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Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling.
Abstract
Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a precursor of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Twenty-four participants with ASD following civilian trauma were given 5 sessions of either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or supportive counseling (SC) within 2 weeks of their trauma. Fewer participants in CBT (8%) than in SC (83%) met criteria for PTSD at posttreatment. There were also fewer cases of PTSD in the CBT condition (17%) than in the SC condition (67%) 6 months posttrauma. There were greater statistically and clinically significant reductions in intrusive, avoidance, and depressive symptomatology among the CBT participants than among the SC participants. This study represents the 1st demonstration of successful treatment of ASD with CBT and its efficacy in preventing chronic PTSD.
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“A protocol was developed based on the protocols used by Bryant and colleagues (1998) [50] and Boelen and colleagues (2007) [62], to match session duration in the EMDR therapy condition and other non-specific treatment effects, such as therapeutic alliance, time and contact with a therapist [63].”
In the citing paper
“To control for nonspecific factors, we will use an active, nonspecific and nondirective intervention aimed at offering support (supportive counseling) [50].”
In the citing paper
“These programs evaluated abridged versions of TF-CBT (usually 5-6 sessions), and typically found that they were more efficacious than control conditions 128-132 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [128]
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“Bryant et al., 1998, 1999; Marks, Lovell, Noshirvani, Livanou, & Thrasher, 1998) have reported significant decreases in symptoms of depression (BDI) or anxiety (STAI), to the best of our knowledge, no one else has reported categorical results like these on benefits to co-morbid conditions when CBT is applied for PTSD.…”
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“Many of these trials have concluded that PE (or similar exposure programs) is effective because it resulted in moderate to large effect sizes relative to supportive counseling (Bryant et al., 1998; Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, Dang, et al., 2003; Bryant et al., 1999; Foa et al., 1991).”
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“…Post treatment (Bryant et al., 1998; Bryant et al., 2005; Bryant et al., 1999; Bryant et al., 2003; Foa et al., 2006; Nixon et al., 2016) 3 – 6 months follow-up (Bryant et al., 1998; Bryant et al., 2005; Bryant et al., 1999; Bryant et al., 2003; Foa et al., 2006) 2+ years post trauma (Bryant et…”
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“and build on already exhibited strengths ( Bryant, Harvey, Dang, Sackville, & Basten, 1998; Foa, Hearst-Ikeda, & Perry, 1995; McMillen, Smith, & Fisher, 1997; Seligman, Stein, Park, & Peterson, 2005)”
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“One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that Bryant et al’s samples were at greater risk of chronic PTSD symptoms because they suffered from ASD; however, Foa et al did not find differential outcome for patients with and without ASD.”
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“Bryant et al. (1998) show that CBT performs better than supportive counseling in staving off long- term psychological disorders.”
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“Second, the design of this study as well as Bryant and colleagues’ ( Bryant et al., 1998; Bryant et al., 1999) studies do not allow for a direct comparison to rates of natural recovery.”
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“Such referrals should also entail avoidance of ordinary supportive counseling techniques (cf. Bryant et al.,1998; Bryant et al., 1999), especially for manifestations of ASD.”
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“The superiority of cognitive behavioral therapy over nonspecific therapies in preventing chronic PTSD has previously been demonstrated (Bryant et al., 1998).”
Nash, W. P., & Watson, P. (2012) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.10.0194 · Cited by 117
“In trials delivered over the course of about 4–5 individual therapy sessions and initiated about 2 weeks after the trauma, this intervention has been significantly more effective in preventing PTSD and in decreasing depressive symptoms than simple education and support [20–21].”
MethodRandomized controlled evaluation of an early intervention to prevent post-rape psychopathology
Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R. E., Waldrop, A. E., King, L. A., King, D. W., Danielson, C. K., Ruggiero, K. J., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.002 · Cited by 111
Marcks, B. A., Weisberg, R. B., Edelen, M. O., & Keller, M. B. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.004 · Cited by 106
“These findings show that sleep disturbance has prognostic significance, suggesting a need to screen for sleep problems early on in order to identify individuals who could benefit from treatment (Bryant et al., 1998).”
BackgroundKornør, H., Winje, D., Ekeberg, Ø., Weisæth, L., Kirkehei, I., Johansen, K., & Steiro, A. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-81 · Cited by 106
“Four of the included studies [11-15,18] had been carried out with very similar research protocols in Australia by Richard Bryant and his research team, while Edna Foa and her team in the USA were responsible for the fifth study [17].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe generality of cognitive bias in acute stress disorder
Smith, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00096-0 · Cited by 106
Self-citationvan Emmerik, A., Kamphuis, J. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000112886 · Cited by 106
“The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating ASD [”
BackgroundA NARRATIVE EXPOSURE TREATMENT AS INTERVENTION IN A REFUGEE CAMP: A CASE REPORT
Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Roth, W. T., & Elbert, T. R. (2002) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465802002072 · Cited by 109
Stallard, P. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.005 · Cited by 104
Cognitive bias in acute stress disorder
Warda, G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00071-0 · Cited by 104
Self-citationThe Current Evidence for Acute Stress Disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0976-x · Cited by 114
Self-citationGiummarra, M. J., Lennox, A., Dali, G., Costa, B. M., & Gabbe, B. J. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.001 · Cited by 111
Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R. E., Coffey, S. F., Carpenter, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Stephens, R. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Stasiewicz, P. R., Roffman, R. A., et al. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.12.001 · Cited by 102
“Method of delivery has also varied, with some early interventions being delivered via video (e.g., Resnick, Acierno, Holmes, Kilpatrick, & Jager, 1999) and others being clinician-directed (e.g., Bryant et al., 1998; Foa et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodRusso, J. E., Katon, W. J., & Zatzick, D. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.016 · Cited by 100
“Efficacy and effectiveness studies suggest that individuals with posttraumatic psychological symptoms, including injured trauma survivors, may respond to early cognitive behavioral psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic interventions [17,18,23–31].”
BackgroundPreventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families: An Assessment of Programs
Denning, L., Meisnere, M., & Warner, K. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00360 · Cited by 98
“In the first study Bryant and colleagues found fewer cases of PTSD in the CBT group (17 percent) than in the supportive counseling group (67 percent) (Bryant et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilhelm, S., Phillips, K. A., Greenberg, J. L., O’Keefe, S. M., Hoeppner, S. S., Keshaviah, A., Sarvode-Mothi, S., & Schoenfeld, D. A. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4156 · Cited by 99
Difede, J., Malta, L. S., Best, S. R., Henn‐Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Bryant, R. A., & Marmar, C. R. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181568612 · Cited by 104
“The items on the Treatment Fidelity Rating Scale are a list of required therapist in-session interventions for each treatment component (e.g., psychoeducation, breathing, prolonged exposure, etc.).”
MethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., Sackville, T., & Basten, C.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Westmead Hospital (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1998-10
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 862-866
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2027411701
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 14.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- acute stress disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, supportive counseling, civilian trauma, intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, depressive symptoms, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Acute Disease, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Counseling, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Chi-Square Distribution, Treatment Outcome, Survivors
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