The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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“Exercising self-control under tempting conditions is itself aversive (Tice and Bratslavsky, 2000; Tice et al., 2001; Sirois and Pychyl, 2013), which may make situational temptations even more tempting.”
BackgroundKeep calm and carry on: Maintaining self-control when intoxicated, upset, or depleted
Simons, J. S., Wills, T. A., Emery, N. N., & Spelman, P. J. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1069733 · Cited by 29
“For example, a series of experimental studies indicates that individuals prioritise mood repair over other self-control goals (Tice & Bratslavsky, 2000; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultWypych, M., Michałowski, J. M., Droździel, D., Borczykowska, M., Szczepanik, M., & Marchewka, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48008-4 · Cited by 35
Gort, C., Marcusson-Clavertz, D., & Kuehner, C. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00353-4 · Cited by 29
Hegbe, K. G., Réveillère, C., & Barrault, S. (2021) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2021.1952361 · Cited by 29
“These results would mean that when individuals are under emotional stress, they may give priority to the short-term goal of feeling better, neglecting or sacrificing long-range goals (Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSocial preferences before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in China
Li, K. K., Hong, Y., Huang, B., & Tam, T. (2022) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500009438 · Cited by 27
“The subjects had higher average discount rates after the outbreak, possibly because emotional distress reduces people’s self-control (Tice et al., 2001) although we did not measure participants’ self-control directly.”
BackgroundResultThe social implications of planning: How public predictions bias future plans
Pezzo, S. P., Pezzo, M., & Stone, E. R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.001 · Cited by 40
“Evidence suggests that almost all behavior is inXuenced more heavily by immediate than long-term consequences (e.g., Mischel, 1974; Tice, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001 ).”
BackgroundBui, M., & Krishen, A. S. (2015) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20797 · Cited by 30
The Relationship between Frustration Intolerance and Academic Achievement in College
Wilde, J. (2012) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v1n2p1 · Cited by 29
Cyders, M. A., VanderVeen, J. D., Plawecki, M. H., Millward, J. B., Hays, J., Kareken, D. A., & O’Connor, S. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12955 · Cited by 27
A laboratory model of impulsivity and alcohol use in late adolescence
Gullo, M. J., Loxton, N. J., Price, T., Voisey, J., Young, R. M., & Connor, J. P. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.003 · Cited by 30
Are increased weight and appetite useful indicators of depression in children and adolescents?
Cole, D. A., Cho, S.-J., Martin, N. C., Youngstrom, E. A., March, J. S., Findling, R. L., Compas, B. E., Goodyer, I. M., Rohde, P., Weissman, M. M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028175 · Cited by 30
Moral hypocrisy and the hedonic shift: A goal-framing approach
Lindenberg, S. M., Steg, L., Milovanovic, M., & Schipper, A. (2018) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463118795719 · Cited by 28
“Study 1: the hedonic effect of mood on the stringency of moral stance People in a bad mood are clearly more in need of improving the way they feel than those in a good mood (Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundChanging Behavior by Changing Environments
Marteau, T. M., Fletcher, P. C., Hollands, G. J., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.014 · Cited by 32
7 Does Emotion Cause Behavior (Apart from Making People Do Stupid, Destructive Things)?
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Vohs, K. D., & Alquist, J. L. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0007 · Cited by 28
“The impact of distress on delay of gratification is in fact a strategic effort to improve one's mood (Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWeiß, J. K., & Cohen, E. L. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1578827 · Cited by 28
“In response to negative affect people predisposed to experience personal distress tend to withdraw from the aversive stimuli (Tice, Bratslavsky, and Baumeister 2001).”
BackgroundDuru, E., Balkıs, M., & Duru, S. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00868-9 · Cited by 52
“Current findings on the relationship between fear of failure, difficulties with emotion regulation, and procrastination also support the idea that procrastination functions as a short-term emotion regulation strategy (Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Sirois & Pychyl, 2013; Tice et al., 2001).”
Fortenberry, K. T., Wiebe, D. J., & Berg, C. A. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.561925 · Cited by 27
“The presence of negative affect is thought to lead individuals to focus on the short-term goal of feeling better emotionally, rather than on long-term outcomes (Tice, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001 ).”
BackgroundSteenbergen, L., Colzato, L. S., & Maraver, M. J. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.010 · Cited by 28
Villarreal, L., Charak, R., Schmitz, R. M., Hsieh, C., & Ford, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1809588 · Cited by 31
“Although independently, prior studies have demonstrated that distress due to heterosexist experiences and difficulties in emotion regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Veilleux et al., 2014) are related to harmful alcohol use.”
Tezer, A., & Sobol, K. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21538 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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