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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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BackgroundSmith, K. E., Mason, T. B., O’Connor, S. M., Wang, S. D., Dzubur, E., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Salvy, S., Feda, D. M., & Roemmich, J. N. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa121 · Cited by 8
“For instance, research has provided support for resource depletion models, which suggest that negative affect impedes health-promoting behaviors by causing physical and mental fatigue and reducing selfregulatory capacity (Mill et al., 2016; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSilva, R. A. D. S. A. E., & Baltieri, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2014.996930 · Cited by 8
Niedzielak, T., Ravenelle, R., Joseph, M., Calhoun, C. A., Plotkin, B., Jones, R., Herrera, M., & Donaldson, S. T. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112522 · Cited by 8
Affect Expression and Self-Regulation Capacities of Infants Exposed in utero to Psychotropics
Reebye, P. N., Ng, T. W. C., Misri, S. K., & Stikarovska, I. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00011 · Cited by 8
“According to the priority hypothesis, affect regulation takes priority over other components of self-regulation such as for example attentional and social domains (Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundFerrari, J. R., Stevens, E. B., & Jason, L. A. (2010) · Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery · doi:10.1080/15560351003766133 · Cited by 8
“Much of the research on self-regulation has focused on how subjects perform before and after a stressing of self-regulation resources (DeWall et al. 2007; Tice et al., 2001).”
de Ridder, D. T. D., Kuijer, R. G., & Ouwehand, C. (2007) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/14768320601020238 · Cited by 8
“Many studies assert that emotional distress may compromise self-regulatory behaviour (Leith & Baumeister, 1996 ; Tice, Bratslavsky, & Baumeister, 2001 ).”
Self-Control in Cyberspace: Applying Dual Systems Theory to Digital Self-Control ToolsPreprint
Lyngs, U., Lukoff, K., Slovák, P., Binns, R., Slack, A., Inzlicht, M., Kleek, M. G. V., & Shadbolt, N. (2019) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/685tm · Cited by 8
The price of prosociality in pandemic times
Santamaría-García, H., Burgaleta, M., Legaz, A., Flichtentrei, D., Córdoba-Delgado, M., Molina-Paredes, J., Linares-Puerta, J., Montealegre-Gómez, J., Castelblanco, S., Schulte, M., et al. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01022-2 · Cited by 7
“It is associated with maladaptive behaviors, including self-focused ruminative coping, neuroticism, self-criticism, and a broader trend of behaving in egoistic forms (H. Kim and Han, 2018; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDong, W., Luo, J., Huo, H., Seger, C. A., & Chen, Q. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091163 · Cited by 10
Luo, X., Ma, J., & Hu, Y. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02216-2 · Cited by 11
“…on nonjudgmental acceptance found that procrastinators typically evaluated themselves from a negative perspective and were prone to self-criticism, which led to fewer nonjudgmental thoughts and more use of avoidance strategies (Flett et al., 1995; Sirois & Stout, 2011; Tice et al., 2001).”
Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241253588 · Cited by 10
“Procrastination is also considered a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy (Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996; Pychyl & Sirois, 2016; Tice et al., 2001).”
Impulse buying tendency in online food delivery service among Muslims in Indonesia
Febriandika, N. R., Puspitasari, C., & Muslimah, M. (2024) · Innovative Marketing · doi:10.21511/im.20(2).2024.18 · Cited by 7
“Similar to the opinion of Tice et al. (2001), when someone is experiencing emotional discomfort (such as anger, fear, or loneliness), they tend to prioritize short-term objectives to avoid difficult situations, which leads to more impulsive behavior.”
BackgroundBrandt, L., Levin, F., & Kraigher, D. (2021) · Journal of dual diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2021.1944711 · Cited by 7
“This link may be explained by succumbing to immediate impulses (e.g., to use a substance) in an attempt to downregulate intense negative emotions (despite negative consequences) among individuals who experience problems in emotion regulation (e.g., those who have ADHD) (Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAddiction and living in the shadow of death: impact of the body on agency and self-control
Snoek, A. (2023) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2023.2230874 · Cited by 7
“Baumeister and colleagues found that when people feel miserable, the goal of feeling better gets priority over other goals (Tice et al. 2001; Baumeister et al. 2007).”
BackgroundArjmand, E. J., Skogen, J. C., Vold, J. H., Alpers, S. E., Arnesen, E., Mæland, S., & Fadnes, L. T. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173834 · Cited by 7
“As a result, prioritizing immediate relief rather than long-term health goals can undermine the ability to adhere to these guidelines [54].”
BackgroundExercise dependence in endurance sports: Relation to emotional regulation and negative affectivity
GOÑI, I. L., Jáuregui, P., & Comas, S. F. (2024) · Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual · doi:10.51668/bp.8324109n · Cited by 7
“These findings are also associated with research that relates impulsive behaviors as a tool to regulate negative emotions and as a consequence of failures in self-control (Jauregui et al., 2016; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundExplaining the self‐regulatory role of affect in identity theory: The role of self‐compassion
Strachan, S., Kullman, S. M., Dobrovolskyi, M., Vega, V. Z., Yarema, A., & Patson, C. (2025) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12783 · Cited by 11
The Effect of Mood on Performance in a Nonnormal Situation
Tehrani, M., & Molesworth, B. (2016) · Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors · doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000090 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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