Defining empirically supported therapies.

“…no treatment (or an alternative treatment) for specific disorders in independently replicated (a) controlled between-subject designs or (b) controlled single-subject designs, namely, those in which participants serve as their own controls (Barlow, Hayes, & Nelson, 1984; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“In our experience, skipping over a small field trial to help identify and resolve “bugs” will not save any time; the first few participants that enter the trial will encounter enough problems that they will effectively be field trial users rather than participants in an RCT.”

“These results suggest that these treatments can be considered possibly efficacious for Cluster C and NOS personality disorders, according to the criteria established for empirically supported psychological therapies (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“…behavioral activation as an evidence-based treatment for depression and because these has been increased activity in this area over the past 10 years, this article systematically reviewed the evidence to ascertain if behavioral activation is an evidence-based treatment (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“but also the assumption that hypnotisability may constitute an important predictor of treatment outcome for conversion patients.There are several reasons why the present study might have failed to demonstrate an additional effect of hypnosis. The most important reason is that this might be due to a small sample size,…”

“Similarly, when sample selection criteria commonly used in RCTs were applied to routine practice samples of adult outpatients, no significant effect on CBT outcome emerged (Lincoln et al., 2003; McEvoy, 2007).”

“Future studies should address this gap since direct comparisons to other evidence-based treatments are the most stringent test of treatment efficacy (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and necessary to prove if group therapy might be a viable, and maybe more cost-effective treatment alternative for patients…”

“(1) General or primary prevention interventions are open to all bereaved persons, to anyone who has experienced a loss through death.”

“Therefore, none of the studies met all three criteria; four studies met two of the criteria; and one study did not meet any of the criteria for the quality of psychotherapy interventions (Chambless and Hollon, 1998; Table 3).”

“Treatment fidelity was addressed through: 1. development of a standardized procedures manual (Chambless & Hollon, 1998); 2. musician and reading group facilitator training in delivery of the sessions and in working with older people with dementia; 3. a practice music session conducted in an…”

“For example, Elkin et al. (1989) provided clients with a standard maximum of 20 sessions over a 15-week period, as recommended by Beck et al.”

“As placebo conditions and complete blinding are impossible in talking therapies, no type of control conditions were considered (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“General Discuss ion The application of the Chambless and Hollon (1998) criteria for empirically supported treatment to this sampling of interventions in health psychology offers several very clear inferences about the state of the field.”

“de Vibe and Moum39 2006 Norway Patients with stress and chronic illness I: 47 (20-69) PC: 48 (17-63) 88.”

“When we reviewed quality indicators for reporting research (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Davidson et al., 2003; Gersten et al., 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2003), we found that treatment fidelity is considered important but found no specific levels that would establish acceptable standards.”

“Hypnosis has achieved status as an empirically validated, possibly efficacious intervention in the management of pediatric procedure-related cancer pain (Liossi, 2002) according to the Chambless and Hollon (1998) criteria.”

“Among psychological treatments, cognitive–behavior therapies (CBT) are among the most empirically investigated (see Barlow, 2001; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) although, in the case of depression, interpersonal therapy and some forms of short-term dynamic therapy are also largely investigated (David,…”

“, 1996, 1998), from Chambless and Hollon (1998), and from Chambless and Ollendick (2001).”

“Samples with at least 50 patients in each treatment group (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) were realized in only five trials (Cao & Lu, 2007; Knekt & Lindfors, 2004; Szapocznik et al., 2004; Zhang, Yuan et al., 2006; Zweben et al., 1988).”

“Efforts to develop empirically supported treatments fora variety of mental disorders (Chambless and Hollon 1998) have increased significantly in recent years.”

“In addition, using the criteria of Chambless, Baker, Baucom, Beutler, and Calhoun (1998); Chambless and Hollon (1998); and Chambless et al. (1996), the identified treatments were categorized as well established, probably efficacious, possibly efficacious, or experimental.”

“Using the Chambless and Hollon (1998) criteria for empirically supported treatments, reviewers have reported that our current interventions are at the level of “possibly efficacious” (Compas et al.”

“16, 510–522 (2009) DOI: 10.1002/cpp with all other interventions being little more than inert placebos (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Our proposal is based on the hierarchy of evidence in the Institute of Medicine’s report on prevention (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994) and is influenced by discussions that have been taking place in clinical psychology (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“For an intervention to be regarded as empirically supported and suitable for widespread implementation, it must follow a set of clearly defined steps that take years to accomplish (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Flay et al., 2005; McHugh & Barlow, 2010).”

“…investigator systematically reviewed the remaining programs to determine if they met criteria for being “efficacious” (i.e., established) or “possibly efficacious” (i.e., extremely promising but in need of independent replication) by the standards established by Chambless and Hollon (1998).”

“Given concerns relating to the external validity of RCTs, Seligman and others (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Seligman, 1995) have emphasized the importance of clinical trials that are representative of routine clinical practice conditions, to complement results from RCTs.…”

“Effectiveness studies are useful for maximizing external validity (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and observational methods help ensure that previous findings of controlled efficacy studies are similar to those found in day-to-day clinical practice.”

“A sample size of 25 to 30 participants per group has been identified as sufficient to detect clinically significant differences between two groups of participants who have attended 25 percent or more of all therapy sessions (28).”

“Although different reviews use different criteria, the basic strength of the Chambless and Hollon([25]) criteria is that they essentially replicate and extend the standards applied by the United States Food and Drug Administration agency (FDA) to determine whether a new medication can be put on the market or not.”

“An accumulation of case studies obtained in routine clinical practice can provide evidence for intervention effectiveness, which is a complementary form of evidence to the rigorously controlled RCTs used to provide proof of efficacy (Chambless and Hollon 1998).”

“For instance, one additional trial of BDT for treating late life major depression by another research group would meet the efficacy requirements set out by Chambless and Hollon (1998).”

“…research literature as they build up their experience and practical confidence, whereas others may not use empirically supported treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) as a reaction against being dictated to by researchers whom they perceive to be out of touch with the realities of clinical…”

“This review aims to evaluate the empirical evidence for the efficacy of CAM approaches for pediatric pain problems according to the guidelines proposed by the APA Task Force.”

“Replication studies are an often-cited requirement for classifying specific treatments as empirically supported (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Flay et al., 2005).”

“The methodological issues associated with each of the studies will be reviewed below, and the level of empirical support for each of the five familybased interventions will be assessed using the criteria outlined by Chambless and colleagues (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless et al., 1998).”

“Due to the low incidence of pediatric cancers, the Chambless criteria (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) can be modified to measure effectiveness (Spirito & Kazak, 2006).”

“These criteria suggested that at least two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from independent research groups were required to demonstrate that a manual-guided treatment was superior to control conditions, or as efficacious as an already established treatment, in a specific mental disorder 1 .”

“This review will focus on controlled trials of such specific psychotherapies for depression in an effort to address two broad questions: 1) What psychotherapies have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of childhood or adolescent depression? 2) Given the limitations of current evidence, what further qu…”

“The American Psychological Association (APA) developed guidelines, as modified by Chambless and Hollon (1998) and Hollon (1996), to rate the quality of intervention outcome studies.”

“This highlights the need to follow the American Psychological Association recommendations (Chambless et al., 1996, 1998; Chambless and Hollon, 1998; Nathan and Gorman, 1998, 2002), which stresses on the importance of carrying out two kinds of studies, one focused on internal validity or efficacy, and another one on cl…”

“From this perspective, it was suggested that psychotherapy research ought to follow the example of medicine and seek to find evidence for specific treatments that are efficacious in treating specific symptoms (Chambless & Holon, 1998).”

“Part of effectiveness trials might involve finding the optimal dosage of an intervention that produces the desired outcomes, so that a program is an optimal length but not more complicated than necessary (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“Building upon the seminal recommendations of Chambless and Hollon (1998), these standards, and studies based on them should strive to include: 1) Initial specification in study design how investigators will test if the intervention is efficacious over and above the effects of positive expectancies,…”

“An intervention’s efficacy is evaluated and confirmed before a question of effectiveness can be answered (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Glasgow et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2007).”

“…of case-based research also contributes to an alienation between researcher and practitioner that has been widely commented on (Barlow, 1981; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Clark & Reinecke, 2003; Dattilio, 2002a; Lyddon & Jones, 2001; Safran, Greenberg, & Rice, 1988; Silverman, 2001; Strupp,…”

“For this group, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are the principal means of investigation, the findings of which are used to generate treatment guidelines, manuals, and lists of “empirically supported” or “validated” therapies (e.g., Barlow, 2004; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”

“This analysis applies the most stringent study selection criteria compared with other EFT analyses by using the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12’s 7 essential criteria (Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless and Hollon, 1998) as detailed in Methods.”

“Although exposure therapy is an established treatment for phobias ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ), methods that can improve outcome of exposure therapy are still needed (Craske, 1999; Craske & Mystkowski, 2006).”

“…populations for which they have not specifically been studied, we employed less stringent criteria for treatments that warranted inclusion in our review than those for empirically supported treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), which require additional research evidence for specific populations.”

“Protocols that qualify as empirically supported (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) have been evaluated at more than one site, by more than one investigator, with real patients and with rigorous and blind evaluation of outcomes.”

“…of Texas at Austin, 504 SZB, 1 University Station, D5800, Austin, TX 78712-0383, USA 2 Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Department of School-Clinical Child Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, USA by supporting therapists in delivering treatments consistently (Chambless and Hollon 1998).”

“This study was strengthened by its use of methods that are consistent with contemporary guidelines for clinical trials research (Chambless and Hollon 1998).”

“…is that the emphasis in clinical research on psychological treatments for particular disorders, which goes back to the beginning of the empirically supported treatment movement (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; see also Wampold & Imel, 2015), ignores some crucial facts about psychopathology and treatment.”

“…shown to be efficacious across multiple studies, researchers have cautioned that the promising results may not readily generalize to clinical settings such as rural CMHCs (Borkovec & Castonguay, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Goldfried & Wolfe, 1998; Westen, Novotney, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004).”

“…argued that assessment data from measures with established reliability and validity must be used in the evaluation of conditions for which treatment is sought and in the evaluation of the outcome of treatment (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Kazdin, Kratochwill, & VandenBos, 1986; Ollendick, 2003).”

“DeRubeis & Crits-Christoph (1998) also used the scheme proposed by Chambless & Hollon (1998) for determining when a psychological intervention for a specific disturbance may be considered empirically supported, and classified exposure therapy andCBT as efficacious treatments for social phobia.”

“In other words, we were interested in providing both an effective and efficient intervention.(52) Our decision to test an intervention in which 2 approaches are combined (ie, stress management and physical activity) was 2-fold.”

“Nevertheless, in recognition of the fact that “validation” implies certainty or finality (Garfield, 1996; Chambless and Hollon, 1998), the committee wisely changed the name to Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 6 August 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1100 “empirically supported therapies,”…”