Defining empirically supported therapies.

“This is comparable to the sample size of 37 in the CBT condition reported by Elkin et al. (1989) and is well above the median sample size of 12 reported in the literature by Chambless and Hollon (1998) in their article defining empirically validated therapies.”

“Researchers have widely accepted the Chambless and Hollon (1998) or Society for Prevention Research criteria (Flay et al., 2005) as the standard for defining EBPs.”

“…limitations of currently used measures interfere with the ability of clinicians and researchers to measure effectiveness of interventions, perhaps contributing to the phenomenon that few ASD interventions actually meet standard criteria for efficacy (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Danial & Wood, 2013).”

“Given that traditional definitions of practice in the efficacy literature have used manuals to define treatments (Chambless and Hollon 1998), there is little guidance for determining appropriate metrics for characterizing UC psychotherapeutic practices that are likely not driven by manuals.”

“Additional Issues In evaluating the efficacy of any specific treatment, a number of other issues should also be considered (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“These neurofeedback studies meet the criteria for being both an efficacious and specific treatment, as established by the American Psychological Association Clinical Psychology Division ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless et al.,”

“Chambless and Hollon (1998) elaborated the criteria and discussed the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of psychological treatments.”

“For treatment families with mixed results, we evaluated whether the majority of evidence suggests an intervention is efficacious (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Despite the proliferation of many EBPs for both children and adults suffering from psychosocial difficulties (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), these treatments are not widely available in community settings where the majority of individuals receive services (President's New Freedom Commission on Mental…”

“…process measures that have been used or validated in other treatment modalities, measure therapist adherence to the treatment in a reliable and valid manner, and employ standardized assessments of skills use and skills acquisition (APA, 2002; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Rounsaville et al., 2001).”

“involvement of the MBCT developers, considered as a frequent bias in psychotherapy research (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”

“When these results are compared with the American Psychological Association Clinical Psychology Division criteria [60,61] and comparable biofeedback specialty criteria [62] for evaluating the status of efficacious treatments, neurofeedback for phobic anxiety qualifies for the status of a probably efficacious treatment.”

“Previous attempts to list and promote treatments with empirical support (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Chambless et al., 1996) have been controversial among practitioners.”

“Second, it is the only model that is established as effective for comorbid PTSD and SUD (per the criteria of Chambless & Hollon, 1998, for example).”

“Employing the widely-used criteria suggested by (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), CBT for BDD can be said to be efficacious and possibly specific.”

“As described by leading reviewers (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Kazdin & Weisz, 1998; Weisz & Hawley, 1998), such transport has rarely been accomplished, due, in part, to the greater severity and heterogeneity of clinical problems presented by children and families in real-world mental health…”

“Only studies that fulfilled the following criteria (Chambless and Hollon, 1998) were included in this review: (a) use of a randomised controlled design, (b) treatment of patients with a specific psychiatric disorder, (c) use of treatment manuals or manual-like guidelines, (d) use of reliable and…”

“…skill in delivering treatment and fidelity to manual guidelines is a methodological requirement for clinical trials evaluating behavioral therapies (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Luborsky & DeRubeis, 1984; Rounsaville, Carroll, & Onken, 2001), systematic monitoring and feedback on clinicians’…”

“Unfortunately, while many behavioral interventions may be effective and efficacious, few have been included in the Task Force lists (see Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Of course, the Task Force (1995) and the Chambless and Hollon (1998) article did not intend to address this question, and”

“As shown in several studies and meta-analyses (4–7), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an efficacious and specific treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, according to the definition of efficacy by Chambless and Hollon (8).”

“Using the criteria for determining empirically supported treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), reviews have concluded that child-focused CBT is a probably efficacious treatment for anxious youth (e.g., Albano & Kendall, 2002; Kazdin & Weisz, 1998; Ollendick & King, 1998).”

“An important issue in clinical psychology (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Smith & Sechrest, 1991) and prevention science (Kellam & Van Horn, 1997) is identification of participant subgroups that are most affected by an intervention.”

“According to Chambless and Hollon (1998), empirically supported interventions should have: 1) a comparison control group; 2) a treatment manual (i.e., fidelity); 3) clearly defined population(s); and 4) reliable and valid assessment outcomes.”

“Through the criteria provided by Chambless and Hollon (1998) , literatures were examined to identify the treatments that are empirically supported.”

“Empirical support for the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic approaches for specific disorders has become a central concern (Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”

“…on Psychological Interventions, released their controversial guidelines for identifying treatments with the best empirical support, and subsequent publications listed treatments with high levels of empirical support (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Chambless et al., 1996).”

“To develop effective interventions, we need to attend to the current standards in our field for empirically supported treatments (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and to the modifications that have been used for pediatric psychology interventions (Spirito, 1999).”

“Clark et al. (1998) compared CBT treatment with stress-management therapy and a waitlist control in a randomized trial of 48 patients with hypochondriasis based on the SCID–III–R.”

“For example, a growing body of research has concentrated on the identification of efficacious psychological interventions (Ayers, Sorrell, Thorp, & Wetherell, 2007 ) and the establishment of guidelines for determining whether an intervention can be considered evidence-based (Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”

“A treatment’s degree of efficacy is bolstered by studies conducted by more than one research team ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Lonigan, Elbert, & Johnson, 1998).”

“This criterion was necessary because a treatment in a different age group is considered a new application of the treatment and may have different effects (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“, 1996), from Chambless and Hollon (1998), and from Chambless and Ollendick (2001).”

“Over the past 15–20 years, methods for summarizing the evidence base of psychosocial interventions have focused on the treatment manual as the unit of analysis (cf. Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Silverman & Hinshaw, 2008).”

“Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“These findings add to the existing literature (e.g., Barrett et al., 1996; Kendall et al., 2008) and elevate individual child CBT to the status of a “well-established” treatment for pediatric anxiety as defined by widely-accepted criteria (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“In addition, we thought it was important to consider that evidencebased interventions have at times been conflated with specific manuals in the literature (9).”

“[147] Combined with the results from the earlier study by McLean and Hakstian,[14] these studies indicate that behavior activation is efficacious and specific in the treatment of MDD.”

“Future randomized controlled studies with blind observers are needed to provide a conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of music therapy for hospitalized pediatric oncology patients following the APA guideline for intervention programs (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”

“…least three different studies on the same topic/relationship are conducted by at least two different researchers and synthesized via meta-analysis (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).1 It is noted that meta-analytic results (in particular, true standard deviation estimates) based on smaller numbers of…”

“As Chambless and Hollon (1998) suggested, treatment research is more accurately viewed as varying along a continuum of internal validity and external validity.”

“Given that the RCT design is the gold standard for determining treatment efficacy (Chambless et al. 1996, 1998; Chambless and Hollon 1998), multiple RCTs are needed to evaluate whether DBT can be considered efficacious for adolescents.”

“Following the criteria of the American Psychological Association ivision 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures and the Division 12 Task Force on sychological Interventions (Chambless et al., 1996; Chambless, Baker, et al., 1998; Chambless and Hollon, 1998; Task Force n Promotion and…”

“Academic scholars and professional organizations also have endorsed the need for more and better empirical research on the effectiveness of interventions (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Domitrovich & Greenberg, 2000; Greenberg, 2004).”

“The strengths of this protocol include methodological features of importance for rigorous clinical trials of computer-assisted therapies (20, 21) and therapist-delivered behavioral therapies more broadly (38).”

“As a field, psychology focused first on evaluating treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), and initially adopted a framework of listing “empirically validated” or “empirically supported” treatments.”

“…and Adolescent Psychology (APA Division 53, then a section of APA Division 12) to establish criteria for evidence-based psychosocial treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), despite the fact that most children who receive mental health services receive them in school settings (Burns et al.,…”

“Methods Consistent with the review by Schreck (2001), we evaluate the efficacy of interventions for sleep problems in children with ASD using criteria established by Chambless and Hollon (1998). Chambless and Hollon described three categories of treatment efficacy: well established, probably efficacious, and possibly…”

“These criteria are based on the framework of empirically supported psychotherapies proposed by Chambless and Hollon (1998) and follow the recommendations proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration to assess themethodological validity of a study (Higgins &Green, 2006).”

“This state, which has been largely realized in community psychology, contrasts with that in clinical psychology, where the “empirically-supported therapies” movement ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ) is arguing for the primacy of only a narrow type of evidence (i.e., that emerging from randomized controlled trials).”

“…published interventions for child and adolescent OCD also are evaluated relative to criteria for well-established, probably efficacious, possibly efficacious, and experimental treatments (based on criteria suggested by Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless et al., 1996; and Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Treatment fidelity was monitored through: a standardized procedures manual (Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ); musician and reading group facilitator training in delivery of the sessions and in working with older people with dementia; a practice music session conducted in an alternative LTC facility used for the study and fo…”

“Critics of a manualized therapy approach, however, caution that it could encourage a ‘cookbook’ intervention and suggest that adequate flexibility must be included in the instructions to accommodate individual situations.(12) Manualized therapy approaches are appearing in pediatric rehabilitation for children with aut…”

“Although efficacy studies would most typically involve treatment– treatment or treatment–placebo comparisons (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), such a design was premature given that this study was an initial exploration of a single-session behavioral treatment for depression that, because of its brevity,…”

“A well-designed study yielding nonsignificant results may be due to an ineffective intervention or to lack of intervention agent training, stressing the need to check for understanding to a specific criterion when training intervention agents (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“…(defined as meeting diagnostic criteria or based on responses to a questionnaire designed to assess subdiagnostic threshold gambling problems); random assignment to two or more conditions; at least 25 participants per condition (Chambless & Hollon, 1998); and published in the English language.”

“…for identifying evidence-based interventions are available, it is useful to highlight briefly one of the more often utilized systems (Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures [TFPP], 1995; Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001).”

“Evidence-based guidelines and empirically supported therapies [7] rely heavily on ef®cacy rather than on effectiveness criteria, with a predominant emphasis on experimental control and statistical signi®cance rather than on clinical utility and applicability of treatment.”

“In order to have stronger claims that MBIs could be used as a front-line intervention for psychiatric disorders (96), well powered studies that employ a randomized controlled trial with an active comparison are needed.”

“…because they have been designed for a specific population of interest (e.g., single-parent families on welfare; Gennetian, Castells, & Morris, 2010) and because their effectiveness in nonresearch settings is demonstrably lower than their efficacy in research settings (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“…of empirically supported, manualized psychological interventions for specific disorders based on randomized controlled studies that pass for methodological rigor (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless et al., 1996, 1998: Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995).”

“Current evaluation methodologies for behavioral interventions typically involve development, pilot testing, evaluation in at least two RCTs, and implementation studies.(9,10) Estimates are that it can take up to 17 years from initial research to full implementation for medical and behavioral interventions.”

“According to Rogers and Vismara, clinic-based intensive behavioral intervention (or what they call the Lovaas treatment approach) can be considered well-established based on formal criteria (Chambless et al., 1996, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Follow-up studies are difficult to carry out and hard to interpret (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), perhaps in part explaining their scarcity.”

“We integrated several features of hybrid efficacy-effectiveness study designs to maximize external validity (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) by conducting the studywithin a real-world treatment clinic and utilizing minimal exclusion criteria.”