The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Abstract
A scheme is proposed for determining when a psychological treatment for a specific problem or disorder may be considered to be established in efficacy or to be possibly efficacious.The importance of independent replication before a treatment is established in efficacy is emphasized, and a number of factors are elaborated that should be weighed in evaluating whether studies supporting a treatment's efficacy are sound.It is suggested that, in evaluating the benefits of a given treatment, the greatest weight should be given to efficacy trials but that these trials should be followed by research on effectiveness in clinical settings and with various populations and by cost-effectiveness research.In this special section, the authors of review articles have been asked to evaluate the psychological treatment research literature in their area of expertise to identify empirically supported treatments' (ESTs).Briefly, we define ESTs as clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a delineated population.Thus, following Kiesler (1966), we suggest that practitioners and researchers will profit from knowing which treatments are effective for which clients or patients.That psychological treatments (undefined) benefit the majority of clients or patients (undefined) is already well established (see, e.g., M. L. Smith & Glass, 1977).Furthermore, our particular emphasis is on the effects of the treatments as independent variables.This is not to deny the importance of other factors such as the therapeutic alliance, as well as client and patient variables that affect the process and outcome of psychological therapies (see, e.g.,
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“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Chambless & Hollon, 1998
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the American Psychological Association has recognized ACT as an evidence-based therapy to promote psychological (eg, depressive symptoms) and physical (eg, chronic pain) health.29”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Among Informal Caregivers of People With Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Research has largely supported this notion, and shown that these processes are central components and active ingredients of MBCT.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Four recent meta-analyses have addressed the long-term outcome of CBT for anxiety-related disorders, and they generally indicate a medium symptomreductionupto2yearsfollowing treatment completion.”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Strengths of this meta-analysis are the inclusion of more comparison groups, which yielded more studies than previous meta-analyses, 18-21”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Particular attention should be directed to the independent replication of research findings as this is rarely done, but it constitutes a key criterion for the establishment of evidence-based treatments [55].”
BackgroundCan the randomized controlled trial literature generalize to nonrandomized patients?
Stirman, S. W., DeRubeis, R. J., Crits-Christoph, P., & Rothman, A. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.1.127 · Cited by 98
“Studies published after the publication of these reviews were obtained by searching PsycINFO and were included in the present sample if they met the criteria for a well-controlled RCT using the guidelines provided by Chambless and Hollon (1998). Only individual, rather than group or family psychotherapies, were includ…”
MethodSanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Barceló-Soler, A., Ikuse, D., Ota, M., Hirata, A., Yoshizawa, A., Hatanaka, R., Valero, M. S., Demarzo, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072484 · Cited by 96
“The quality of interventions was assessed by means of three criteria [42]: 1) use of a treatment manual, 2) provision of therapy by specifically trained therapists, and 3) verification of treatment integrity during the study.”
MethodEvidence Base Update on the Treatment of Early Childhood Anxiety and Related Problems
Comer, J. S., Hong, N., Poznanski, B., Silva, K., & Wilson, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534208 · Cited by 98
“Southam-Gerow and Prinstein’s review criteria expand on prior criteria sets for classifying the evidence base of treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Chorpita et al., 2011; Silverman & Hinshaw, 2008) to (a) focus on families of treatments (rather than on brand-name…”
BackgroundChristensen, A., & Heavey, C. L. (1999) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.165 · Cited by 156
Reliable change and the reliable change index: still useful after all these years?
Blampied, N. M. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000484 · Cited by 101
“As Barlow and Nock (2009) noted, clinical science has profited extensively from the nomothetic research tradition, which has laid the foundation for evidence-based practice (Chambless and Hollon, 1998, 2012; Spring, 2007), and so they did not advocate the rejection of such research.”
Psychologic Treatments for Female Sexual Dysfunction: Are They Effective and Do We Need Them?
Heiman, J. R. (2002) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1019848310142 · Cited by 98
“Since the original report of the Task Force, there has been further discussion of the criteria and meaning of empirically supported treatment (e.g., Borkovec & Castonguay, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
BackgroundSchaffler, J., Leung, K., Tremblay, S., Merdsoy, L., Belzile, E., Lambrou, A., & Lambert, S. D. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4265-x · Cited by 97
Tucker, E. W., & Potocky, M. (2006) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731505281385 · Cited by 97
“In other words, assessing outcomes and interpreting data appropriately are critical components of good between-group design experiments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998, p. 8).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSleep in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Esbensen, A. J., & Schwichtenberg, A. J. (2016) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2016.07.005 · Cited by 108
“Using the standards put forth by Chambless and Hollon, two systematic reviews of behavioral treatments for sleep problems in ASD have been published (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Schreck, 2001; Vriend, Corkum, Moon, & Smith, 2011).”
MethodIntegrative Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Preliminary Investigation.
Castonguay, L. G., Schut, A. J., Aikens, D. E., Constantino, M. J., Laurenceau, J., Bologh, L., & Burns, D. D. (2004) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.1.4 · Cited by 102
“As such, ICT appears to meet Chambless and Hollon’s (1998) criteria for possibly efficacious treatment (assuming that our sequential assignment of participants in either group is functionally equivalent to a randomized control trial).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Hollon, S. D., Areán, P. A., Craske, M. G., Crawford, K. A., Kivlahan, D. R., Magnavita, J. J., Ollendick, T. H., Sexton, T. L., Spring, B. J., Bufka, L. F., et al. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185529 · Cited by 103
“…be explored via the selection of different types of comparisons (C); a treatment that is better than no treatment can be said to be efficacious, whereas a treatment that is better than generic treatment (operationalized as a nonspecific control) can be said to be specific (Chambless & Hollon 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationResearch on hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy
Schoenberger, N. E. (2000) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140008410046 · Cited by 97
“Chambless and Hollon (1998) recommend 25 to 30 participants in each group.”
BackgroundResultAdvancing the clinical science of creativity
Forgeard, M. J. C., & Elstein, J. G. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00613 · Cited by 97
“Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for this purpose and are necessary to establish that an intervention is empirically supported, among other criteria (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundLincoln, T. M., Ziegler, M., Mehl, S., Kesting, M.-L., Lüllmann, E., Westermann, S., & Rief, W. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028665 · Cited by 102
“Although the gap between scientific knowledge and real-world practice has generally been recognized (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), it is far from closed.”
BackgroundMonastra, V. J. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.004 · Cited by 96
“Guidelines for the evaluation of the efficacy of treatments have been published by various scientific societies, including the American Psychological Association [109], the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, the International Society for Neuronal Regulation [74], and the American Academy of Neur…”
BackgroundMethodBroderick, J. E., Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., & Kaell, A. T. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2701_7 · Cited by 96
“ment, or that it is superior to an alternative therapy (17, 18 ).”
BackgroundLopes, R. D. C. T., Gonçalves, M. M., Machado, P. P. P., Sinai, D., Bento, T., & Salgado, J. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.874052 · Cited by 96
“Thus, outcome research with an emphasis on treatment efficacy is recommended (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless et al., 1998; Kendall, 1998; Kendall, Holmbeck, & Verduin, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRosen, A., Mueser, K. T., & Teesson, M. (2007) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2006.09.0110 · Cited by 96
“We will address four topics related to evaluating the evidence supporting case-management models, particularly ACT [8]: (1) a clear definition of case management (2) the efficacy of case management, (3) the effectiveness of case management, and (4) the cost-effectiveness of case management.”
BackgroundMethodSome comments on empirically supported treatments.
Garfield, S. L. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.121 · Cited by 96
Chen, E. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsh021 · Cited by 122
“Efficacy of the three broad categories of interventions described above is evaluated according to the American Psychological Association (APA)’s Division 12 Task Force criteria (also known as the Chambless criteria) for empirically supported interventions (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
MethodEwing, E. S. K., Diamond, G. S., & Levy, S. A. (2015) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1006384 · Cited by 104
“Empirical support to date justifies ABFT as meeting the criteria of a promising intervention (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundHow do I get my way? A meta-analytic review of research on influence tactics
Lee, S., Han, S., Cheong, M., Kim, S. L., & Yun, S. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.001 · Cited by 110
Empirical Support for a Treatment Program for Families of Young Children With Externalizing Problems
Feinfield, K., & Baker, B. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_17 · Cited by 102
“Beyond efficacy, the effectiveness of the program (Chambless & Hollon, 1996) was demonstrated primarily in the area of treatment feasibility (acceptance and compliance).”
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Essentials of clinical hypnosis: An evidence-based approach.
Lynn, S. J., & Kirsch, I. (2006) · doi:10.1037/11365-000 · Cited by 174
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McLeod, J., & Elliott, R. (2011) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2011.548954 · Cited by 94
“APA Presidential Taskforce, 2006 ; Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ; Edwards, Dattilio, & Bromley, 2004 ; Medical Research Council, 2008 ).”
Practice-based evidence and standardized evaluation: Informing the design of the CORE system
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““well-established treatment,” two independent research teams must have demonstrated in a peer-reviewed report that the treatment is either (1) more effective than a placebo or (2) that it is equivalent to another treatment whose efficacy has been established.(48,49) In order to be designated as “efficacious” method, t…”
BackgroundRispoli, M. J., Lang, R. B., Neely, L. C., Camargo, S. P. H., Hutchins, N. S., Davenport, K., & Goodwyn, F. D. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-012-9164-y · Cited by 93
“First, Dibley and Lim’s (1999) study requires replication with additional participants (Chambless and Hollon 1998) and in applied 68 J Behav Educ (2013) 22:66–83”
BackgroundMethodCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children With Autism
Danial, J. T., & Wood, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31829f676c · Cited by 102
Current (Lack of) Status of Theory in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Research
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Testing the allegiance bias hypothesis: a meta-analysis
Munder, T., Gerger, H., Trelle, S., & Barth, J. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.602752 · Cited by 91
“…may result in varying levels of adherence of the therapists to therapy protocols and different degrees of competence in implementing techniques (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Hager, Leichsenring, & Schiffler, 1999; Hollon, 1999; Klein, 1999; Lambert, 1999; Leykin & DeRubeis, 2009; Luborsky et al.,…”
BackgroundPsychosocial interventions for adolescent cancer patients: a systematic review of the literature
Seitz, D. C. M., Besier, T., & Goldbeck, L. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1473 · Cited by 91
“In accordance with the Chambless criteria for empirically supported psychological interventions [35,36], the following inclusion criteria were applied: A study was included, if (1) a psychological or psychosocial intervention aiming to improve adjustment related to psychological and social functioning or to reduce psy…”
MethodCouple and family involvement in adult mental health treatment: a systematic review
Meis, L. A., Griffin, J. M., Greer, N., Jensen, A. C., MacDonald, R., Carlyle, M., Rutks, I., & Wilt, T. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.003 · Cited by 92
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Dixon, S. (2009) · Cited by 92
Petroutsou, A., Hassiotis, A., & Ali, A. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12432 · Cited by 92
“Finally, most of the research has been conducted by a specific research group (Stancliffe et al., 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015); thus, there is a need of additional independent research to enhance empirical support of the findings (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
Wang, G., Van Iddekinge, C. H., Zhang, L., & Bishoff, J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000345 · Cited by 92
Psychosocial interventions for cancer: review and analysis using a three‐tiered outcomes model
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Integrating Findings from Research Reviews
McGuire, J. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470713464.ch1 · Cited by 91
Freeman, J., Benito, K., Herren, J. A., Kemp, J., Sung, J., Georgiadis, C., Arora, A., Walther, M. R., & Garcia, A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1496443 · Cited by 73
“…treatment literature by Barrett and colleagues (Barrett, Farrell, Pina, Peris, & Piacentini, 2008), the authors identified 16 studies published between 1994 and 2007 and classified them according to established criteria at the time (Chambless et al., 1996, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundLIMITATIONS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: UNPACKING THE COMPLEXITY
Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & LeCroy, C. W. (2009) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.5175/jswe.2009.200700105 · Cited by 90
Energy psychology: A review of the preliminary evidence.
Feinstein, D. L. (2008) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.199 · Cited by 90
Hypnosis and suggestion-based approaches to smoking cessation: An examination of the evidence
Green, J. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2000) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140008410048 · Cited by 90
Wasil, A. R., Gillespie, S., Patel, R., Petre, A., Venturo-Conerly, K. E., Shingleton, R. M., Weisz, J. R., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000604 · Cited by 86
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Dialectical behavior therapy: current indications and unique elements.
Chapman, A. L. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 89
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Treatment Effectiveness for Male Adolescent Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis and Review
Walker, D. F., McGovern, S. K., Poey, E. L., & Otis, K. E. (2004) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v13n03_14 · Cited by 89
“Treatment effectiveness, conversely, refers to whether or not a treatment can be demonstrated to work in clinical practice (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrann, P., Coleman, G. J., & Luk, E. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00890.x · Cited by 89
“There are increasing calls for clinicians to use evidence-based treatments [7].”
BackgroundSburlati, E. S., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0083-6 · Cited by 94
Comorbid mental disorders and substance use disorders: epidemiology, prevention and treatment
Proudfoot, M. T. H. (2004) · Cited by 88
Progress Review of the Psychosocial Treatment of Child Conduct Problems
Nock, M. K. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.10.1.1 · Cited by 87
“…this type, authors use speci fi c criteria to evaluate and classify studies according to the quality and quantity of available evidence in support of a particular treatment package (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures [TFPDPP], 1995).”
MethodEvidence-based practice: Beyond empirically supported treatments.
Messer, S. B. (2004) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.6.580 · Cited by 95
“On one side of the divide are those who advocate that ESTs be preeminent in clinicians’ practice (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Sanderson & Rego, 2000); on the other are those unwilling to cede the field to what are typically DSM-oriented, manual-based, cognitive–behavioral therapies (e.g.,…”
BackgroundEFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY: INTRODUCTION
Sprenkle, D. H. (2003) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb00385.x · Cited by 88
Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: a critical review of current evidence
Ayala, E. S., Meuret, A. E., & Ritz, T. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.008 · Cited by 87
Dialectical behaviour therapy: An increasing evidence base
Feigenbaum, J. (2007) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230601182094 · Cited by 100
“In light of the ongoing debate as to the relative merits of randomized control studies of efficacy of treatments versus naturalistic studies of effectiveness in clinical settings (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Fonagy, 1999; Leichsenring, 2004), both types of evidence are reviewed here.”
BackgroundBenfield, J. K., Everton, L., Bath, P., & England, T. (2019) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.031 · Cited by 76
Single‐Case Research Design and Analysis: Counseling Applications
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Couple‐Based Interventions for Psychopathology: A Renewed Direction for the Field
Baucom, D. H., Belus, J. M., Adelman, C. B., Fischer, M. S., & Paprocki, C. M. (2014) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12075 · Cited by 94
Evidence-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Geriatric Depression
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“In addition, several randomized clinical trials meeting guideline recommendations for evidencebased interventions [27] have evaluated the efficacy of psychotherapy as a treatment for late-life depression (Table 2) [28–43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStuart, G. L., Treat, T. A., & Wade, W. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.506 · Cited by 94
“Treatment outcome researchers have cautioned that the results of efficacy studies may not generalize from research to service settings because of differences in clients, settings, therapists, and other treatment delivery factors ( Borkovec & Castonguay, 1998 ; Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ; Goldfried & Wolfe, 1998 ; Hollo…”
BackgroundRecent advances in understanding and managing self-harm in adolescents
Clarke, S., Allerhand, L. A., & Berk, M. S. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.19868.1 · Cited by 87
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Who is Providing what Type of Psychotherapy to Eating Disorder Clients? A Survey
von Ranson, K. M., & Robinson, K. E. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20201 · Cited by 83
Langhorst, J., Musial, F., Klose, P., & Hauser, W. (2009) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep182 · Cited by 111
Legenbauer, T., Petrak, F., de Zwaan, M., & Herpertz, S. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.06.012 · Cited by 87
“In particular, Chambless and Hollon [58] stated that “.”
BackgroundMorrison, K. H., Bradley, R. G., & Westen, D. (2003) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608303765951168 · Cited by 85
“In psychology, a growing chorus of researchers have called for psychotherapypractice and training to be limited to treatments that have demonstrated efe cacy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs; Calhoun, Moras, Pilkonis, & Rehm, 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
BackgroundEmpirical findings on the use of hypnosis in medicine: A critical review
Pinnell, C. M., & Covino, N. A. (2000) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140008410047 · Cited by 84
“…that most researchers have used small sample sizes and that treatment manuals are notably absent, some studies appear to satisfy the Chambless and Hollon (1998) criteria for ”possibly efficacious’’ treatments (Enqvist et al; 1997; Lambert, 1996; Lang et al., 1996; Spanos et al., 1988;…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDrahota, A., Sadler, R., Hippensteel, C., Ingersoll, B., & Bishop, L. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320931265 · Cited by 85
“…or clinical practices found to be efficacious and/ or effective through the integration of available research and clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences (APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice, 2006; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundPsychological interventions with siblings of pediatric cancer patients: a systematic review
Prchal, A., & Landolt, M. A. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1565 · Cited by 83
Flexible Applications of the Coping Cat Program for Anxious Youth
Beidas, R. S., Wolk, C. B., Puleo, C. M., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.11.002 · Cited by 84
“For a treatment to be deemed an empirically supported treatment (EST), it is necessary for the treatment to demonstrate efficacy across several randomized clinical trials (RCT) by multiple research investigators (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
MethodWaters, A. M., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Craske, M. G., Pine, D. S., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.005 · Cited by 80
Using Single‐Case Research Designs to Demonstrate Evidence for Counseling Practices
Lenz, A. S. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12036 · Cited by 83
Magill, M., Tonigan, J. S., Kiluk, B. D., Ray, L. A., Walthers, J., & Carroll, K. M. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103648 · Cited by 89
A process-based approach to cognitive behavioral therapy: A theory-based case illustration
Ong, C. W., Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002849 · Cited by 91
“Prevailing wisdom over the past few decades declared that CBT tailored to specific disorders and randomized controlled trials are the solution to mental health struggles, and most clinical research and funding accordingly have operated on this assumption (Chambless and Hollon, 1998; Tolin, 2020).”
BackgroundMaking Science Matter in Clinical Practice: Redefining Psychotherapy
Beutler, L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01168.x · Cited by 86
“While the comparative results of ESTs have largely failed to be terribly impressive, scholars who apply RCT studies to psychotherapy continue to assure us that only random assignment studies are of sufficient scientific note as to provide believable evidence of psychotherapeutic efficacy ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
BackgroundCHALLENGES TO THE FUTURE OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION
Rubin, A., & Parrish, D. E. (2007) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.5175/jswe.2007.200600612 · Cited by 83
Leichsenring, F., Beutel, M., & Leibing, E. (2007) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2007.71.1.56 · Cited by 84
Sava, F. A., Yates, B. T., Lupu, V., Szentágotai, A., & David, D. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20550 · Cited by 83
“As advocated by Chambless and Hollon (1988), ‘‘y in evaluating the benefits of a given treatment, the greatest weight should be given to efficacy trials but that these trials should be followed by research on effectiveness in clinical settings and with various populations and by cost-effectiveness…”
BackgroundKiluk, B. D., Sugarman, D. E., Nich, C., Gibbons, C. J., Martino, S., Rounsaville, B. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101443 · Cited by 86
“These included first those that were developed by the American Psychological Association (Division 12) for defining empirically validated behavioral therapies (20, 21) as well as criteria used in previous methodological analyses of the behavioral therapy literature (28–31).”
InfluentialTreatment of comorbid anxiety and autism spectrum disorders
Nadeau, J. M., Sulkowski, M. L., Ung, D., Wood, J. J., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Storch, E. A. (2011) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.11.62 · Cited by 85
Chamberlain, P. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0006 · Cited by 83
Short- and long-term effectiveness of an empirically supported treatment for agoraphobia.
Hahlweg, K., Fiegenbaum, W., Frank, M., Schroeder, B., & von Witzleben, I. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.375 · Cited by 83
No need to worry: the promising future of child anxiety research
Kendall, P. C., Settipani, C. A., & Cummings, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.632352 · Cited by 82
“…process has been consigned a role of secondary importance in comparison to treatment outcome= efficacy, and several authors have argued that the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment ought to be established before a detailed analysis of its process commenced (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Kiesler, 1966).”
BackgroundGersh, E., Hallford, D. J., Rice, S. M., Kazantzis, N., Gersh, H., Gersh, B., & McCarty, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.001 · Cited by 82
Factor, R. S., Ollendick, T. H., Cooper, L. D., Dunsmore, J. C., Rea, H. M., & Scarpa, A. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00297-x · Cited by 101
“…interventions assessed, using the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12 guidelines, evidence-based treatment status is established after two RCTs are conducted and treatments are found superior to a control group (Chambless and Hollon 1998; Chambless and Ollendick 2001; Wong et al.”
MethodChurch, D., Stapleton, P., Vasudevan, A., & O’Keefe, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951451 · Cited by 94
“For more than a quarter-century, the original APA criteria (Chambless et al., 1996, 1998; Chambless and Hollon, 1998) have provided a stable, well-defined, published set of common standards by which the efficacy of a therapeutic technique may be judged.”
BackgroundMethodRee, M. J., & Craigie, M. A. (2007) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.24.2.70 · Cited by 91
Davidson, K. W., Rieckmann, N., & Lespérance, F. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116716.19848.65 · Cited by 82
Weiss, B., Harris, V. S., Catron, T. F., & Han, S. S. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.364 · Cited by 81
“However, as Chambless and Hollon (1998) have noted, a single evaluation does not establish the efficacy of a treatment program; rather, a number of other criteria also must be satisfied.”
BackgroundPellmar, T. C., Brandt, E. N., & Baird, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-16.4.206 · Cited by 83
Leichsenring, F., & Schauenburg, H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.007 · Cited by 83
“Inclusion criteria and selection of studies Best evidence for efficacy is provided by RCTs examining manual-guided treatments in well-defined patient populations (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialAddis, M. E., Hatgis, C., Krasnow, A. D., Jacob, K., Bourne, L., & Mansfield, A. K. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.625 · Cited by 81
Theoretical and research support for the Duluth Model: A reply to dutton and corvo
Gondolf, E. W. (2007) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.03.001 · Cited by 124
“There are, moreover, several lists of criteria for achieving evidence-based treatment or dismissing it that the Duluth critics do not appear to take into account (e.g., Briss et al., 2000; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Eliott, 2005; Lipsey, 2005).”
BackgroundTruijens, F. L., Zühlke, L., & Vanheule, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22712 · Cited by 80
Psychological interventions in childhood chronic illness.
Drotar, D. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11412-000 · Cited by 80
Metadata
- Authors
- Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-18
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2119475075
- Cited by
- 3,067
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 144 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 168 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 93.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- empirically supported treatments, treatment efficacy, replication, effectiveness research, cost-effectiveness, psychological intervention, evidence-based practice
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Patient Compliance, Psychotherapy, Empiricism
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