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Cited by 315Sport Psychology and PerformanceMotivation and Self-Concept in SportsEducation, Achievement, and Giftedness

Expectations and Performance: An Empirical Test of Bandura's Self-efficacy Theory

Weinberg, Robert, Gould, Daniel, Jackson, Allen·1979·Journal of Sport Psychology
DOI 10.1123/jsp.1.4.320
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Abstract

The present investigation was designed to test the predictions of Bandura's (1977) theory of self-efficacy in a competitive, motor-performance situation. Subjects (30 males and 30 females) were randomly assigned to either a high or low self-efficacy condition in a 2 × 2 × 2 (sex × self-efficacy × trials) factorial design. Self-efficacy was manipulated by having subjects compete against a confederate on a muscular leg-endurance task where the confederate was said to be either a varsity ;rack athlete who exhibited higher performance on a related task (low self-efficacy) or an individual who had a knee injury and exhibited poorer performance on a related task (high self-efficacy). Because self-efficacy theory predicts that expectation-performance differences are maximized in the face of obstacles and aversive consequences, the experiment was rigged so that subjects lost in competition to the confederate on both trials. The results supported self-efficacy predictions with the high self-efficacy subjects extending their legs significantly longer than low self-efficacy subjects. Moreover, after failing on the first trial, high self-efficacy subjects extended their legs for a longer time than low self-efficacy subjects on the second trial. A postexperimental questionnaire revealed significant differences in cognitive states (e.g., expectations, attributions, self-talk) between high and low self-efficacy subjects, as well as between males and females. Results are discussed in terms o…

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  • The link between boosts in perceived self-efficacy and sustained involvement in challenging activities is now well established across a wide range of behavioral domains.

    “The link between boosts in perceived self-efficacy and sustained involvement in challenging activities is now well established across a wide range of behavioral domains (Bandura, 1981;Brown & Inouye, 1978;Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979;Schunk, 1981;Condiotte & Lichtenstein, in press).”

    From Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. (1981) · cites this paper as Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979

  • Preparation rituals can improve goal-driven performance.

    “First, preparation rituals can improve goal-driven performance (Cohn et al., 1990;Foster et al., 2006;Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979);”

    From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979

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Authors
Weinberg, R., Gould, D., & Jackson, A.
Affiliations
  • 1North Texas State University
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • 3North Texas State University
ORCID
Gould, Daniel
Venue
Journal of Sport Psychology
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
1979-12
Volume
1
Issue
4
Pages
320-331
ISSN
0163-433X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1123/jsp.1.4.320
OpenAlex
W2095668688
Cited by
315
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI
5.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Sport Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Keywords
self-efficacy, self-efficacy theory, learned helplessness, sex differences, gender socialization, attribution, self-talk, cognitive states

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