The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Abstract
A scheme is proposed for determining when a psychological treatment for a specific problem or disorder may be considered to be established in efficacy or to be possibly efficacious.The importance of independent replication before a treatment is established in efficacy is emphasized, and a number of factors are elaborated that should be weighed in evaluating whether studies supporting a treatment's efficacy are sound.It is suggested that, in evaluating the benefits of a given treatment, the greatest weight should be given to efficacy trials but that these trials should be followed by research on effectiveness in clinical settings and with various populations and by cost-effectiveness research.In this special section, the authors of review articles have been asked to evaluate the psychological treatment research literature in their area of expertise to identify empirically supported treatments' (ESTs).Briefly, we define ESTs as clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a delineated population.Thus, following Kiesler (1966), we suggest that practitioners and researchers will profit from knowing which treatments are effective for which clients or patients.That psychological treatments (undefined) benefit the majority of clients or patients (undefined) is already well established (see, e.g., M. L. Smith & Glass, 1977).Furthermore, our particular emphasis is on the effects of the treatments as independent variables.This is not to deny the importance of other factors such as the therapeutic alliance, as well as client and patient variables that affect the process and outcome of psychological therapies (see, e.g.,
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“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Chambless & Hollon, 1998
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the American Psychological Association has recognized ACT as an evidence-based therapy to promote psychological (eg, depressive symptoms) and physical (eg, chronic pain) health.29”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Among Informal Caregivers of People With Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Research has largely supported this notion, and shown that these processes are central components and active ingredients of MBCT.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Four recent meta-analyses have addressed the long-term outcome of CBT for anxiety-related disorders, and they generally indicate a medium symptomreductionupto2yearsfollowing treatment completion.”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Strengths of this meta-analysis are the inclusion of more comparison groups, which yielded more studies than previous meta-analyses, 18-21”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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“In: intervention quality (Chambless and Hollon, 1998): low (−)/high (+)/unclear (?), from top to bottom: the study referred to the use of a treatment manual; the therapists who conducted the therapy were trained; treatment integrity was checked during the study.”
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“Many authors (for example, Andrews and Bonta 1994; Chambless and Hollon 1998; Davis and Taylor 1999; Gondolf 2001; Lipsey and Cordray 2000) urge researchers to randomly assign offenders to treatment and non-treatment conditions thus adhering to a ‘pure’ experimental paradigm.”
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“In their very balanced discussion of ESTs, Chambless and Hollon (1998) chose to move away from the former (EVT) because of its connotation of absolute certainty.”
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“Data analysis Data analysis was based on the principles set by Chambless and Hollon [7] and other experts [19] for defining empirically supported therapies.”
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“Thus, the extent to which current ESTs take into account important cultural issues, and consequently their value for work with culturally diverse populations, is in question (Bernal & Scharron-Del-Rio, 2001; Hall, 2001; Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke, & Vazquez, 1999). Sue (1999) argues that ESTs fail to adequately addres…”
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“The review concluded that Active Support was a promising but not evidence-based practice on the basis of the criteria set by Chambless and Hollon (1998). This conclusion was mostly based on the evaluation of experimental control in the included studies.”
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“p. 156] is misleading. Even among the studies that compared LTPP to psychotherapy, considerable heterogeneity was evident in the comparison-controls. In only 2 studies was LTPP compared to an empirically supported treatment , as defined by Chambless and Hollon [”
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“Chambless and Hollon (1998) define an efficacious treatment as a “clearly specified psychological treatment” that has been shown in controlled research that establishes that the benefit is due to the treatment and not due to chance or confounding factors.”
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“METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN LTFU STUDIES LTFU studies are hard to conduct and difficult to interpret because of many potential confounding factors and biases.([34]) The question ‘‘why embark on this type of complicated research’’ is addressed by Toner and Stueve([35]) in their compelling chapter.”
BackgroundHow practitioners can systematically use empirical evidence in treatment selection.
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“…questions in mind, there is increasing awareness of the need to demonstrate that the findings of efficacy studies are similar when treatments are utilized in routine clinical care environments (Borkovec & Castonguay, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Goldfried & Wolfe, 1998; Westbrook & Kirk, 2005).”
Greenway, R., McCollow, M. M., Hudson, R. F., Peck, C. A., & Davis, C. A. (2013) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416471304800404 · Cited by 46
“…effort across several fields including medicine (Drake, Latimer, Leff, McHugo, & Burns, 2004; Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes, & Richardson, 1996), psychology (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), and education (Slavin, 2002) to make better use of findings from research in typical service settings.”
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“The research model reflected from our findings also is more consistent with the efficacy paradigm in intervention research, as contrasted with studies of effectiveness (cf. Chambless & Hollon, 1998; F. L. Newman & Tejeda, 1996).”
ResultHeyne, D. A., & Sauter, F. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118315088.ch21 · Cited by 46
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“The early stage of this line of research is somewhat reminiscent of the state of behavioral therapy research 20 years ago, before methodological standards for evaluating clinical trials and the evidence base were instituted [93].”
Sherman, A. C., Mosier, J., Leszcz, M., Burlingame, G. M., Ulman, K. H., Cleary, T., Simonton, S., Latif, U., Hazelton, L., & Strauss, B. (2004) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.54.1.29.40376 · Cited by 45
“The Chambless and Hollon (1998) criteria were employed in this review because of their widespread use.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLandolt, A. S., & Milling, L. S. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.002 · Cited by 63
Moreno‐Alcázar, A., Raduà, J., Landín-Romero, R., Blanco, L., Madre, M., Reinares, M., Comes, M., Jiménez, E., Crespo, J. M., Vieta, E., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1910-y · Cited by 45
“According to Chambless and Hollon (1998) a sample of this size should show clinically relevant differences [27].”
MethodGaskell, C., Simmonds‐Buckley, M., Kellett, S., Stockton, C., Somerville, E., Rogerson, E., & Delgadillo, J. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01225-y · Cited by 58
“Grounded in this evidence, clinical guidelines support the use of psychological interventions in routine clinical care (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; National Institute for Health & Care Excellence, 2011).”
MethodProcess-based therapy: A personalized approach to treatment
Moskow, D. M., Ong, C. W., Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231152848 · Cited by 45
“This means of establishing protocol efficacy has dominated clinical psychology research for decades (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Tolin, 2020; Tolin et al., 2015).”
MethodWeisz, J. R., Venturo‐Conerly, K. E., Fitzpatrick, O. M., Frederick, J., & Ng, M. Y. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-082920 · Cited by 52
Generic Correctional Programming for Mentally Ill Offenders
Ashford, J. B., Wong, K. W., & Sternbach, K. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807313356 · Cited by 45
“…should take into account the group of participants that the program intended to treat by also comparing recidivism results for this group of offenders (the intended treatment group) with the comparison group (Ashford, Sales, & Reid, 2001; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Foa & Emmelkamp, 1983).”
ResultLohr, J. M., DeMaio, C. M., & McGlynn, F. D. (2003) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503027003005 · Cited by 43
“Thus, Grunbaum’s (1985) intentional placebo is most similar to Brody’s primary definition of the term.”
BackgroundInfluentialGordon, H. A., Rucklidge, J. J., Blampied, N. M., & Johnstone, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0105 · Cited by 45
“formulations, in a variety of treatment settings, and across the full range of manifestations of ADHD across the life span and alongside other related disorders (Chambless and Hollon 1998; Blampied 2013; Dallery et al. 2013) are important future directions.”
BackgroundInfluentialGaesser, A. H., & Karan, O. C. (2016) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0316 · Cited by 45
Accordino, D. B., Accordino, M. P., & Slaney, R. B. (2000) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(200011)37:6 · Cited by 187
A Group Intervention for Siblings of Pediatric Cancer Patients
Barrera, M. E., Chung, J. Y. Y., & Fleming, C. (2004) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1300/j077v22n02_02 · Cited by 45
“Although a randomized controlled trial is considered to be the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of medical and psychological interventions (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), such a study design is not always feasible or optimal (Kazak et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodTreatment of sleep problems in families with small children: is written information enough?
Eckerberg, B. (2002) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02861.x · Cited by 45
“The only strategy found to be “well established” by the Chambless and Hollon criteria (12) in the meta-analysis was the use of extinction.”
BackgroundSchneider, S., & Döpfner, M. (2004) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.13.2.80 · Cited by 45
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents with ADHD
Antshel, K. M., & Olszewski, A. K. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.001 · Cited by 44
What Research Evidence Is Valid for Psychotherapy Research?
Philips, B., & Falkenström, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.625380 · Cited by 45
“To achieve the aims of maximizing internal validity in a psychotherapy RCT, the trialist needs to ensure that (1) the sample is homogenous and clearly specified (usually in terms of psychiatric diagnosis), (2) the treatment method is clearly specified in a treatment manual, (3) therapists are adequately trained in the…”
BackgroundCAM and Energy Psychology Techniques Remediate PTSD Symptoms in Veterans and Spouses
Church, D., & Brooks, A. J. (2013) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.10.006 · Cited by 47
Murphy, C. M. (2013) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0033344 · Cited by 44
Lydon, S., Healy, O., O’Callaghan, O., Mulhern, T., & Holloway, J. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0043-4 · Cited by 48
“The current review sought to establish evidence-based practice in the treatment of fears and phobias among those with ASD through the application of Chambless and Hollon’s (1998) criteria for ascertaining the level of empirical support for the various interventional components evaluated in the studies reviewed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoriana, J. A., Gálvez-Lara, M., & Corpas, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.008 · Cited by 65
Towards an evidence-based unified psychodynamic protocol for emotional disorders
Leichsenring, F., & Steinert, C. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.036 · Cited by 44
“…(f) reliable and valid measures for outcome, (g) adult patients (≥18 years), (h) psychodynamic therapy had to be superior to waiting list, treatment as usual, or alternative treatment or no differences in outcome to a treatment established in efficacy were found (e.g. Chambles and Hollon, 1998).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-18
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2119475075
- Cited by
- 3,067
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 144 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 168 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 93.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- empirically supported treatments, treatment efficacy, replication, effectiveness research, cost-effectiveness, psychological intervention, evidence-based practice
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Patient Compliance, Psychotherapy, Empiricism
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