The neuroscience of race
Open accessAbstract
As the racial composition of the population changes, intergroup interactions are increasingly common. To understand how we perceive and categorize race and the attitudes that flow from it, scientists have used brain imaging techniques to examine how social categories of race and ethnicity are processed, evaluated and incorporated in decision-making. We review these findings, focusing on black and white race categories. A network of interacting brain regions is important in the unintentional, implicit expression of racial attitudes and its control. On the basis of the overlap in the neural circuitry of race, emotion and decision-making, we speculate as to how this emerging research might inform how we recognize and respond to variations in race and its influence on unintended race-based attitudes and decisions.
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Implicit racial biases can be measured behaviourally using an implicit association task and can be seen at the neural level in distinct patterns of brain activity.
“These implicit racial biases can be measured behaviourally using an implicit association task (IAT: See Glossary [15]), but also can be seen at the neural level in the form of distinct patterns of brain activity [2].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The networks involved in implicit racial bias serve two related yet distinct functions: the amygdala generates a rapid, automatic affective reaction to other-race stimuli, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex control and regulate the expression of this affective reaction according to explicitly desired behaviours.
“The networks involved in implicit racial bias are already known [2], and appear to serve two related yet distinct functions.The first function, likely to be subserved by the amygdala, generates a rapid, automatic affective reaction to other-race stimuli, and the second, subserved by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, controls and regulates the expression of this”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
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Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition
Maister, L., Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Tsakiris, M. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.001 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Basis of Racial Ingroup Bias in Empathy
Han, S. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.013 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Learning Race from Face: A Survey
Fu, S., He, H., & Hou, Z.-G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2014.2321570 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
fMRI Repetition Suppression During Generalized Social Categorization
Lau, T., & Cikara, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04115-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kubota, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phelps, Elizabeth A
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-06-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 940-948
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC3864590
- OpenAlex
- W2083279078
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- U.S. Public Health Service (MIT080756)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH080756)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- race, ethnicity, implicit racial attitudes, racial classification, intergroup interaction, emotional decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Black or African American, Brain Mapping, Humans, Neurosciences, United States, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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