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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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Stenbæk, D. S., Hjordt, L. V., Haahr, M. E., Worm, D., Hansen, D. L., Mortensen, E. L., & Knudsen, G. M. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.008 · Cited by 13
The influence of incidental affect on consumers' food intake
Garg, N., Wansink, B. C., & Inman, J. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e621312012-073 · Cited by 13
Designing for Psychological Change: Individuals’ Reward and Cost Valuations in Weight Management
Hsu, A., & BLANDFORD, A. E. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3009 · Cited by 12
“The role of social influence in weight control has been widely acknowledged [37].”
Esmaeili, A., Khodadadi, M., Norozi, E., & Miri, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2017.1348553 · Cited by 13
“Based on the results of several studies, difficulties with emotion regulation are associated with alcohol-related disorders (Sher & Grekin, 2007; Tice et al., 2001) and substance-related disorders (Fox et al., 2007; Sher & Grekin, 2007; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe psychology of sustainable consumption
Kotahwala, K. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.033 · Cited by 12
Wieland, L. M., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Limberger, M. F., & Nett, U. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695927 · Cited by 20
“This proposition has been supported by empirical findings linking students’ procrastination tendencies to their experience of negative emotions or their inability to regulate these emotions adequately (e.g., Lay, 1992; Tice et al., 2001; McCown et al., 2012; Rebetez et al., 2015; Eckert et al., 2016; Pollack and Herre…”
BackgroundResultPan, L., Li, J., Hu, Z., & Wu, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013377 · Cited by 13
“Under emotional dysregulation, college students may take measures that bring immediate pleasure [68] and try to escape realistic negative emotions by overusing the Interne [70] to alleviate the pain caused by negative emotion [77]; however, the outcome may range from happiness on the Internet to losing control and fin…”
BackgroundExploring the Patterns of Recreational Activity among Urban Green Spaces in Poland
Wajchman-Świtalska, S., Grabowska-Chenczke, O., & Woźniak, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065425 · Cited by 12
Can Hand Washing Influence Hedonic Food Consumption?
Martins, C. M., Block, L., & Dahl, D. W. (2015) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20814 · Cited by 13
Perceptions of cause and control of impulse control behaviours in people with Parkinson's disease
Delaney, M. A., Simpson, J., & Leroi, I. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02052.x · Cited by 12
DeCicco, T. L., & Higgins, H. (2009) · International journal of dream research · doi:10.11588/ijodr.2009.2.399 · Cited by 12
Trub, L. R., & Starks, T. J. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0468 · Cited by 12
“…and binge drinking found in this study are consistent with findings that difficulties with appraising consequences and assessing long-term goal fulfillment versus short-term grat-ification are implicated both for individuals with difficulties in emotional regulation 40 and in states of intoxication.”
Boyraz, G., Horne, S. G., & Granda, R. (2017) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0095 · Cited by 12
Sadly, you made me earn it: The effect of responsibility attributions for sadness on food indulgence
Munichor, N., & Friedlander, N. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1781 · Cited by 12
Critical and Qualitative Approaches to Behavior Change
Chamberlain, K., & Lyons, A. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.030 · Cited by 13
Sierra, I., Senín-Calderón, C., Roncero, M., & Perpiñá, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.723732 · Cited by 8
“The theoretical approach of the affect regulation model (Haedt-Matt and Keel, 2011) indicates that there is a causal relationship between NA and overeating, primarily in restrictive and purgative patients (Tice et al., 2001; Cardi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundState Anxiety and Procrastination: The Moderating Role of Neuroendocrine Factors
Barel, E., Shahrabani, S., Mahagna, L., Masalha, R., Colodner, R., & Tzischinsky, O. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030204 · Cited by 15
“For example, procrastinators exhibit more symptoms of physical illness and stress [3] and greater reluctance to engage in healthpromoting behaviors [4]; procrastinators tend to lack retirement savings [5]; and in politics, procrastinators are characterized by delaying important decisions [6].”
BackgroundRivkin, I. D., Lopez, E., Quaintance, T., Trimble, J. E., Hopkins, S. E., Fleming, C. M., Orr, E., & Mohatt, G. V. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 12
The effects of mood, gender, and ad context on type of elaboration and product evaluation
Sar, S. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2011.632641 · Cited by 12
AUTHORS' RESPONSES: Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About the Quad Model
Sherman, J. W. (2006) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1703_7 · Cited by 12
Excessive Buying: The Construct and a Causal Model
Wu, L. (2006) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 12
Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions
Yardley, L., Morrison, L. G., Müller, I., & Bradbury, K. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.025 · Cited by 11
Because you had a bad day: the role of negative affect and justification in self-control failure
Heiland, A. M., & Veilleux, J. C. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2067134 · Cited by 12
“When people are in bad moods, they have a tendency to prioritise feeling better (i.e. short term mood repair; Tice et al., 2001; Tice & Bratslavsky, © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group CONTACT Jennifer C. Veilleux jcveille@uark.edu Department of Psychological Science,…”
BackgroundChallenge or Threat? Proposing and Testing a Career Shock Coping Model
Fris, D. A. H., Vianen, A. E. M. V., van Hooft, E. A. J., de Hoog, M., & de Pagter, A. P. J. (2024) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453241290776 · Cited by 11
“In addition, to regulate short-term affect, they will procrastinate career-related tasks as these tasks are associated with threat (Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Tice & Baumeister, 1997; Tice et al., 2001).”
Influence of Self-Control and Affect on Binge Eating Behavior
조혜진, & Kwon, S. (2011) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2011.30.4.008 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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