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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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“SE, standard error; TC, tolerance coefficients; VIF, variance inflation factors. et al., 1989; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000; Swann, 2003; Tice et al., 2001).”
Risk-Taking and Impulsivity: The Role of Mood States and Interoception
Herman, A. M., Critchley, H., & Duka, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01625 · Cited by 117
Eisenbeck, N., Carreno, D. F., & Uclés‐Juárez, R. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.07.007 · Cited by 138
Blouin‐Hudon, E. C., & Pychyl, T. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.003 · Cited by 111
“…tasks; John & Srivastava, 1999; Lay & Brokenshire, 1997; Lay et al., 1998; Watson, 2001), procrastinators cope with challenging, unfulfilling, or boring tasks by “giving in to feel good now” (Blunt & Pychyl, 2000; Sirois & Pychyl, 2013; Tice & Bratslavsky, 2000; Tice et al., 2001; Van Eerde, 2003).”
BackgroundInternet-based cognitive—behavior therapy for procrastination: A randomized controlled trial.
Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000023 · Cited by 103
Hollis, V., Konrad, A., Springer, A., Antoun, M., Antoun, C., Martin, R., & Whittaker, S. (2017) · Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2016.1277724 · Cited by 103
Constantin, K. L., English, M. M., & Mazmanian, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-017-0271-5 · Cited by 120
“…study involving a negative mood induction indicated that participants preparing for a math test engaged in higher levels of procrastination if alternative options were viewed as enjoyable (e.g., video games) compared to those viewed as boring (e.g., preschool-level video games; Tice et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGender effects on mood and cigarette craving during early abstinence and resumption of smoking
Xu, J., Azizian, A., Monterosso, J. R., Domier, C. P., Brody, A. L., London, E. D., & FONG, T. W. (2008) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200802412929 · Cited by 103
Procrastination as a self-regulation failure: the role of impulsivity and intrusive thoughts
Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., Barsics, C., & Van der Linden, M. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294117720695 · Cited by 102
A Literature Review of Social Mood
Olson, K. R. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1207/s15427579jpfm0704_2 · Cited by 103
Kalla, S. M., & Arora, A. P. (2010) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/097215091001200109 · Cited by 101
Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Chapman, A. L., Lovasz, N., & Walters, K. N. (2011) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0021799 · Cited by 99
Do We Really Need a Reason to Indulge?
Xu, J., & Schwarz, N. (2009) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.1.25 · Cited by 100
Simons, J. S., Wills, T. A., & Neal, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036926 · Cited by 102
Adams, R. C., Lawrence, N., Verbruggen, F., & Chambers, C. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.014 · Cited by 105
Reflective functioning in parents of school-aged children.
Borelli, J. L., St. John, H. K., Cho, E., & Suchman, N. E. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000141 · Cited by 99
Park, S. M., Park, Y. A., Lee, H. W., Jung, H. Y., Lee, J., & Choi, J. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.033 · Cited by 99
Conceptualizing and intervening on affective determinants of health behaviour
Williams, D. M., Rhodes, R., & Conner, M. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1675659 · Cited by 82
Hedonic Eating Goals and Emotion: When Sadness Decreases the Desire to Indulge
Salerno, A. G., Laran, J., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/675299 · Cited by 103
“…and Patrick 2009), and (c) an approach orientation (Labroo and Rucker 2009), whereas sadness consists of subroutines that promote (a) systematic processing (Tiedens and Linton 2001), (b) a concrete construal (Labroo and Patrick 2009), and (c) an avoidance orientation (Labroo and Rucker 2009).”
BackgroundBargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Oettingen, G. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001008 · Cited by 105
Vincent, A., Nes, S., Ehlers, & Whipple (2013) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s40014 · Cited by 101
“For example, when believing that state of affect was not changeable, no lapse in impulse control, eg, eating fatty food, seeking immediate gratification, and procrastinating, took place.(28) In chronic multisymptom illness, SRF may involve difficulties controlling impulses, such as breaking a healthy diet, but also en…”
Jauregui, P., Estévez, A., & Urbiola, I. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.038 · Cited by 97
“According to Tice, Bratslavsky, and Baumeister (2001), negative emotional states can lead to impulsive behaviors such as gambling, alcohol or drug use, as a way of regulating negative emotions and as a consequence of failures in self-control.”
BackgroundTang, T. L., & Sutarso, T. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1475-3 · Cited by 101
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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