The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Abstract
A scheme is proposed for determining when a psychological treatment for a specific problem or disorder may be considered to be established in efficacy or to be possibly efficacious.The importance of independent replication before a treatment is established in efficacy is emphasized, and a number of factors are elaborated that should be weighed in evaluating whether studies supporting a treatment's efficacy are sound.It is suggested that, in evaluating the benefits of a given treatment, the greatest weight should be given to efficacy trials but that these trials should be followed by research on effectiveness in clinical settings and with various populations and by cost-effectiveness research.In this special section, the authors of review articles have been asked to evaluate the psychological treatment research literature in their area of expertise to identify empirically supported treatments' (ESTs).Briefly, we define ESTs as clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a delineated population.Thus, following Kiesler (1966), we suggest that practitioners and researchers will profit from knowing which treatments are effective for which clients or patients.That psychological treatments (undefined) benefit the majority of clients or patients (undefined) is already well established (see, e.g., M. L. Smith & Glass, 1977).Furthermore, our particular emphasis is on the effects of the treatments as independent variables.This is not to deny the importance of other factors such as the therapeutic alliance, as well as client and patient variables that affect the process and outcome of psychological therapies (see, e.g.,
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“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Chambless & Hollon, 1998
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the American Psychological Association has recognized ACT as an evidence-based therapy to promote psychological (eg, depressive symptoms) and physical (eg, chronic pain) health.29”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Among Informal Caregivers of People With Chronic Health Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Research has largely supported this notion, and shown that these processes are central components and active ingredients of MBCT.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Four recent meta-analyses have addressed the long-term outcome of CBT for anxiety-related disorders, and they generally indicate a medium symptomreductionupto2yearsfollowing treatment completion.”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Strengths of this meta-analysis are the inclusion of more comparison groups, which yielded more studies than previous meta-analyses, 18-21”
From Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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“Recent changes in the health care environment have placed an increasing emphasis on empirically supported therapies (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Kendall, 1998; Spirito, 1999) for psychological interventions.”
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“…antipsychotic medication, no medical or psychosocial treatments for children with ASD meet American Psychological Association Division 12 (e.g., Chambless and Hollon 1998) guidelines for possible efficacy, and even antipsychotic medication has not yielded improvement in the social…”
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Moore, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0455-9 · Cited by 43
“Previously reported guidelines for evaluating evidencebased practices in health care and psychotherapy were reviewed to assess the level of evidence for engagement interventions [45, 46].”
BackgroundNoble, A. J., Reilly, J., Temple, J., & Fisher, P. (2018) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-317997 · Cited by 43
“8 9 This would provide an index of absolute efficacy of psychological treatments.”
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“…eight characteristics of study quality that were based on the criteria for assessing the quality of treatment delivery originally recommended by Chambless and Hollon (1998) as well as on the criteria proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration to assess the methodological validity of a study…”
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“…DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.9.1.88 88 Establishing guidelines to determine the empirical support for a treatment’s effectiveness has gained increasing momentum over the last decade (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialA systematic meta-review of hypnosis as an empirically supported treatment for pain
Hawkins, R. M. F. (2001) · Pain Reviews · doi:10.1191/0968130201pr175ra · Cited by 41
Impact of play therapy on parent–child relationship stress at a mental health training setting
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“However, current research practice requires the identification of specific populations in order to demonstrate efficacious treatments ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
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“Substantive progress has been made in identifying efficacious psychosocial interventions for treating psychopathology (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2008; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995).”
The Efficacy of Short-term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Specific Psychiatric Disorders
Leichsenring, F., Rabung, S., & Leibing, E. (2015) · Cited by 42
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Anger and it's management for survivors of acquired brain injury
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“Deffenbacher’ s group has done several comparative studies of anger treatment methods which is an ideal way of determining the efficacy of therapy as it controls for the processes involved in treatment [41].”
BackgroundHallward, L., Patel, N., & Duncan, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318756501 · Cited by 42
“The methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed for each individual study using a combination of criteria from the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool (Higgins and Green, 2011) and criteria proposed by Chambless and Hollon (1998), similarly used by Lambert et al. (2016).”
MethodHanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., Ralston, E., Moreland, A. D., Peer, S. O., & Fitzgerald, M. M. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000319 · Cited by 47
“This public health concern warrants concerted efforts to promote trauma-informed care (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2014) and related evidence-based practices (EBPs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) that This article was published Online First December 13, 2018.”
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“ESTs were categorized into two levels: probably efficacious and well-established (Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
MethodRossiter, T. (2004) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1023/b:apbi.0000026636.13180.b6 · Cited by 42
“Chambless and Hollon (1998) conclude that the direct comparisons of competing treatments provide the “most stringent tests of all” (p. 8) and have the added advantage that they control for the nonspecific effects that are common to all treatments.”
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“…as an ethical issue Although no professional organisation requires that practitioners use only evidence-based treatments, defined in the most stringent way, mental health organisations have been pressing the use of evidence-based treatments for almost two decades (see Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialCommunity Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT): An effectiveness study.
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“A small literature links increasing years of clinical experience to less use of evidence supported treatments (ESTs), or treatments experimentally linked to reductions in psychopathological symptoms in at least two settings (Chambless and Hollon 1998), and less likelihood of engagement in evidence based practice (EBP)…”
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“Chambless DL, Hollon SD. Defining empirically supported therapies.”
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Guidelines for clinical case reports in behavioral clinical Psychology
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Immediate and short‐term outcomes of the ‘COPEing with Toddler Behaviour’ parent group
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Does Cognitive Therapy Have an Enduring Effect?
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“In fact, these approaches have been tested so often and have fared so well that they often have dominated any list of empirically supported therapies ( Chambless & Hollon, 1998 ).”
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“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line intervention for anxious youth and, according to the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association criteria (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), is considered “well established” (Hollon & Beck, 2013).”
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“Therefore, CBT should be compared with an appropriate control (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”
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Mercer, J. (2015) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514536620 · Cited by 44
“Definitions of the highest level of research evidence, allowing an outcome study to be described as ‘‘evidence based,’’ include the criterion of existing replication by an independent researcher (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
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“EBPTs are interventions targeting psychological processes that cause and/ or maintain mental illness and that have been developed and evaluated scientifically (Barlow et al., 2013; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
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“Additionally, some criteria do not include an explicit requirement for the monitoring of the fidelity of the independent variable (e.g., APA, cf. Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
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Stapleton, P., Sheldon, T., Porter, B., & Whitty, J. A. (2011) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.28.1.1 · Cited by 40
“…treatment, particularly because one form has met the American Psychological Association Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology) criteria as a ‘probably efficacious treatment’ for specific phobias; and another for maintaining weight loss (APA, Division 12; Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
Maaskant, A. M., van Rooij, F. B., Overbeek, G. J., Oort, F. J., & Hermanns, J. M. A. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.005 · Cited by 43
“Follow-up studies tend to be dif fi cult to conduct (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), and possible publication bias may exist in that signi fi cant follow-up effects may emerge less frequently and studies of follow-up effects may be less often published (Dawn et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStajduhar, K., Sawatzky, R. G., Cohen, S. R., Heyland, D. K., Allan, D. E., Bidgood, D., Norgrove, L., & Gadermann, A. (2017) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-017-0237-5 · Cited by 40
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Evaluating innovative treatments in forensic mental health: A role for single case methodology?
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“This is despite the existence of guidelines for the evaluation of the quality of single case evidence for psychological interventions (e.g., Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundDurham, R. C., Fisher, P., Dow, M. G. T., Sharp, D. M., Power, K., Swan, J. S., & Morton, R. V. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.405 · Cited by 41
EEG Biofeedback Treatment of ADD
RAMIREZ, P. M., DESANTIS, D., & Opler, L. A. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05789.x · Cited by 41
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“Among the most scientifically rigorous approaches to establishing an evidence base is the use of randomized clinical trials (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
McAleavey, A. A., Lockard, A. J., Castonguay, L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.883652 · Cited by 40
“The movements to identify empirically-supported treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and toward evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP; APA, 2006) demand that psychotherapists base their clinical practice on sound empirical footing.”
BackgroundLopes, R. T., Gonçalves, M. M., Fassnacht, D. B., Machado, P. P. P., & Sousa, I. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.042 · Cited by 30
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BackgroundHenderson, C. E., Wevodau, A. L., Henderson, S. E., Colbourn, S. L., Gharagozloo, L., North, L. W., & Lotts, V. A. (2016) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12366 · Cited by 43
“SAU—Adolescents randomized to SAU typically received one of the following services: (1) drug education class (21% [n =13]); (2) alternative education program administered by the juvenile probation program (10% [n =6]); (3) individual counseling provided by counselors at the juvenile probation department or in the comm…”
Use of synthesized analysis and informed treatment to promote school reintegration
Taylor, S. A., Phillips, K. J., & Gertzog, M. G. (2018) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1640 · Cited by 39
Meinzer, M. C., Oddo, L. E., Vasko, J. M., Murphy, J. G., Iwamoto, D. K., Lejuez, C. W., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000663 · Cited by 40
Implementation of the Felix Consent Decree in Hawaii
Chorpita, B. F., & Donkervoet, C. M. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-23864-6_21 · Cited by 39
“Because the APA criteria left entire parts of the Hawaii youth population (e.g., Autism) without recommendations for services, the EBS Task Force added a third level of evidence, representing a relaxation of the original Division 12 category of “Probably Efficacious.””
InfluentialA Fallibilistic Response to Thyer’s Theory of Theory-Free Empirical Research in Social Work Practice
Gomory, T. (2001) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2001.10779035 · Cited by 39
“As Kazdin and Weisz (1998) state, agreeing with Chambless and Hollon ( 1998), treatments to be labeled efficacious (note they refrain from terms like credible) "must have been shown to be more effective than no treatment, a placebo, or an alternate treatment across multiple trials conducted by…”
BackgroundSelected Topics in Ego State Therapy
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“RESEARCH IN EGO STATE THERAPY Efficacy studies come with their own generic problems: Since the 1960’s, increasingly focused, controlled, and exacting standards have been applied to evaluations of psychotherapeutic methods (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
Schwartz, L. A., Radcliffe, J., & Barakat, L. P. (2007) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739610701377954 · Cited by 40
“However, as previously articulated (Chen et al., 2004), only Gil et al.’s study (1997) met criteria for a “superior to placebo” intervention (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), meeting these criteria because it was manualized and included well-described sample characteristics.”
MethodEfficacy in evidence‐based practice
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“From a behavioral viewpoint on parenting interventions, a variety of parent management training programs have been established as evidence based (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of evidence-based child maltreatment interventions.
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Mental Health Service Utilization After Physical Trauma
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“Moreover, only a few meet the criteria for well-established interventions, meaning that at least two independent replication studies based on the intervention manual have shown the programme’s efficiency (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundAn Empirical Review of Internet Addiction Outcome Studies in China
Liu, C., Liao, M., & Smith, D. C. (2011) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731511430089 · Cited by 38
“Replication by outside investigators, a criterion for establishing a treatment as empirically supported (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), would be difficult in the absence of treatment manuals.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment of an Intervention for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Young Adults: An Open Pilot Trial
Andover, M. S., Schatten, H. T., Morris, B. W., & Miller, I. W. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.05.003 · Cited by 38
“An explicit target of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), an empirically supported treatment (EST; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) for BPD, is the reduction of DSH. DBT incorporates cognitive behavioral techniques and acceptance strategies with a focus on improving emotion regulation and generally lasts…”
BackgroundResearch-Practice Gaps in Child Mental Health
McLennan, J. D., Wathen, C. N., MacMillan, H. L., & Lavis, J. N. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000215153.99517.80 · Cited by 38
“[ BEmpirically supported psychological therapies[ with the divisions of Befficacious[ and Bpossibly efficacious[ is the more recent version of this classification system (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundTherapeutic Harm and Cultural Oppression
Sue, D. W. (2015) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014565713 · Cited by 38
“In this respect, most criteria used to judge “well established” and “probably efficacious” treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001) share basic assumptions with the PHT movement.”
Methodvan Loon, L. M. A., Granic, I., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9228-7 · Cited by 39
DSM-IV paraphilia: Descriptions, demographics and treatment interventions
Beech, A. R., & Harkins, L. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.07.008 · Cited by 40
Tonarelli, S. B., & Pasillas, R. (2016) · Journal of psychiatry · doi:10.4172/2378-5756.1000366 · Cited by 38
“The Society of Clinical Psychology has modest research support based on Chambless criteria [28] of ACT for treatment of depression [17,22], obsessive compulsive disorder [29,30], and mixed anxiety disorders [31].”
MethodEvidence-Based Practice Implementation Within a Theory of Planned Behavior Framework
Burgess, A. M., Chang, J. P., Nakamura, B. J., Izmirian, S. C., & Okamura, K. H. (2016) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-016-9523-x · Cited by 41
L'évaluation empirique des psychothérapies
Despland, J., Zimmermann, G., & de Roten, Y. (2006) · Psychothérapies · doi:10.3917/psys.062.0091 · Cited by 38
A Guide to Evidence-Based Group Work
Macgowan, M. J. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183450.001.0001 · Cited by 38
Borckardt, J. J., & Nash, M. R. (2002) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140208410095 · Cited by 38
Montero-Marin, J., Garcia-Campayo, J., López-Montoyo, A., Zabaleta-del-Olmo, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003099 · Cited by 37
“Quality of interventions was evaluated according to three criteria (Chambless & Hollon, 1998): use of a treatment manual, provision of therapy by specifically trained therapists and verification of treatment integrity during the study.”
MethodTelemental health: Reflections on how to move the field forward.
Mohr, D. C. (2009) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01172.x · Cited by 37
Guidelines for the Assessment of Efficacy of Clinical Hypnosis Applications
Kekecs, Z., Moss, D., Elkins, G., De Benedittis, G., Palsson, O. S., Shenefelt, P. D., Terhune, D. B., Varga, K., & Whorwell, P. J. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2022.2049446 · Cited by 37
“…system of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB), and the International Society for Neuronal Regulation (ISNR; LaVaque et al., 2002; Tan et al., 2016), as well as the APA Division 12 Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) rating system (Chambless & Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundTherapist–Patient Demographic Profile Matching: A Movement Toward Performance-Based Practice
Wolf, D. A. P. S., Dulmus, C. N., Maguin, E., Linn, B. K., & Hales, T. W. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518783582 · Cited by 38
Kobak, K. A., Greist, R., Jacobi, D. M., Levy-Mack, H., & Greist, J. H. (2015) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-015-0048-0 · Cited by 38
“, a treatment shown to be efficacious in controlled research with a defined population [28].”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Interventions in Pediatric Psychology: Progress Over the Decades
Palermo, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu048 · Cited by 37
Kramer, U., Berger, T., Kolly, S., Marquet, P. P., Preisig, M., de Roten, Y., Despland, J., & Caspar, F. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182125d19 · Cited by 37
Kester, K. R., & Lucyshyn, J. M. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.05.002 · Cited by 37
Stapleton, P., Crighton, G. J., Sabot, D., & O’Neill, H. M. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000563 · Cited by 42
Mehta, K., Hoadley, A., Ray, L. A., Kiluk, B. D., Carroll, K. M., & Magill, M. (2021) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agab016 · Cited by 36
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Munder, T., Heer, S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.001 · Cited by 34
Chiappelli, M., Coco, G. L., Gullo, S., Bensi, L., & Prestano, C. (2008) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002852 · Cited by 35
“…pratiche terapeutiche in generale ed emergono ulteriori limiti se si considerano trattamenti di lunga durata e interventi difficilmente standardizzabili come quelli psicoterapeutici e psichiatrici nella comunita (Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Fava & Masserini, 2006).”
BackgroundThe clinical effectiveness of cognitive therapy for depression in an outpatient clinic
Gibbons, C. J., Fournier, J. C., Stirman, S. W., DeRubeis, R. J., Crits-Christoph, P., & Beck, A. T. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.030 · Cited by 46
“Based on RCT evidence, a number of psychosocial treatments have been designated as “empirically supported therapies” (ESTs) (Chambless and Hollon, 1998).”
BackgroundBeyond acceptance and commitment therapy: Process-based therapy
Ong, C. W., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00397-z · Cited by 32
A talking control for use in evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Serfaty, M., Csipke, E., Haworth, D., Murad, S., & King, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.005 · Cited by 30
Randomized Trial Comparing Standard versus Light Intensity Parent Training for Anxious Youth
Storch, E. A., Guzick, A. G., Ayton, D. M., Palo, A. D., Kook, M., Candelari, A. E., Maye, C. E., McNeel, M., Trent, E. S., Garcia, J. L., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104451 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-18
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2119475075
- Cited by
- 3,067
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 144 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 168 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 93.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- empirically supported treatments, treatment efficacy, replication, effectiveness research, cost-effectiveness, psychological intervention, evidence-based practice
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Patient Compliance, Psychotherapy, Empiricism
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