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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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The lived experience of adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury
Holley, E. E. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Psychiatric Morbidity of Patients with Morbid Obesity
Sáenz-Herrero, M., & Jj, L. I. (2016) · Journal of Obesity & Eating Disorders · doi:10.21767/2471-8203.100007 · Cited by 2
Kalla, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Business & Retail Management Research · Cited by 2
Health factors that influence sustainable behaviour in a single-player resource management game
Rauwolf, P., McKinnon, A., Bilderbeck, A. C., & Rogers, R. D. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02341-y · Cited by 5
“So far as we are aware, however, the only relevant evidence in the context of single-player games is two dem-onstrations of poor resource outcomes following transient reductions in mood in samples of broadly healthy adults (Knapp & Clark, 1991; Tice et al., 2001).”
InfluentialImpulsivity and Suicidal Ideation or Attempt in Younger and Older Adults
Price, E. C. (2012) · doi:10.33915/etd.163 · Cited by 2
Keep an eye on future feelings: Interpersonal affective forecasting and self-regulation
Zhang, M. (2012) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1142 · Cited by 2
The Groupfeel syndrome: a theory of a counterproductive group emotion
Haag, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2026.1669672 · Cited by 1
“When affective smoothness becomes a priority, groups risk neglecting logistical challenges, minority opinions, or contradictory evidence (Tice et al., 2001).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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