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Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change

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Social Learning Theory

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Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence

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Generality of learned helplessness in man.

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The influence of antecedent reinforcement and divergent modeling cues on patterns of self-reward.

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Enhancement and Reduction of Task Performance by Psychological Modeling

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Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency

Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975

Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test

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Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation

Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292

Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis.

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Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.

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Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.

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The self system in reciprocal determinism.

Bandura, A. (1978) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.33.4.344 · Cited by 2,262

Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.

Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017 · Cited by 1,511

Application of Social Cognitive Theory to Training for Computer Skills

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Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation

NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, & Schunk, D. H. (1991) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1,426

Self-efficacy: implications for organizational behavior and human resource management

Gist, M. E. (1987) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1987.4306562 · Cited by 1,447

Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation

Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2 · Cited by 933

The Multilevel and Multifaceted Character of Computer Self-Efficacy: Toward Clarification of the Construct and an Integrative Framework for Research

Marakas, G. M., Yi, M. Y., & Johnson, R. D. (1998) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.9.2.126 · Cited by 919

Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors

Schunk, D. H. (1989) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01320134 · Cited by 819

Reflections on self-efficacy

Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90012-7 · Cited by 757

Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory

Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173354 · Cited by 723

Self-Efficacy and Education and Instruction

Schunk, D. H. (1995) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_10 · Cited by 720

Assimilative and Contrastive Emotional Reactions to Upward and Downward Social Comparisons

Smith, R. H. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_10 · Cited by 638

Self‐efficacy perspective on achievement behavior

Schunk, D. H. (1984) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528409529281 · Cited by 596

Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of social comparison on complex decision making.

Bandura, A., & Jourden, F. J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.941 · Cited by 578

Recycling misconceptions of perceived self-efficacy

Bandura, A. (1984) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172995 · Cited by 522

Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgments and behavior.

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Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement.

Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.3.313 · Cited by 486

A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations

Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.758 · Cited by 512

Self-efficacy and classroom learning

Schunk, D. H. (1985) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198504)22:2 · Cited by 472

Self-Regulation of Motivation and Action Through Goal Systems

Bandura, A. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_2 · Cited by 470

Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy.

Bandura, A., Reese, L., & Adams, N. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.1.5 · Cited by 462

Vicarious Learning: The Influence of Modeling on Organizational Behavior

Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1981) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1981.4288021 · Cited by 425

Mood and self-efficacy: Impact of joy and sadness on perceived capabilities

Kavanagh, D. J., & Bower, G. H. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173005 · Cited by 446

Teacher Evaluation in the Organizational Context: A Review of the Literature

Darling‐Hammond, L., Wise, A. E., & Pease, S. R. (1983) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543053003285 · Cited by 401

Influence of Self-Efficacy on Self-Regulation and Performance among Junior and Senior High-School Age Students

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Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition

(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610515 · Cited by 408

The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy

Bandura, A. (1982) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(82)90004-0 · Cited by 376

Peer-model attributes and children's achievement behaviors.

Schunk, D. H., Hanson, A. R., & Cox, P. D. (1987) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.1.54 · Cited by 364

When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance.

Blanton, H., Buunk, B. P., Gibbons, F. X., & Kuyper, H. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.420 · Cited by 346

Looking under the Bonnet: Factors Affecting Student Adoption of E-Learning Systems in Jordan

Abbad, M., Morris, D., & de Nahlik, C. F. (2009) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.596 · Cited by 353

Expectations and Performance: An Empirical Test of Bandura's Self-efficacy Theory

Weinberg, R., Gould, D., & Jackson, A. (1979) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.1.4.320 · Cited by 315

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The relationship among self-concept, self-efficacy, and performance in mathematics during secondary school.

Pietsch, J., Walker, R., & Chapman, E. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.589 · Cited by 302

Self-management training for improving job performance: A field experiment involving salespeople.

Frayne, C. A., & Geringer, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.361 · Cited by 260

Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy: An Inventory Scale

Jinks, J. L., & Morgan, V. (1999) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098659909599398 · Cited by 239

Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance

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Self-efficacy expectancies, outcome expectancies, and the persistence of pain control in childbirth.

Manning, M. M., & Wright, T. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.421 · Cited by 233

Self-efficacy in the context of online learning environments: A review of the literature and directions for research

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Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral methods for pain control: A selective review

Tan, S. (1982) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(82)90154-3 · Cited by 207

Goal setting and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on complex decision-making performance.

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Effects of model persistence and statements of confidence on children's self-efficacy and problem solving.

Zimmerman, B. J., & Ringle, J. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.4.485 · Cited by 196

Applying Social Cognitive Constructs of Motivation To Enhance Student Success in Online Distance Education.

Miltiadou, M., & Savenye, W. C. (2003) · Cited by 190

The impact of technology characteristics and job control on worker mental health

Mullarkey, S., Jackson, P. R., Wall, T. D., Wilson, J. R., & Grey‐Taylor, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199709)18:5 · Cited by 63

A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations

Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00085.x · Cited by 188

Self‐Regulation and Learning

Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop207003 · Cited by 179

Gauging the relationship between self-efficacy judgment and action

Bandura, A. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173659 · Cited by 160

Children's Self-Efficacy, Motivational Intentions, and Attributions in Physical Education and Sport

Chase, M. A. (2001) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608931 · Cited by 159

Explaining within-semester changes in student effort in junior high school and senior high school courses.

Iver, D. J. M., Stipek, D. J., & Daniels, D. H. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.2.201 · Cited by 142

Self-Efficacy and Adolescents’ Motivation

Schunk, D. H., & Miller, S. D. (2002) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-554-720251003 · Cited by 143

Witnessing change: Dynamic norms help resolve diverse barriers to personal change

Sparkman, G., & Walton, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.007 · Cited by 151

Social cognitive theory of social referencing.

Bandura, A. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_8 · Cited by 132

Prediction, control, and learned helplessness.

Burger, J., & Arkin, R. M. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.482 · Cited by 83

Proximal goal-setting and self-regulatory processes

Stock, J., & Cervone, D. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172969 · Cited by 141

Self‐Efficacy and Causal Attributions: Direct and Reciprocal Links

Stajković, A. D., & Sommer, S. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02820.x · Cited by 114

Successful Aging and Disease Prevention

Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (2000) · Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1016/s1073-4449(00)70008-2 · Cited by 111

Racial and Ethnic Minority Students' Success in STEM Education

Museus, S. D. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 110

Coding in K-8: International Trends in Teaching Elementary/Primary Computing

Rich, P. J., Browning, S. F., Perkins, M., Shoop, T., Yoshikawa, E., & Belikov, O. M. (2018) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-018-0295-4 · Cited by 127

Understanding Persistence: An Interface of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory

Jacobs, B., Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (1984) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0504_6 · Cited by 114

The mediating role of attribution and self-efficacy variables for treatment effects on achievement outcomes

Relich, J. D., Debus, R. L., & WALKER, R. A. (1986) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/0361-476x(86)90017-2 · Cited by 107

Indagator: Investigating perceived gratifications of an application that blends mobile content sharing with gameplay

Lee, C. S., Goh, D. H., Chua, A. Y. K., & Ang, R. P.-H. (2010) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21305 · Cited by 106

Effects of feedback on self-efficacy, performance, and choice in an athletic task

Escartí, A., & Luján, J. F. G. (1999) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209908402952 · Cited by 105

Observational Modeling Effects for Movement Dynamics and Movement Outcome Measures Across Differing Task Constraints: A Meta-Analysis

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An Integrative Model To Predict The Continuance Use Of Electronic Learning Systems: Hints For Teaching

Wu, J., Tsai, R. J., Chen, C. C., & Wu, Y. (2006) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.30804620 · Cited by 103

Validation of the Online Technologies Self-Efficacy Scale (OTSES).

Miltiadou, M., & Yu, C. H. (2000) · Cited by 98

Changes in self-efficacy beliefs over time: Contextual influences of gender, rank-based placement, and social support in a competitive orchestra environment

Hendricks, K. S. (2013) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735612471238 · Cited by 101

The Sources of Self-Efficacy

Hendricks, K. S. (2015) · Update Applications of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/8755123315576535 · Cited by 95

Social Comparison and Education

Levine, J. M. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781042011414-3 · Cited by 95

Influence of peer-model attributes on children's beliefs and learning.

Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.431 · Cited by 94

Measuring Self-Efficacy expectations for Social Skills: A methodological inquiry

Moe, K. O., & Zeiss, A. M. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183892 · Cited by 92

Effects of envisioning future activities on self-efficacy judgments and motivation: An availability heuristic interpretation

Cervone, D. (1989) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173406 · Cited by 91

Effect of Public and Private Efficacy Expectations on Competitive Performance

Weinberg, R. S., Yukelson, D., & Jackson, A. (1980) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.2.4.340 · Cited by 86

Effects of Model Similarity on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance: A Second Look

George, T. R., Feltz, D. L., & Chase, M. A. (1992) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.14.3.237 · Cited by 82

Symbolic Modeling and Cognitive Rehearsal

Maibach, E. W., & Flora, J. A. (1993) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365093020004002 · Cited by 81

An empirical exploration of factors related to adolescents’ political efficacy

Levy, B. L. M. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.772774 · Cited by 88

Effects of competition on students' self‐efficacy in vicarious learning

Chan, J. C.-Y., & Lam, S. (2007) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709907x185509 · Cited by 78

Self-Efficacy, Motivation and Their Relationship to Academic Performance of Bangladesh College Students.

Chowdhury, M. S., & Shahabuddin, A. M. (2007) · The College Quarterly · Cited by 77

Self-efficacy expectancies versus outcome expectancies as determinants of performance deficits and depressive affect

Davis, F. W., & Yates, B. T. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01185724 · Cited by 76

Relationships between Computer Self-Efficacy, Technology, Attitudes and Anxiety: Development of the Computer Technology Use Scale (CTUS)

Conrad, A., & Munro, D. (2008) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.39.1.d · Cited by 77

On the facilitation of self-efficacy

Goldfried, M. R., & Robins, C. J. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01184004 · Cited by 74

Self-Confidence and Baseball Performance: A Causal Examination of Self-Efficacy Theory

George, T. R. (1994) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.16.4.381 · Cited by 73

Teacher versus Peer Models Revisited: Effects on Motor Performance and Self-Efficacy

Lirgg, C., & Feltz, D. L. (1991) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1991.10608713 · Cited by 70

The effect of filmed versus personal after-event reviews on task performance: The mediating and moderating role of self-efficacy.

Ellis, S., Ganzach, Y., Castle, E., & Sekely, G. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017867 · Cited by 73

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Professional and Parental Attitudes Toward iPad Application Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Self-Schema, Cognitive Bias, and the Processing of Therapeutic Experiences

Goldfried, M. R., & Robins, C. J. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-010602-8.50008-0 · Cited by 66

Peer Imitation: An Examination of Status and Competence Hypotheses

Brody, G. H., & Stoneman, Z. (1985) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1985.9914443 · Cited by 63

Personal information management effectiveness of knowledge workers: conceptual development and empirical validation

Hwang, Y., Kettinger, W. J., & Yi, M. Y. (2014) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2014.24 · Cited by 66

Vicarious Influences on Self-Efficacy for Cognitive Skill Learning

Schunk, D. H. (1986) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.316 · Cited by 62

The Epidemic of Mental Disorders in Business—How Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Spread across Organizations through Employee Mobility*

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Frontline employees’ nonverbal cues in service encounters: a double-edged sword

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Using an interactive visual novel to promote patient empowerment through engagement

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Social Learning Theory: A Contextualist Account of Cognitive Functioning

Zimmerman, B. J. (1983) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9490-7_1 · Cited by 56

The Pervasive Refusal Syndrome: Learned Helplessness and Hopelessness

Nunn, K. P., & Thompson, S. L. (1996) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104596011011 · Cited by 55

On the dynamics of two-person interactions.

Thomas, E. A. C., & Malone, T. W. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.4.331 · Cited by 53

Learned helplessness in humans: An analysis of learning processes and the roles of individual and situational differences.

Zuroff, D. C. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.1.130 · Cited by 33

Locus of control and the generality of learned helplessness in humans

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Attributional components of learned helplessness and facilitation.

Tennen, H., & Eller, S. J. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.265 · Cited by 136

Vicarious acquisition of learned helplessness.

DeVellis, R. F., DeVellis, B. M., & McCauley, C. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.894 · Cited by 32

Sex differences in learned helplessness: IV. An experimental and naturalistic study of failure generalization and its mediators.

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