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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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Feeling bad about progress does not lead people want to change their health behaviour
Reynolds, J. P., Webb, T. L., Benn, Y., Chang, B. P. I., & Sheeran, P. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1310862 · Cited by 67
“Other evidence suggests that negative affect may prompt people to prioritise affect regulation over long-term health goals (i.e. when people feel bad, they engage in behaviours to make themselves feel better, such as eating cake; Tice et al., 2001), which may explain why participants in the present research intended t…”
BackgroundProcrastination and counterfactual thinking: Avoiding what might have been
Sirois, F. M. (2004) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144666041501660 · Cited by 73
Is urgency emotionality? Separating urgent behaviors from effects of emotional experiences
Cyders, M. A., & Coskunpinar, A. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.009 · Cited by 65
The Orientation-Matching Hypothesis: An Emotion-Specificity Approach to Affect Regulation
Labroo, A. A., & Rucker, D. D. (2010) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.5.955 · Cited by 66
Monk, R. L., Qureshi, A., & Heim, D. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107880 · Cited by 69
Wang, J., Wang, M., & Lei, L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106236 · Cited by 73
Baker, L. R., McNulty, J. K., & VanderDrift, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000299 · Cited by 72
“…to decisions than are current ones (Bushman et al., 2001; DeWall et al., 2016; Freedman et al., 1967; Gross, 1998; Manucia et al., 1984; Silverman, 1967; Mellers, Schwartz, & Ritov, 1997; Resulaj et al., 2009; Tice et al., 2001; Vogel et al., 2005; for review, see Baumeister et al., 2007).”
Yang, X., Wang, P., & Hu, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614660 · Cited by 72
“Although there is evidence indicating that procrastination could be an outcome of increased stress (Tice et al., 2001), this explanation of the direction of prediction will only make sense when procrastination is viewed as an act.”
BackgroundDrivers of snack foods impulse buying behaviour among young consumers
Duarte, P., Raposo, M. L. B., & Ferraz, M. (2013) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-10-2011-0272 · Cited by 64
“, 1995), consumer’s emotional state (Rook and Fisher, 1995), social environment (Mattila and Wirtz, 2008), the influence of others (Luo, 2005), consumer’s mood (Rook, 1987; Verplanken and Sato, 2011; Tice et al., 2001), products’ BFJ 115,9”
BackgroundThe Role of Self-Regulation in Abstinence Maintenance: Effects of Communal Living on Self-Regulation
Ferrari, J. R., Stevens, E. B., & Jason, L. A. (2009) · Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery · doi:10.1080/15560350802712371 · Cited by 64
“These studies evaluating future consequences and assessing current rewards were consistent with the nature of impulsivity (Baumeister, 2002) and impulsive behavior (Tice et al., 2001).”
García-Ros, R., Pérez‐González, F., Tomás, J. M., & Sancho, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03759-8 · Cited by 124
O’Toole, M. S., Renna, M. E., Elkjær, E., Mikkelsen, M. B., & Mennin, D. S. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919876019 · Cited by 75
Deliberate Self-Harm, Substance Use, and Negative Affect in Nonclinical Samples: A Systematic Review
Moller, C. I., Tait, R. J., & Byrne, D. G. (2013) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2012.693462 · Cited by 61
“The use of tobacco (57, 58), marijuana (59, 60), and alcohol (61, 62) to reduce negative affect are all frequently reported in the literature.”
BackgroundThe Adaptive Coping with Emotions Model (ACE Model)
Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2014) · Affect Regulation Training · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1022-9_3 · Cited by 62
Existential escape of the bored: A review of meaning-regulation processes under boredom
Moynihan, A. B., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1829347 · Cited by 72
“These researchers suggest that boredom may play a role in the development or exacerbation of variables such as impulsiveness that in turn promote psychosocial problems (Friese & Hofmann, 2008; see also Dahlen et al., 2005; Stanford et al., 1996; Tice et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of anxiety sensitivity in daily physical activity and eating behavior
Hearon, B. A., Quatromoni, P. A., Mascoop, J. L., & Otto, M. W. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.03.007 · Cited by 61
Stress and delay discounting: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation
Malesza, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.035 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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