
Nguyen, L. T. V., Nguyen, P. N. D., Nguyen, T. Q., & Nguyen, K. T. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.05.015 · Cited by 48
Cognitive ability and scale bias in the contingent valuation method
Andersson, H., & Svensson, M. (2007) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-007-9137-0 · Cited by 42
“…that simple tests with only a few questions can work as well as longer tests, such as the Wonderlic or SAT tests, to measure cognitive ability (Frederick, 2005).9 Cognitive processes are by many distinguished into two types of processes (Epstein, 1994; Kahneman and Frederick, 2002; Sloman, 1996).”
Stewart, G. L., & Carson, K. P. (1997) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(97)90021-8 · Cited by 46
Public knowing of risk and children's independent mobility
Rudner, J. (2012) · Progress in Planning · doi:10.1016/j.progress.2012.04.001 · Cited by 47
An evaluation of stress symptoms associated with academic sexual harassment
McDermut, J. F., Haaga, D. A. F., & Kirk, L. (2000) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007725022534 · Cited by 43
“As predicted by cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST; Epstein, 1994 ), significant results were found only when measuring experiential, “gut level” beliefs (assessed by the BBI), not “rational” level beliefs (assessed by the WAS).”
BackgroundHogarth, R. M., Portell, M., & Cuxart, A. (2007) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00978.x · Cited by 47
Divergent Thinking: The Role of Decision-Making Styles
Palmiero, M., Nori, R., Piccardi, L., & D’Amico, S. (2020) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2020.1817700 · Cited by 44
The AI Future of Emergency Medicine
Petrella, R. J. (2024) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.01.031 · Cited by 43
Schul, Y., & Mayo, R. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.434 · Cited by 41
Krauss, D. A., McCabe, J. G., & Lieberman, J. D. (2011) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0024550 · Cited by 42
Applying general living systems theory to learn consumers' sense making in attending performing arts
Caldwell, M. (2001) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.1018 · Cited by 42
Avatar face recognition and self-presence
Seo, Y.-N., Kim, M., Jung, Y., & Lee, D. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.020 · Cited by 43
Individual differences in reliance on intuition predict harsher moral judgments.
Ward, S. J., & King, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000153 · Cited by 45
Miethe, T. D., Venger, O., & Lieberman, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.10.006 · Cited by 42
“Based on cognitive theories of information processing (see Epstein, 1994), the personal salience of PUF incidents to the rater and their patterns of media usage were considered moderating factors that shape the nature and magnitude of the impact of the video's content and individual's…”
BackgroundTime to Pay Attention? Information Search Explains Amplified Framing Effects Under Time Pressure
Roberts, I. D., Teoh, Y. Y., & Hutcherson, C. A. C. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211026983 · Cited by 45
“…obligatory, and frame-sensitive System 1 and a slower, volitional, and rational System 2 (De Martino et al., 2006; Diederich & Trueblood, 2018; Epstein, 1994; Kahneman & Frederick, 2007; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Stanovich & West, 2000; but cf. Bago & De Neys, 2017; Evans, 2007, 2012;…”
BackgroundDecision Making and Mental Retardation
Hickson, L., & Khemka, I. (1999) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60135-4 · Cited by 44
Paveglio, T. B., Boyd, A. D., & Carroll, M. S. (2012) · Environmental Hazards · doi:10.1080/17477891.2011.635185 · Cited by 42
“…risk response occurs in two simultaneously operating psychological systems: (1) logical and ‘rational’ responses (cognitive), which are characterized by deliberation, and (2) innate or emotional responses (affective), which are governed by fear of consequences (Epstein, 1994; Slovic et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe role of the analyst's inadvertent self‐revelations
Frank, K. A. (1997) · Psychoanalytic Dialogues · doi:10.1080/10481889709539182 · Cited by 42
Willingness to pay for advice: The role of rational and experiential processing
Godek, J., & Murray, K. B. (2008) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.10.002 · Cited by 40
“However, a number of models of human decision making argue that there are two modes of information processing: one that is more rational, deliberative and analytical and another that is more experiential, affective and intuitive (e.g., Epstein, 1991, 1994; Kahneman, 2003; Lieberman, 2000; Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Noreza…”
BackgroundInfluentialEpstein, S. J., Donovan, S., & Denes-Raj, V. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002006 · Cited by 42
“…their heuristic processingmore compelling in certain kinds of situations than their rational processing (e.g., Denes-Raj & Epstein, 1994;Denes-Raj, Epstein, &Cole, 1995; Epstein, 1994; Epstein, Lipson, Holstein, & Huh, 1992; Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj, & Heier, 1996; Kirkpatrick & Epstein, 1992).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCompromises produced by the dialectic between self-verification and self-enhancement.
Morling, B., & Epstein, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.6.1268 · Cited by 50
Self-citationLuxury Ethical Consumers: Who Are They?
Vanhamme, J., Lindgreen, A., & Sarial‐Abi, G. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04981-3 · Cited by 47
“In detail, the way people perceive the world influences their behavior (Epstein, 1973, 1994; Janssen & Vanhamme, 2015).”
BackgroundReading Between the Stars: Understanding the Effects of Online Customer Reviews on Product Demand
Cho, H. S., Sosa, M. E., & Hasija, S. (2018) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2021.1048 · Cited by 42
SPIRITUALITY AS A NATURAL PHENOMENON: BRINGING BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES TOGETHER
Hay, D., & Socha, P. M. (2005) · Zygon® · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2005.00691.x · Cited by 43
Cognition and Affect Interplay: A Framework for the Tourist Vacation Decision-Making Process
Walls, A. R., Okumuş, F., & Wang, Y. (2011) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2011.588121 · Cited by 45
“Epstein (1994 ), observed,”
BackgroundInfluentialThe dark side of intuition: Aging and increases in nonoptimal intuitive decisions.
Mikels, J. A., Cheung, E. O., Cone, J., & Gilovich, T. D. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030441 · Cited by 41
Unconscious learning processes: mental integration of verbal and pictorial instructional materials
Kuldas, S., Ismail, H. N., Hashim, S., & Bakar, Z. A. (2013) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-105 · Cited by 47
“…Stanovich 1999), such as implicit and explicit (Reber 1976), automatic and controlled (Schneider and Shiffrin 1977), experiential and rational (Epstein 1994), intuitive and analytic (Hammond 2010), holistic and analytic (Nisbett et al. 2001), heuristic and analytic (Evans 2006), heuristic and…”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat is the story with sustainability? A narrative analysis of diverse and contested understandings
Frank, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-016-0388-3 · Cited by 41
“In narrative, humans express the experience of creating identity and defining, or attempting to define, what it means to be human, and what it means to be living (Gass 2002; Rimmon-Kenan 1996, 2002; Epstein 1994).”
BackgroundMcCutchan, G. M., Wood, F., Smits, S., Edwards, A., & Brain, K. E. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3733-2 · Cited by 41
“Findings relating to beliefs about cancer translating into either short or long patient interval might be explained by Type I and Type II responses to symptoms [32, 33].”
BackgroundMartinelli, M., & Veltri, G. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114403 · Cited by 50
Faith in intuition and cognitive reflection
Alós‐Ferrer, C., & Hügelschäfer, S. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2015.10.006 · Cited by 41
How to Create and use Experiential Case-Based Exercises in a Management Classroom
Dean, K. L., & Fornaciari, C. J. (2002) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/105256202236728 · Cited by 41
Judgment, Decision Making, and Public Policy
Pidgeon, N., & Gregory, R. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470752937.ch30 · Cited by 40
Young, R., Goldberg, J. O., Struthers, C., Mccann, D., & Phills, C. E. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12343 · Cited by 28
Holistic View of Intuition and Analysis in Leadership Decision-Making and Problem-Solving
Hallo, L., & Nguyen, T. (2021) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci12010004 · Cited by 53
Impact of a Homonegativity Awareness Workshop on Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
Rye, B. J., & Meaney, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918360802551480 · Cited by 40
“Exactly how emotional involvement may change attitudes is addressed by Epstein's (1994) cognitive–experiential self-theory.”
BackgroundTurn left where you felt unhappy: how affect influences landmark-based wayfinding
Balaban, C. Z., Karimpur, H., Röser, F., & Hamburger, K. (2017) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0790-0 · Cited by 41
Impact of an ERP simulation game on online learning
Hwang, M. I., & Cruthirds, K. W. (2017) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2017.01.004 · Cited by 40
Amending the Law of Contagion: A General Theory of Property Transference
Morales, A. C., Dahl, D. W., & Argo, J. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/698907 · Cited by 40
“Consistent with other theories of dual processing, the cognitive experiential self theory (CEST; Epstein 1994) posits that individuals process information through two different, but interacting, systems of processing.”
MethodTracing risky decisions for oneself and others: The role of intuition and deliberation
Barrafrem, K., & Hausfeld, J. (2019) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2019.102188 · Cited by 39
Uncertainty and Risk-Taking in Science: Meaning, Measurement and Management
Franzoni, C., & Stephan, P. E. (2021) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104706 · Cited by 52
“Scholars generally agree that the human mind understands risk both through analytical thinking, and through intuition (Epstein 1994; Evans and Stanovich 2013; Sloman 1996).”
BackgroundPrimary care nurses’ experiences of how the mass media influence frontline healthcare in the UK
van Bekkum, J. E., & Hilton, S. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-178 · Cited by 42
“Dual processing theory [53] proposes that there are two systems at work in the formation of judgments and decisions.”
Krueger, J. I., Hasman, J. F., Acevedo, M., et al. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202238376 · Cited by 40
“On the other hand, these associations produce systematic contradictions, which can only be undone by controlled rational thought (Epstein, 1994).”
BackgroundThe Personal Script as a Unit of Analysis for the Study of Personality
Demorest, A. P. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00506.x · Cited by 40
Social Cognition in Relationships: Building Essential Bridges Between Two Literatures
Reis, H. T., & Downey, G. (1999) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.2.97 · Cited by 39
The Linda Problem Revisited from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Epstein, S. J., Denes-Raj, V., & Pacini, R. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672952111001 · Cited by 40
Self-citationBrief group therapy with low-achieving elementary school children.
Shechtman, Z., Gilat, I., Fos, L., & Flasher, A. (1996) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.376 · Cited by 40
Spirituality and health: multidisciplinary explorations
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-6479 · Cited by 40
Chance, Z., Gorlin, M., & Dhar, R. (2014) · Customer Needs and Solutions · doi:10.1007/s40547-014-0025-9 · Cited by 44
“Dual-process models classify cognitive processes into two systems—intuition and reason (cf: [12, 71]).”
BackgroundLanguage use in the adult attachment interview: evidence for attachment-specific emotion regulation
BORELLI, J. L., DAVID, D. H., RIFKIN‐GRABOI, A., SBARRA, D. A., MEHL, M. R., & MAYES, L. C. (2013) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01394.x · Cited by 39
Age Differences in Complex Decision Making
Peters, E. M., Dieckmann, N. F., & Weller, J. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380882-0.00009-7 · Cited by 38
Rubaltelli, E., Rumiati, R., & Slovic, P. (2010) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/s11166-010-9091-z · Cited by 42
“In fact, several studies have demonstrated that the affective reactions are usually perceived in a fast and unconscious way and, therefore, they can have an impact on the decision maker’s analysis about the features of the alternatives as this analysis is usually slow and starts after the affective reactions have been…”
BackgroundGottfredson, R. K., & Reina, C. S. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373 · Cited by 51
“This is what CAPS experts were referring to when they stated that the traditional trait approach may help when determining which car to buy (i.e., leader to select), but that it provides little value for fixing the car if it is not running properly (Epstein, 1994; Mischel & Shoda, 2008).”
BackgroundAttitudes and Persuasive Communication Interventions
Hamilton, K., & Johnson, B. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.031 · Cited by 44
Understanding older women’s decision making and coping in the context of breast cancer treatment
Lifford, K., Witt, J., Burton, M., Collins, K., Caldon, L. J. M., Edwards, A., Reed, M., Wyld, L., & Brain, K. E. (2015) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0167-1 · Cited by 40
“The dual approach of a concise and expanded DSI format may support fast, intuitive emotional responses as well as more deliberative, cognitive responses to information about treatment options [20].”
Topolinski, S. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.640078 · Cited by 40
“…earlier notions such as feelings as information (Schwarz, 2002; Schwarz & Clore, 1983), cognitive feelings (Clore et al., 2001), messages from within (Bless & Forgas, 2000), vibes (Epstein, 1991, 1994), or what Forgas (1995) called heuristic processing in affect infusion (see Figure 1, top right).”
BackgroundRisk Perception and Movies: A Study of Availability as a Factor in Risk Perception
Sjöberg, L., & Engelberg, E. (2009) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01335.x · Cited by 38
The emotional cost of charitable donations
Rubaltelli, E., & Agnoli, S. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.613921 · Cited by 39
“…the elaboration of the so-called dual-process theories in which researchers have proposed the existence of two different thinking systems: the first system is automatic, intuitive and affect-based, whereas the second system is conscious and based on reasoning (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Kahneman, 2003).”
BackgroundTemperament and Personality Theory: The Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Teglasi, H., & Epstein, S. J. (1998) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1998.12085936 · Cited by 38
Self-citationThe processing and evaluation of news content on social media is influenced by peer-user commentary
Boot, A. B., Dijkstra, K., & Zwaan, R. A. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00889-5 · Cited by 38
“In addition to exempli fi cation theory, dual processing system theories may provide a useful framework for the processing of Likes and comments (Barrett et al., 2004; Epstein, 1994).”
MethodHuang, L., Dong, X., Yuan, H., & Wang, L. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s411337 · Cited by 39
Iwarsson, J. (2014) · Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology · doi:10.3109/14015439.2014.936498 · Cited by 38
Explaining the Misuse of Information Systems Resources in the Workplace: A Dual-Process Approach
Chu, A. M. Y., Chau, P. Y. K., & So, M. K. P. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2250-4 · Cited by 39
“As with most dual-process models, our model suggests that the reasoned, intentional processes and the effortless intuition processes can, and often do, operate simultaneously (Epstein 1994; Gerrard et al. 2008; Reyna and Farley 2006).”
MethodEco‐Fashion Consumption: Cognitive‐Experiential Self‐Theory
Wei, F., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/fcsr.12296 · Cited by 47
MichałBiałek, & Neys, W. D. (2017) · Judgment and Decision Making · Cited by 38
The role of intentions and outcomes in the foreign language effect on moral judgements
Costa, A., Corey, J. D., Hayakawa, S. L., Aparici, M., Vives, M., & Keysar, B. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021817738409 · Cited by 38
Effects of awe on consumer preferences for healthy versus unhealthy food products
Cao, F., Wang, X., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1815 · Cited by 45
Planning and Implementation Intention Interventions
Rhodes, R. E., Grant, S. J., & de Bruijn, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.039 · Cited by 46
Kim, M.-A., Yoo, H.-J., Ares, G., & Lee, H.-S. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104025 · Cited by 37
Domain-specific experience and dual-process thinking
Purcell, Z. A., Wastell, C. A., & Sweller, N. (2020) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2020.1793813 · Cited by 38
“2020.1793813. automation (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Evans & Stanovich, 2013; Kahneman, 2011; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSpot the difference: distinguishing between two kinds of processing
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2012) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-012-0104-2 · Cited by 38
Brown, S. G. U., & Daus, C. S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.04.001 · Cited by 47
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research in Environmental Management
Ashley, P., & Boyd, B. (. E. ). (2006) · Australasian Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1080/14486563.2006.9725118 · Cited by 38
The Implicit Legacy of American Protestantism
Uhlmann, E. L., & Sanchez‐Burks, J. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022114527344 · Cited by 40
“, spontaneous, intuitive, and automatic) attitudes and beliefs (Epstein, 1994; Fazio, 1990; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000).”
Lindell, M. K. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404681-8.00018-2 · Cited by 40
Toward a Critical Discourse on Affect and Risk Perception
Wardman, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669870500454773 · Cited by 38
“…and building upon a well established theoretical and empirical body of research in psychology such as: Damasio (1994); Smith and Elseworthy (1985); Epstein (1994); Chaiken and Trope (1999); Zarjonc (1980); Forgas (1995); Clore et al. (1994); and many others (for good overviews see Lowenstein et…”
BackgroundQuasirational models of sentencing.
Dhami, M. K., Belton, I., & Goodman‐Delahunty, J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.07.009 · Cited by 39
“…process theorists suggest that intuition is the default mode of cognition, and that analysis overrides this only when necessary (e.g., Evans, 2007, 2008), others claim that intuitive and analytic modes compete for supremacy (e.g., Epstein, 1994; Sloman, 1996, 2002; Stanovich & West, 2000, 2002).”
BackgroundMosikyan, S., Dolan, R. M., Corsi, A. M., & Bastian, S. E. P. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107655 · Cited by 40
“Dual processing theory distinguishes between intuitive and reflective decision-making mechanisms (Epstein, 1994).”
Fertility Cycle Patterns in Motives for Sexual Behavior
Sheldon, M. S., Cooper, M. L., Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., & DeSoto, M. C. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206292690 · Cited by 37
“To the extent that unconscious or implicit motives may be more closely linked to experiential systems that arose earlier in evolution and are more biologically rooted (Epstein, 1994), such a mechanism would allow these more elemental forces freer reign in shaping sexual behavior at peak fertility.”
BackgroundRipoll, G. (2018) · Perspectives on Public Management and Governance · doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvy008 · Cited by 42
Towards an integrative theory of consciousness: Part 1 (Neurobiological and cognitive models)
De Sousa, A. (2013) · Mens Sana Monographs · doi:10.4103/0973-1229.109335 · Cited by 33
“…of the principle axes are: • The distinction between automatic and controlled processing styles: Typical comparative lists of S1 versus S2 properties (Epstein, 1994[67]; Kahneman, 2002[104]) read very much as lists of the distinguishing properties of the familiar cognitive division between…”
BackgroundKnow Your Preferences: Self-Regulation as Need-Congruent Goal Selection
Grund, A., Fries, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2018) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000159 · Cited by 34
“By contrast, the momentary, intrinsic feeling that individuals experience during goal pursuit is first-hand information (cf. Epstein, 1994).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Epstein, S.
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Seymour
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 709-724
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4320300817
- Cited by
- 2,883
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 33.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Jungian Analytical Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- unconscious, cognitive unconscious, psychoanalytic theory
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