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Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!
Abstract
Why do people's impulse controls break down during emotional distress? Some theories propose that distress impairs one's motivation or one's ability to exert self-control, and some postulate self-destructive intentions arising from the moods. Contrary to those theories, Three experiments found that believing that one's bad mood was frozen (unchangeable) eliminated the tendency to eat fattening snacks (Experiment 1), seek immediate gratification (Experiment 2), and engage in frivolous procrastination (Experiment 3). The implication is that when people are upset, they indulge immediate impulses to make themselves feel better, which amounts to giving short-term affect regulation priority over other self-regulatory goals.
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“When working with aversive tasks (→Task aversiveness), this tendency increases, as the student will be motivated to escape the aversive situation as well as divert to something attractive (Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the core problem of procrastination, poor self-regulation (Tice et al., 2001; Steel, 2007; Hagger et al., 2010)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“often factors that undermine effective self-regulation are of primary importance in procrastination (e.g., Tice et al., 2001).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low energy and tiredness may render the individual more vulnerable to task-irrelevant temptations and distractions and increase task aversiveness, which in turn increases the probability of procrastination (Tice et al., 2001; Baumeister and Tierney, 2011).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“low mindfulness may be another factor contributing to the avoidance commonly associated with procrastination.”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Similar to other forms of avoidance, procrastination is a strategy that brings immediate but temporary relief from difficult or distressing thoughts associated with a task (Tice et al., 2001)”
From Lost in the Moment? An Investigation of Procrastination, Mindfulness, and Well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Tice et al., 2001
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Owusu, G. M. Y., Bekoe, R. A., Koomson, T. A. A., & Simpson, S. N. Y. (2018) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-04-2018-0057 · Cited by 20
Zhu, B., Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Ruggiero, L., Park, C. G., Zhang, Y., & Fritschi, C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14883 · Cited by 20
Garrido, C., Montes‐Hidalgo, J., Limonero, J. T., Gómez-Romero, M. J., & Tomás‐Sábado, J. (2019) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.012 · Cited by 20
Zargar, F., Bagheri, N., Tarrahi, M. J., & Salehi, M. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v14i4.1978 · Cited by 21
“Several studies have highlighted the role of ER deficits in the formation of substance-related disorders (3, 39, 40).”
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Content, Affective, and Behavioral Challenges to Learning: Students’ Experiences Learning Statistics
McGrath, A. L. (2014) · International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2014.080206 · Cited by 20
“…of focusing on the completion of present behaviors that will benefit the future self, people seek to overcome the immediate experiences of negative affect produced by aversive tasks by disengaging from such tasks and procrastinating (Sirois and Pychyl 2013; Tice, Bratslavsky, and Baumeister 2001).”
Willoughby, T., & Fortner, A. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0106-y · Cited by 20
Jenks, C. W., & Lawyer, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.010 · Cited by 20
Clinical Depression and Condom Use Attitudes and Beliefs Among African American Adolescent Females
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Gökalp, Z. Ş., & Haktanır, A. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23217 · Cited by 20
Evren, C. (2019) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2019.00048 · Cited by 21
“Some researchers have suggested that individuals who possess deficits in emotion regulation are more prone to regulate negative emotions by indulging in activities that offer immediate pleasure (36,37).”
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“Evidence suggests that negative affective states have been shown to increase food intake [24, 25].”
BackgroundTo establish the link between aversive leadership and work outcomes: An empirical evidence
Saeed, I. (2017) · NICE Research Journal · doi:10.51239/nrjss.v0i0.23 · Cited by 19
Wongkitrungrueng, A., Valenzuela, A., & Sen, S. (2018) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2018.07.001 · Cited by 21
Needs and incentives as sources of goals.
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Self-Regulatory Strength and Mindfulness
MacKenzie, M. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_8 · Cited by 21
Self-citationVerhaltensdiagnostik selbstverletzenden Verhaltens
Petermann, F., & Nitkowski, D. (2009) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1628611 · Cited by 19
“Insbesondere Impulsivität könnte eine tragende Rolle bei der Wahl der Bewältigungsstrategie zukommen: Tice und Kollegen (32) konnten nachweisen, dass unter emotionalem Stress besonders häufig impulsive Handlungen erfolgen, um die Stimmung zu verbessern.”
BackgroundYosopov, L., Saklofske, D. H., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829241249784 · Cited by 27
“Findings from this study may be viewed from the perspective of emotion-regulation failure (Tice & Bratslavsky, 2000; Tice et al., 2001).”
Bailey, L. S., Bagley, J. R., Dodd, R., Olson, A., Bolduc, M., Philip, V. M., Reinholdt, L. G., Rizzo, S. J. S., Tarantino, L. M., Gagnon, L. H., et al. (2021) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12773 · Cited by 17
“It is likely that the interaction between trait impulsivity and consumption behaviors, including reward sensitivity, is dependent on a myriad of factors, including internal states such as mood (Herman et al, 2018; Tice et al., 2001) and interoception (Herman et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-67
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2112868206
- Cited by
- 1,361
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 23.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh057039-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57039)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- emotional distress, depressive mood, self-control, impulse control, affective self-regulation, instant gratification, procrastination, dietary habits, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Stress, Psychological, Self Efficacy
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