Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review

Kar, Nilamadhab

doi:10.2147/ndt.s10389

Cited by 266Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchSleep and related disordersPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review

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Kar, Nilamadhab·2011·Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

DOI 10.2147/ndt.s10389PMC PMC3083990

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric sequel to a stressful event or situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used in the management of PTSD for many years. This paper reviews the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of PTSD following various types of trauma, its potential to prevent PTSD, methods used in CBT, and reflects on the mechanisms of action of CBT in PTSD. METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed, were searched for articles on CBT and PTSD. Manual searches were conducted for cross-references in the relevant journal sites. RESULTS: The current literature reveals robust evidence that CBT is a safe and effective intervention for both acute and chronic PTSD following a range of traumatic experiences in adults, children, and adolescents. However, nonresponse to CBT by PTSD can be as high as 50%, contributed to by various factors, including comorbidity and the nature of the study population. CBT has been validated and used across many cultures, and has been used successfully by community therapists following brief training in individual and group settings. There has been effective use of Internet-based CBT in PTSD. CBT has been found to have a preventive role in some studies, but evidence for definitive recommendations is inadequate. The effect of CBT has been mediated mostly by the change in maladaptive cognitive distortions associated with PTSD. Many studies also report physiological, functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic changes correlating with response to CBT. CONCLUSION: There is scope for further research on implementation of CBT following major disasters, its preventive potential following various traumas, and the neuropsychological mechanisms of action.

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CBT is a safe and productive intervention for acute and chronic PTSD in children, adolescents, and adults.
“Consistent with the literature, CBT is a safe and productive intervention for acute and chronic PTSD in children, adolescents, and adults [67].”
From Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as [67]

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Beidel, D. C., Frueh, B. C., Uhde, T. W., Wong, N. Y. H., & Mentrikoski, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The flexible application of a manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms and functional impairment related to the 9/11 World Trade Center attack
Levitt, J. T., Malta, L. S., Martin, A. L., Davis, L. L., & Cloître, M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.004 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Treatment Trial for World Trade Center Attack-Related PTSD in Disaster Workers
Difede, J., Malta, L. S., Best, S. R., Henn‐Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Bryant, R. A., & Marmar, C. R. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181568612 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Intensive Cognitive Therapy for PTSD: A Feasibility Study
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Liness, S., Wild, J., Manley, J., Waddington, L., & McManus, F. V. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000214 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Cognitive–behavior therapy for PTSD in rape survivors
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents
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Treating acute posttraumatic reactions in children and adolescents
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A Therapist‐Assisted Internet‐Based CBT Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Preliminary Results
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Cognitive–Behavioral Theory and Preparation for Professionals at Risk for Trauma Exposure
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Hypnotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: a 3-year follow-up
Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Nixon, R. D. V., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K., & Hopwood, S. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.04.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Randomized Controlled Comparison of Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Rogerian Supportive Therapy in Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A 2-Year Follow-Up
Cottraux, J. A., Note, I. D., Yao, S. N., Mey-Guillard, C. D., Bonasse, F., Djamoussian, D., Mollard, E., Note, B., & Chen, Y. S. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000112887 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents after natural disaster
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Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Who Have Had a Myocardial Infarction
Shemesh, E., Koren‐Michowitz, M., Yehuda, R., Milo‐Cotter, O., Murdock, E., Vered, Z., Shneider, B. L., Gorman, J. M., & Cotter, G. (2006) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.3.231 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: a review
Lapp, L. K., Agbokou, C., Peretti, C.-S., & Ferreri, F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2010.503330 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cognitive behaviour therapy for postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder: case studies
Ayers, S., McKenzie‐McHarg, K., & Eagle, A. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820601142957 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Over-time changes in PTSD and depression among children surviving the 1999 Istanbul earthquake
Ekşi, A., & Braun, K. L. (2009) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0745-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The expert consensus guideline series. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Expert Consensus Panels for PTSD.
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Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on heart rate variability during REM sleep in female rape victims with PTSD.
Nishith, P., Duntley, S. P., Domitrovich, P. P., Uhles, M. L., Cook, B. J., & Stein, P. K. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1023791906879 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Postdisaster Distress: A Community Based Treatment Program for Survivors of Hurricane Katrina
Hamblen, J. L., Norris, F. H., Pietruszkiewicz, S., Gibson, L. E., Naturale, A. J., & Louis, C. A. (2009) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-009-0213-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Promise of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Using Imaginal Exposure in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Resulting From Cardiovascular Illness
Shemesh, E., Annunziato, R. A., Davison, B. A., Cotter, G., Feaganes, J. R., Santra, M., Yehuda, R., & Rubinstein, D. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05116blu · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Using Target Population Specification, Effect Size, and Reach to Estimate and Compare the Population Impact of Two PTSD Preventive Interventions
Zatzick, D., Koepsell, T. D., & Rivara, F. P. (2009) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2009.72.4.346 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Early Intervention with Traumatized Children
Silva, R. R., Cloître, M., Davis, L., Levitt, J. T., Gómez, S. R., Ngai, I., & Brown, E. J. (2003) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1026035426446 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Group cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD: Treatment of motor vehicle accident survivors
Beck, J. G., & Coffey, S. F. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80049-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Psychosocial treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: the neglected field of single-incident trauma
Nevo, G. A., & Manassis, K. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20123 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Post‐traumatic growth as outcome of a cognitive‐behavioural therapy trial for motor vehicle accident survivors with PTSD
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Changes in Brain Electrical Activity After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Injured in Motor Vehicle Accidents
Rabe, S., Zöllner, T., Beauducel, A., Maercker, A. R. A., & Karl, A. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815aa325 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Perceptual and conceptual processing as predictors of treatment outcome in PTSD
Kindt, M., Buck, N. M. L., Arntz, A. R., & Soeter, M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dresden PTSD treatment study: randomized controlled trial of motor vehicle accident survivors
Maercker, A. R. A., Zöllner, T., Menning, H., Rabe, S., & Karl, A. (2006) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-29 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Psychosocial issues following a natural disaster in a developing country: a qualitative longitudinal observational study
Kar, N. (2006) · International Journal of Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1080/15031430701875551 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of tortured asylum seekers: a case study
Başoğlu, M., Ekblad, S., Bäärnhielm, S., & Livanou, M. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00248-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Correlates of Motor Vehicle Accident Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and its Successful Treatment
Rabe, S., Dörfel, D., Zöllner, T., Maercker, A. R. A., & Karl, A. (2006) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9027-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neurorehabilitation for two cases of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury
Williams, W. H., Evans, J. J., & Wilson, B. A. (2003) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/713752238 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for child crime victims
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. P. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1022851324044 · Cited by 37 · cited 6× · see citing works
“A growing number of studies of child abuse victims have supported the effectiveness of trauma-focused CBT. 80 A review article found that promising treatments for war-related PTSD in refugee children and adolescents include CBT, testimonial psychotherapy, narrative exposure therapy, and EMDR.”
Influential
CBT for pharmacotherapy non-remitters—a systematic review of a next-step strategy
Rodrigues, H., Figueira, I., Gonçalves, R., Mendlowicz, M., Macedo, T., & Ventura, P. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.025 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Psychological consequences of awareness and their treatment
Lennmarken, C., & Sydsjö, G. (2007) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Treatment of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sijbrandij, M. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.1.82 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Suicidality following a natural disaster
Kar, M. (2010) · American Journal of Disaster Medicine · doi:10.5055/ajdm.2010.0042 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
One- and two-year prospective follow-up of cognitive behavior therapy or supportive psychotherapy
Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Malta, L. S., Freidenberg, B. M., Canna, M. A., Kuhn, E. R., Sykes, M. A., & Galovski, T. E. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00201-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sexually Abused Children Suffering From Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Assessment and Treatment Strategies
King, N. J., Heyne, D. A., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P. E., Myerson, N., Rollings, S., & Ollendick, T. H. (2003) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070310003620 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hopelessness as a Risk Factor for Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Interpersonal Violence Survivors
Scher, C. D., & Resick, P. A. (2005) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070510008434 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Bisson, J. I. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203333754_chapter_4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Efficacité du « débriefing psychologique » dans la prévention des troubles psychologiques post-traumatiques
Aulagnier, M., Verger, P., & Rouillon, F. (2004) · Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/s0398-7620(04)99023-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
General disaster psychiatry
Garakani, A., Hirschowitz, J., & Katz, C. L. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Training community therapists to deliver cognitive behavioral therapy in the aftermath of disaster.
Hamblen, J. L., Norris, F. H., Gibson, L. E., & Lee, L. S. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder
Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N., Kenardy, J. A., & Bisson, J. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e717692011-002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Talbott, J. A. (2009) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)79140-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Startle Responses in Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors: A Pilot Study
Karl, A., Malta, L. S., Alexander, J., & Blanchard, E. B. (2004) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1023/b:apbi.0000039060.57276.aa · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Natural disasters in developing countries: Mental health issues
Kar, N. (2009) · Indian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/0019-5359.55882 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The relationship between interpersonal perception and post‐traumatic stress disorder‐related functional impairment: a social relations model analysis
Christensen, P. N., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2004) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070410026417 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Applications to injured trauma survivors
Wagner, A. W. (2003) · Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/s1084-3612(03)00018-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effectiveness of brief VR treatment for PTSD in war-fighters: a case study.
Miyahira, S. D., Folen, R. A., Hoffman, H. G., García‐Palacios, A., & Schaper, K. M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
“[923-925].”
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Bisson, J. I., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., & Roberts, N. P. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h6161 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Discriminatory experiences associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among transgender adults.
Reisner, S. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Gamarel, K. E., Keuroghlian, A. S., Mizock, L. M., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000143 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“Integrating evidenced-based treatments for PTSD, such as cognitive behavioral interventions (Forneris et al., 2013; Kar, 2011; Maguen, et al., 2005; Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002), with gender minority stress models (Hendricks & Testa, 2012) will ensure cultural responsiveness of interventions to meet…”
BackgroundMethod
Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met
Richter‐Levin, G., Stork, O., & Schmidt, M. V. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0272-5 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“While effective in many cases, nonresponse to psychological therapies for PTSD may be as high as 50% [10].”
Failing to Forget
Catarino, A., Küpper, C. S., Werner‐Seidler, A., Dalgleish, T., & Anderson, M. C. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615569889 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD is thought to be effective because it encourages patients to stop avoiding memories and to confront reminders until the traumatic memories become less distressing (Kar, 2011).”
Background
Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats
Serova, L. I., Tillinger, A., Alaluf, L. G., Lauková, M., Keegan, K., & Sabban, E. L. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.040 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Benefits of Sexual Activity on Psychological, Relational, and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Breakout
Mollaioli, D., Sansone, A., Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Colonnello, E., Lorenzo, G. D., & Jannini, E. A. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.008 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
Kearney, B. E., & Lanius, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“…2017; Yang et al., 2018), lower than 50% efficacy in PTSD patients has been reported (Marks et al., 1998; Bradley et al., 2005; Mendes et al., 2008; Kar, 2011), and they can be less beneficial during states of stress (van der Kolk and Fisler, 1995; Raio et al., 2013) or dissociation (Michelson et…”
Background
Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology
(2019) · Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology · doi:10.31426/ijrpb · Cited by 137 · see citing works
PTSD and TBI co-morbidity: Scope, clinical presentation and treatment options
Tanev, K. S., Pentel, K. Z., Kredlow, M. A., & Charney, M. E. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.873821 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on extinction of conditioned fear and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in rats
Noble, L. J., Gonzalez, I. J., Meruva, V. B., Callahan, K. A., Belfort, B. D., Ramanathan, K. R., Meyers, E., Kilgard, M. P., Rennaker, R. L., & McIntyre, C. K. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.191 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Terahertz Photons Improve Cognitive Functions in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Yu, Y., Wu, K., Xiao, Y., Long, J., & Chang, C. (2023) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0278 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“However, it is worth noting that this treatment may not yield positive outcomes for approximately 50% of patients [3,5].”
Background
A review of primary care interventions to improve health outcomes in adult survivors of adverse childhood experiences
Korotana, L. M., Dobson, K. S., Pusch, D., & Josephson, T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2018) · doi:10.7759/cureus.3250 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The effectiveness of CBT in treating PTSD has been documented in many studies [9, 10].”
Background
What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger: Psychological trauma and its relationship to enhanced memory control.
Hulbert, J. C., & Anderson, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000461 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Cognitive–behavioral therapy for PTSD is considered effective because it encourages patients to stop avoiding memories and to confront reminders until the traumatic memories become less distressing (Kar, 2011).”
Background
Reduced hippocampal volume is associated with overgeneralization of negative context in individuals with PTSD
Levy-Gigi, E., Szabo, C., Richter-Levin, G., & Kéri, S. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000131 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cannabis in the management of PTSD: a systematic review
Rehman, Y., Saini, A., Huang, S., Sood, E., Gill, R., & Yanikomeroglu, S. (2021) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2021022 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“PTSD is primarily treated by various psychotherapies and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy [6], exposure therapy [7,8], support therapies, biofeedback [9], and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [10].”
Background
Cognitive debt and Alzheimer’s disease
Marchant, N. L., & Howard, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141515 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD [201–204],”
The Invisible Wound: Moral Injury and Its Impact on the Health of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans
Yan, G. W. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00103 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Two Clinical Cases
Stavropoulos, K. K. M., Bolourian, Y., & Blacher, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7040071 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy on Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Youth
Mueller, M. K., & McCullough, L. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0648-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…(2014) discovered that half or more of patients participating in TF-CBT remained significantly symptomatic at posttreatment and met diagnostic criteria or relapse at follow-up (Kar 2011; Schottenbauer et al. 2008), with the conclusion that CBT is not always effective in treating all patients.”
Examining the Effects of a Novel Training Program and Use of Psychiatric Service Dogs for Military-Related PTSD and Associated Symptoms
Kloep, M. L., Hunter, R. H., & Kertz, S. (2017) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000254 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Adjunctive Treatments for Recurrent Depression: The European Depression EMDR Network (EDEN) Randomized Controlled Trial
Ostacoli, L., Carletto, S., Cavallo, M., Baldomir, P., Lorenzo, G. D., Fernández, I., Hase, M., Justo-Alonso, A., Lehnung, M., Migliaretti, G., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00074 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“EMDR and CBT have both been proven to be efficacious in treating anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms, and therefore these results are in agreement with previous literature (Kar, 2011; Hofmann et al., 2012; Chen Y.-R. et al., 2014).”
Result
Impairing memory reconsolidation with propranolol in healthy and clinical samples: a meta-analysis
Pigeon, S., Lonergan, M. H., Rotondo, O., Pitman, R. K., & Brunet, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.210057 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Related Treatments for Victims of Natural Disasters: A Worldwide Problem
Lopes, A. P., Macedo, T. F., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., & Ventura, P. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A literature review of the therapeutic mechanisms of art therapy for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
Smith, A. P. (2016) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2016.1170055 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“successful outcomes as low as 50% (Kar, 2011), specifi-”
BackgroundInfluential
Predicting susceptibility and resilience in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Colucci, P., Marchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Alva, P., Chiarotti, F., Hasan, M. T., & Campolongo, P. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00929-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Islamic Trauma Healing: Integrating Faith and Empirically Supported Principles in a Community-Based Program
Bentley, J. A., Feeny, N. C., Dolezal, M. L., Klein, A. B., Marks, L. H., Graham, B., & Zoellner, L. A. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.10.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Robust reviews of the mechanisms of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral treatments can be found elsewhere (e.g., Cooper, Clifton, et al., 2017; Kar, 2011).”
Background
Clinical Therapeutic Strategy and Neuronal Mechanism Underlying Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Yabuki, Y., & Fukunaga, K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20153614 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“According to National Institute for Clinical Excellence study (2005), Kar (2011) and Lee et al. (2016), psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are recommended as the first-line therapy for PTSD symptoms [54–56].”
Background
Service dog training programs for veterans with PTSD: results of a pilot controlled study
Whitworth, J. D., Scotland-Coogan, D., & Wharton, T. (2019) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2019.1580238 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“A substantial quantity of controlled research studies have concluded that PE, CPT, and EMDR can be quite helpful for veterans and others in reducing and managing their PTSD symptoms (Briere & Scott, 2015; Goodson, Lefkowitz, Helstrom, & Gawrysiak, 2013; Kar, 2011).”
Background
The Benefit of Conserving and Gaining Resources after Trauma: A Systematic Review
Hollifield, M. A., Gory, A., Siedjak, J., Nguyen, L., Holmgreen, L., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5110104 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“There is very little research about the mechanisms of action of these therapies [40].”
Background
Behavioral Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Flanagan, J. C. (2018) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v39.2.08 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD: The Role of Complex PTSD on Treatment Outcome
Lonergan, M. H. (2014) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.904467 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…symptoms and functional impairments at posttreatment, still meet diagnostic criteria at follow-up, or relapse, suggesting that CBT is not always effective in treating all patients (Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Kar, 2011; Schottenbauer, Glass, Arnkoff, Tendick, & Gray, 2008).”
Background
Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice
Salum, G. A., DeSousa, D. A., do Rosário, M. C., Pine, D. S., & Manfro, G. G. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-s108 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Acute mental disorders and short and long term morbidity in patients with third degree flame burn: A population-based outcome study of 96,451 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2001–2011)
Mahendraraj, K., Durgan, D. M., & Chamberlain, R. S. (2016) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.06.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid-based pharmacotherapies preventing PTSD
Florido, A., Velasco, E. R., Monari, S., Cano, M., Cardoner, N., Sandi, C., Andero, R., & Pérez-Caballero, L. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109344 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis.
Gkintoni, E., Kourkoutas, E., Yotsidi, V., Stavrou, P. D., & Prinianaki, D. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050579 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Consistent with the literature, CBT is a safe and productive intervention for acute and chronic PTSD in children, adolescents, and adults [67].”
Background
Transcriptome-wide association study of post-trauma symptom trajectories identified GRIN3B as a potential biomarker for PTSD development
Lori, A., Schultebraucks, K., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Daskalakis, N. P., Katrinli, Ş., Smith, A. K., Myers, A., Richholt, R., Huentelman, M. J., Guffanti, G., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01073-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Interventions for At-Risk and Justice-Involved Youth: A Meta-Analysis
Olaghere, A., Wilson, D. B., & Kimbrell, C. S. (2021) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548211003117 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“395 Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 167–181. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S10389 *Krakow, B., Sandoval, D., Schrader, R., Keuhne, B., Mcbride, L., Yau, C. L., & Tandberg, D. (2001). Treatment of chroni…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Emotional freedom techniques for treating post traumatic stress disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Stapleton, P., Kip, K. E., Church, D., Toussaint, L. L., Footman, J., Ballantyne, P., & O’Keefe, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195286 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
First‐line therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of cognitive behavioural therapy and psychodynamic approaches
Paintain, E., & Cassidy, S. (2018) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12174 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Burnout and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Emergency Medicine Resident Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Chang, J., Ray, J. M., Joseph, D., Evans, L. V., & Joseph, M. (2022) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2021.11.53186 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reviewing outcomes of psychological interventions with torture survivors: Conceptual, methodological and ethical Issues
Patel, N., Williams, A. C. D. C., & Këllezi, B. (2018) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v26i1.108060 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Co-treatment of piracetam with risperidone rescued extinction deficits in experimental paradigms of post-traumatic stress disorder by restoring the physiological alterations in cortex and hippocampus
Uniyal, A., Singh, R., Akhtar, A., Bansal, Y., Kuhad, A., & Sah, S. P. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172763 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Predictors of nonresponse and drop-out among children and adolescents receiving TF-CBT: investigation of client-, therapist-, and implementation factors
Skar, A. S., Braathu, N., Jensen, T. K., & Ormhaug, S. M. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08497-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Despite the proven effectiveness of trauma focused EBPs for PTSS as compared to therapy as usual among youth [36, 38], review and meta-analytic studies find nonresponse rates up to 50 percent [33] and an average drop-out rate of 11.”
Background
The Assessment and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Autistic People: A Systematic Review
Quinton, A. M. G., Ali, D., Danese, A., Happe, F. G. E., & Rumball, F. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00430-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…EMDR surpasses TAU in autistic people diagnosed with PTSD. Likewise, trauma-focused CBT (TF-CBT) is the first-line treatment for PTSD in the general population and shows high efficacy across ages (Kar, 2011) but remains to be systematically investigated in relation to PTSD in autistic individuals.”
Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of the amygdala and potential therapeutic interventions – a review
Davis, L. L., & Hamner, M. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1356563 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like memory impairments in rats
Li, Y., Dong, Y., Yang, L., Tucker, L. D., Zong, X., Brann, D. W., Hamblin, M. R., Vazdarjanova, A. I., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01088-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of Brief Cognitive Behavioral Counseling and Debriefing on the Prevention of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatic Birth: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abdollahpour, S., Khosravi, A., Motaghi, Z., Keramat, A., & Mousavi, S. A. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00424-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
HeartMath approach to self-regulation and psychosocial well-being
Elbers, J. M., & McCraty, R. (2020) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2020.1712797 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This goes a long way towards explaining why what are often called “bottom-up” approaches such as somatic approaches and HRV biofeedback, are often more effective than “topdown” (cognitive) approaches in treating psychological issues, especially in cases of trauma (Kar, 2011; Van der Kolk, 1994) .”
Background
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Mansour, M., Joseph, G. R., Joy, G. K., Khanal, S., Dasireddy, R. R., Menon, A., Mason, I. B., Kataria, J., Patel, T., & Modi, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44905 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Brexpiprazole blocks post-traumatic stress disorder-like memory while promoting normal fear memory
Ducourneau, E., Guette, C., Perrot, D., Mondésir, M., Mombereau, C., Arnt, J., Desmedt, A., & Piazza, P. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0852-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Assessing Subgroup Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Rescue Workers in Japan With the Impact of Event Scale–Revised
Noda, Y., Asano, K., Shimizu, E., & Hirano, Y. (2018) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.62 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In previous work, cognitive behavioral therapy in particular has been associated with a decrease in PTSD symptoms.(78) Fifth, it is possible that the rescue workers might have different reactions to this disaster than others, because of its duration and nature, including earthquake, tsunami, and radiological leaks.”
Background
A randomized controlled trial of Deep Brain Reorienting: a neuroscientifically guided treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
Kearney, B. E., Corrigan, F. M., Frewen, P. A., Nevill, S., Harricharan, S., Andrews, K., Jetly, R., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2240691 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…approximate one in every ﬁ ve persons (Imel et al., 2013; Lewis et al., 2020) with up to half of individuals deemed treatment nonresponsive (Bradley et al., 2005; Imel et al., 2013; Kar, 2011; Michelson et al., 1998; Pit-man et al., 1991; Schottenbauer et al., 2008; van Min-nen et al., 2002).”
Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder: new directions in pharmacotherapy
Green, B. (2013) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.111.010041 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Kar N (2011) Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7: 167–81. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NC…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Religious and Spiritual Clients: A Critical Perspective
Carlson, K. M., & González-Prendes, A. A. (2016) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2016.1159940 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…and anxious youth (Chu & Harrison, 2007); schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders (Wykes, Steel, Everitt, & Tarrier, 2008); acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorders in adults, children, and adolescents (Kar, 2011); and alcohol and drug use disorders (McHugh, Hearon, & Otto, 2010).”
Background
Aqueous extract of saffron administration along with amygdala deep brain stimulation promoted alleviation of symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in rats.
Hashtjini, M. M., Jahromi, G. P., Meftahi, G. H., Esmaeili, D., & Javidnazar, D. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22038/ajp.2018.10361 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“such as antidepressants, anxiolytic drugs, β-adrenergic antagonists, opiates, and cortisol have shown controversial results (Kar, 2011).”
Background
Computerized Clinical Training Simulations with Virtual Clients Abusing Alcohol: Initial Feasibility, Acceptability, and Effectiveness
Smith, M. J., Bornheimer, L. A., Verdugo, J. L., Blajeski, S. M., Hiltz, B., Fischer, D., Check, K., & Ruffolo, M. C. (2020) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-020-00779-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The course also had accompanying lectures that highlighted the versatility of MI and CBT across cultures and disorders (Armstrong et al. 2011; Kar 2011; Lee et al. 2013; Manber et al. 2011; Montgomery et al. 2011; Murphy et al. 2010) and introduced other psychotherapeutic techniques (e.g.,…”
Background
Positive modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the mPFC reduces the spontaneous recovery of fear
Lee, B., Pothula, S., Wu, M., Kang, H., Girgenti, M. J., Picciotto, M. R., Dileone, R., Taylor, J. R., & Duman, R. S. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01498-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Currently, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has the greatest efficacy in treating PTSD symptoms; however, the nonresponse rates of PTSD patients to CBT are as high as 50% [5, 6].”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Future Research and Clinical Care
Hargrave, A. S., Sumner, J. A., Ebrahimi, R., & Cohen, B. E. (2022) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-022-01809-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Memory Specificity Training for Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising Therapeutic Intervention
Erten, M. N., & Brown, A. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00419 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Although considerable advances have been made in the treatment of these disorders, many patients do not benefit from current therapeutic interventions (e.g., Turner et al., 2008; Cuijpers et al., 2009; Kar, 2011; Roque, 2015), resulting in a growing interest in the translation of findings from basic cognitive-neurosci…”
Background
The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress in the mothers of preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Seiiedi-Biarag, L., Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, M., & Ghanbari‐Homayi, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2019.1678019 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stress management interventions among socioeconomically disadvantaged parents: A meta-analysis and moderation analysis
Ling, J., Zahry, N. R., & Liu, C.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103954 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Yoga versus education for Veterans with chronic low back pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Saper, R. B., Lemaster, C. M., Elwy, A. R., Paris, R., Herman, P. M., Plumb, D. N., Sherman, K. J., Groessl, E. J., Lynch, S., Wang, S., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1321-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, cognitive therapy for PTSS), leading to additional barriers to back pain recovery [19, 20].”
Background
CPEB3-dowregulated Nr3c1 mRNA translation confers resilience to developing posttraumatic stress disorder-like behavior in fear-conditioned mice
Lu, W.-H., Chao, H., Lin, P.-Y., Lin, S., Liu, T.-H., Chen, H.-W., & Huang, Y. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01017-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Consequences of Massive Trauma: Implications and Clinical Interventions
Theodoratou, M., Kougioumtzis, G. Α., Yotsidi, V., Sofologi, M., Katsarou, D. V., & Megari, K. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59122128 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…memory, concentration, emotional regulation, and threat perception [11], and it is essential that both aspects be addressed for successful interventions, given that clinicians are aware of recent research on brain plasticity, memory, and the neurobiological pathways of stress and recovery [90].”
Background
The Stress Phenotyping Framework: A multidisciplinary biobehavioral approach for assessing and therapeutically targeting maladaptive stress physiology
Gilgoff, R., Mengelkoch, S., Elbers, J. M., Kotz, K. J., Radin, A. S., Pasumarthi, I., Murthy, R., Sindher, S., Harris, N. B., & Slavich, G. M. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2327333 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…our “thinking brain” and improving cognitive control over our behavioral responses) include trauma-Focused cognitive Behavioral therapy (tF-cBt) (Kar, 2011; lorenc et al., 2020; Ramirez de Arellano et al., 2014), Dialectical Behavior therapy (DBt) (Bohus et al., 2020), and Prolonged exposure…”
Influential
The Effect of Group Counseling Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on Pregnancy-Specific Stress and Anxiety
Kaboli, K. S., Mahmoodi, Z., Tourzani, Z. M., Tehranizadeh, M., Kabir, K., & Dolatian, M. (2017) · Shiraz E-Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj.45231 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pain Assessment–Can it be Done with a Computerised System? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pombo, N. G. C. C., García, N. M., Bousson, K., Spinsante, S., & Chorbev, I. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13040415 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This review included 19 studies related to CBT, in which the following outcomes were observed: the effectiveness for decreasing chronic pain, in line with [49,56,57], the reduction of pain related behaviours as suggested by [58,59], and a facilitated return to work, as presented by [60,61].”
Stress-induced increases in depression-like and cocaine place-conditioned behaviors are reversed by disruption of memories during reconsolidation
Hymel, K. A., Eans, S. O., Sitchenko, K. L., Gomes, S. M., Lukowsky, A. L., Medina, J. M., Sypek, E. I., Carey, A. N., & McLaughlin, J. P. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000074 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Psychotherapy and existing medications may reduce the symptoms of PTSD (Ravindran and Stein, 2009; Kar, 2011), but therapeutic approaches may differ depending on symptoms displayed and immediacy to the traumatic event (Steckler and Risbrough, 2012).”
Background
Placebo Effects Across Self-Report, Clinician Rating, and Objective Performance Tasks Among Women With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Hodgins, G. E., Blommel, J. G., Dunlop, B. W., Iosifescu, D. V., Mathew, S. J., Neylan, T. C., Mayberg, H. S., & Harvey, P. D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000858 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Group Play Therapy for Preadolescents: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of Natural Disaster Victims in Indonesia
Rusmana, N., Hafina, A., & Suryana, D. (2020) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350102013010213 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Autoethnography as Therapy for Trauma
Mcmillan, C., & Ramirez, H. (2016) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2016.1117278 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Trauma is also categorized as to type with a specific number of remedial sessions recommended for trauma as a result of “terrorism, war, sexual assault, road traffic accident, refugee status or disaster” (Kar, 2011, pp. 167–181).”
Background
Psychological interventions for post‐traumatic stress disorder in people living with HIV in Resource poor settings: a systematic review
Verhey, R., Chibanda, D., Brakarsh, J., & Seedat, S. (2016) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12756 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“There is, however, evidence suggesting that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based interventions can be effective for PTSD [10], namely evidence-based interventions such as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) [11–14] or prolonged exposure (PE) [15] vs.”
Background
Environmental variables that ameliorate extinction learning deficits in the 129S1/SvlmJ mouse strain
Cazares, V. A., Rodriguez, G., Parent, R., Ouillette, L., Glanowska, K. M., Moore, S. J., & Murphy, G. G. (2019) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12575 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacotherapy of Military Personnel Suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Naß, J., & Efferth, T. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666161111113514 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling [14], which seems to be the most effective type of counseling for PTSD.”
Background
Successfully treating refugees’ post-traumatic stress symptoms in a Ugandan settlement with group cognitive behaviour therapy
Goninon, E. J., Kannis‐Dymand, L., Sonderegger, R., Mugisha, D., & Lovell, G. P. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000478 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“(Cusack et al., 2016; Kar, 2011), limited research exists among refugees, especially those living in humanitarian settings in developing nations.”
Background
Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Mental Health Interventions Delivered by Frontline Health Care Workers in Emergency Health Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Peng, M., Xiao, T., Carter, B., Chen, P., & Shearer, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315847 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Natural hazards, trauma, and its amelioration: Lessons learned from India
Suar, D., Kar, N., & Panigrahi, G. S. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104548 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Family mode deactivation therapy (FMDT): A randomized controlled trial for adolescents with complex issues.
Swart, J., & Apsche, J. A. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0101010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, the trends as suggestive of the results corroborate those found in the CBCL and STAXI-2 comparisons and reports of the long-term effective of traditional CBT treatment for similar populations (Rohde, Clarke, Mace, Jorgensen, & Seeley, 2004; Kar, 2011).”
Result
Absence of neurogenic response following robust predator-induced stress response
Lau, C., Hebert, M. A., Vani, M. A., WALLING, S., Hayley, S. P., Lagace, D. C., & Blundell, J. J. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Eight Limbs of Yoga can be Maintained in a Veteran Friendly Yoga Program
Schmid, A. A., Sternke, E. A., Do, A.-N., Schalk, N. L., Starnino, V. R., & Davis, L. W. (2021) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_106_20 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Research suggests that people with PTSD benefit from interventions that help them change or confront their attitude, beliefs, and behaviors, such as cognitive behavior therapy.[20] It appears yoga is another promising pathway to changes in thinking and behaving that are of benefit to those who have PTSD, including PTS…”
Background
Osteopathic Treatment Approach to Psychoemotional Trauma by Means of Bifocal Integration
Liem, T., & Neuhuber, W. (2020) · Journal of Osteopathic Medicine · doi:10.7556/jaoa.2020.021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
When Adverse Experiences Influence the Interpretation of Ourselves, Others and the World: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Maladaptive Schemas in Victims of Violence
Uvelli, A., Floridi, M., Agrusti, G., Franquillo, A. C., Fiumalbi, L., Micheloni, T., Arcuri, A., Iazzetta, S., & Gragnani, A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70114 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In CBT and ST, such beliefs are recognized as irrational convictions that, when addressed, help individuals better cope with daily challenges, heal from trauma and enhance their psychological well-being (Beck 1979; Young 1990; Clark 1996; Kar 2011; Kliethermes et al. 2024).”
Psychotherapeutic and pharmacological agents for post-traumatic stress disorder with sleep disorder: network meta-analysis
Huang, C.-Y., Zhao, Y.-F., Zhang, Z., Liu, R.-B., Liu, J.-L., Li, X., Luo, J., Li, Y., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2381696 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…et is a special countermeasure in treating the disease that it introduces individuals to increasing levels of the stress-related stimulus. they will begin to learn how to cope with these until their anxiety levels lower and, ideally, become non-existent when confronted with the stimuli [15,16].”
Background
The Effectiveness of Debriefing on the Mental Health of Rescue Teams: A Systematic Review
Ancarani, F., Añaños, P. G., Gutierrez, B., Pérez-Nievas, J., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., & Marco, F. G. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040590 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of trial-based cognitive therapy compared to prolonged exposure for post-traumatic stress disorder: preliminary findings
Duran, É. P., Corchs, F., Vianna, A., Araújo, Á. C., Real, N. D., Silva, C., Ferreira, A. P., Francez, P. D. V., Godói, C., Silveira, H., et al. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920001455 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Introduction Exposure to traumatic events, especially those involving interpersonal violence, is a global problem and carries the highest post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk.1,2 Most adults experience at least one potentially traumatic event during their lifetime.3 The vast majority of people have a brief acute…”
BackgroundInfluential
Pilot study using Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) in post-combat PTSD
Wake, L., & Leighton, M. (2014) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-08-2014-0026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dissociable consequences of moderate and high volume stress are mediated by the differential energetic demands of stress
Conoscenti, M. A., Smith, N. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273803 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Treatment efficacy for patients suffering from stress-induced psychiatric disease continues to remain similarly variable, with only a small percent of the population seeing a persistent quelling of symptoms [71, 72].”
Background
Equine-Assisted Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among First Responders
Nelson, C. G., Dossett, K. W., & Walker, D. L. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221146707 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…various psychological interventions for PTSD, including cognitive processing therapy (CPT; Galovski et al., 2015), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT; Kar, 2011), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR; Keenan & Royle, 2007) , as well as pharmacological interventions (Ipser &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationship between Negative Trauma-Related Cognitions and Psychosocial Functioning in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder
Lyons, R. C., Haller, M. M., Curry, I., & Norman, S. B. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1635957 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Although psychosocial functioning in PTSD samples does generally improve after trauma-focused treatment, research is limited as to what factors may contribute to improved functioning beyond reduction in PTSD and AUD symptoms.(11,12) Identifying factors that may contribute to poor psychosocial functioning beyond PTSD/A…”
Background
Outcomes of Participation in a Service Dog Training Program for Veterans with PTSD
Scotland-Coogan, D., Whitworth, J. D., & Wharton, T. (2020) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-00001682 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Animal models for the discovery of novel drugs for post-traumatic stress disorder
Zoladz, P. R. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1820982 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An immunogenomic phenotype predicting behavioral treatment response: Toward precision psychiatry for mothers and children with trauma exposure
Aschbacher, K., Cole, S. W., Hagan, M. J., Rivera, L. M., Baccarella, A., Wolkowitz, O. M., Lieberman, A. F., & Bush, N. R. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A narrative review of the occurrence of posttraumatic stress responses in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors
Krull, K. R., Vuotto, S. C., Perez, K. M., & Brinkman, T. M. (2015) · Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults · doi:10.2147/coaya.s49175 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In adults, the treatment literature indicates that effective PTSD interventions involve short-term and cognitive behavioral models.(75,76) Despite a growing literature base supporting the efficacy of these treatments for PTSD in noncancer populations, a limited number of studies have investigated treatment of PTSS in…”
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“Trauma-focused CBT and eye movement desensitization have also shown promising results for those suffering from this [10].”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Additionally, considertion must be made of the impact of comorbid depression symptoms n treatment, which has been related to non-response and dropout in nterventions for PTSD ( Zayfert et al., 2005 ; Kar, 2011 ).”
Background
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Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
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Cognitive behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: Empirical foundation and new directions
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EFEKTIVITAS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY DALAM MENGURANGI GEJALA PTSD: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Kotijah, S., & Priastana, I. K. A. (2020) · Jurnal Kesehatan Terpadu (Integrated Health Journal) · doi:10.32695/jkt.v11i1.70
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY METHODS IN THE TREATMENT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND THEIR ROLE IN MENTAL HEALTH RECOVERY.
Коровинський, І. О., Volnova, L., Yuryk, O., Борисова, О. О., & Manchuk, V. (2025) · PubMed

Authors: Kar, N.
Corresponding author: Kar, Nilamadhab
ORCID: Kar, Nilamadhab
Venue: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 7
Pages: 167
ISSN: 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s10389
PMC: PMC3083990
OpenAlex: W2015938677
Cited by: 266
References: 138
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, PTSD prevention, trauma, mechanism of action, internet-based CBT, group therapy, comorbidities, neuroimaging, EEG, disaster response, children and adolescents

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Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review

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