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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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BackgroundMartinie, M., & Shankland, R. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2287907 · Cited by 9
“Third, Tice et al. (2001) found that if participants with induced bad mood believed they could change their mood by engaging in a pleasant distractor task instead of practicing for a multiplication test (i.e., aversive task), they procrastinated.”
BackgroundMartí‐Prats, L., & Belin, D. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae169 · Cited by 4
Anger and Self-Control: How the Need to Dominate Can Lead to Better Choices
Koley, S., & Warren, C. (2024) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/07439156241265076 · Cited by 4
“One, anger is a negative emotion, and negative emotions activate a desire to engage in pleasurable behaviors (Tice and Bratslavsky 2000; Tice, Bratslavsky, and Baumeister 2001).”
Gadosey, C. K., Turhan, D., Wenker, T., Kegel, L. S., Bobe, J., Thomas, L., Buhlmann, U., Fries, S., & Grunschel, C. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06719-6 · Cited by 4
“…of anxiety and low levels of hope might tend to delay academic tasks often as means to deal with unpleasant emotions (cf. Sirois & Pychyl, 2013; Tice et al., 2001) and experience high subjective discomfort due to guilt, shame, and bad feelings associated with unnecessary delays (Pychyl et al.,…”
Resolving Sequential Self-Control Dilemmas: The Role of Pride and Guilt
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“Moreover, past research suggests that people some-times try to address the negative feelings evoked after a self-control failure by engaging in more immediate grati fi cation to make themselves feel better (Tice et al., 2001).”
Problematic News Consumption and Its Relationship to Mental and Physical Health: A Replication Study
McLaughlin, B., Gotlieb, M. R., & Mills, D. J. (2024) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2434955 · Cited by 7
“Although the individual believes that engaging in the behavior will help them to feel better (Tice et al., 2001), in the long run, it tends to backfire, resulting in even greater negative arousal (Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996; Tice et al., 2001).”
Self‐regulatory focus: the impact on long‐term consumer compliance behavior
Dellande, S., & Nyer, P. U. (2013) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-03-2012-0073 · Cited by 4
Greene, D. C., & Britton, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2013.831385 · Cited by 4
Learning to Observe Relationships and Coping
Delaney, K. R. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2006.00071.x · Cited by 4
The Impact of Mood on Affect Regulation
Gendolla, G. H. E. (2012) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000071 · Cited by 4
임선영, & Lee, Y. (2017) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2017.22.3.006 · Cited by 5
Ampel, B. C., O'Malley, E. E., & Muraven, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801850-7.00007-x · Cited by 5
Peri Masalları ve Çizgi Animasyon Filmlerindeki Zihin Durumlarının İncelenmesi
Duman, N., & Oral, G. (2018) · Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31461/ybpd.427936 · Cited by 3
Technostress Effect in Consumer Context: The Negative Effect of Following Social Media Influencers
Qasem, Z. (2019) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20671-0_38 · Cited by 4
Khan, L., Coopamootoo, K., & Ng, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50309-3_10 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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