Cited by 1,826Social and Intergroup PsychologyCultural Differences and ValuesConsumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification

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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.

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Leach, Colin Wayne, van Zomeren, Martijn, Zebel, Sven, Vliek, Michael L. W., Pennekamp, Sjoerd F., Doosje, Bertjan, Ouwerkerk, Jaap W., Spears, Russell·2008·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144

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Abstract

Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.

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Method
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Magraw-Mickelson, Z., & Gollwitzer, M. (2018) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-018-0304-y · Cited by 6
Predicting Immigrants' Attitudes Toward Multiculturalism Using a Measure of Its Perceived Benefits
Grant, P. R., & Robertson, D. W. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.890622 · Cited by 8
“This measure has been used extensively by intergroup relations researchers and has good reliability and validity (Jackson & Smith, 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”
Method
Opinion-based groups and the restoration of civil society
McGarty, C., Lala, G., & Thomas, E. F. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118347683.ch15 · Cited by 6
First-generation students’ identity compatibility, sense of belonging and self-efficacy going to and through honors talent programs: a mixed-method study
Langeloo, A., & Kamans, E. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2025.100498 · Cited by 6
System Justification, Group Identification and Political Behavior: Protests in Khabarovsk Krai
Gulevich, O. A., & Guseva, V. (2021) · Social Psychology and Society · doi:10.17759/sps.2021120302 · Cited by 7
Enacting collective support for the European integration: Participation in pro‐integration action and preference for specific transnational acculturation strategies
Bliuc, A., McGarty, C., Badea, C., & Boza, M. (2018) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2337 · Cited by 6
Victim and Perpetrator Perspectives in Post World War II Contexts: Intergroup Forgiveness and Historical Closure in Europe and East Asia
Hanke, K. (2009) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e508922013-001 · Cited by 6
All Roads Lead to Hate? Examining Five Prediction Paths for Online Incivility and Intolerance Perpetration
Koban, K., Buehrer, S., & Matthes, J. (2026) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990261429081 · Cited by 5
Technological identity and basic psychological needs in the use of new technologies: A two-wave cross-national survey study
Heiskari, M., Celuch, M., Koivula, A., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102926 · Cited by 12
Rise of the alt‐White? Examining the prevalence of perceived racial and gender discrimination among White men from 2014 to 2023
Lilly, K. J., Kimberley, C., Bertenshaw, Z., Bahamondes, J., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70010 · Cited by 5
“Ethnic identity centrality was measured using the mean of three items from Leach et al. (2008): (a) ‘I often think about the fact that I am a member of my ethnic group’; (b) ‘The fact that I am a member of my ethnic group is an important part of my identity’; and (c) ‘Being a member of my ethnic…”
Multiple social identities: a cognitive consistency model on identity integration
Roth, J., Steffens, M. C., & Strack, F. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2526465 · Cited by 6
“…concept and associated scales (Huynh et al., 2011, 2018) conflate two distinct variables, the perceptions of the two cultures as being more or less compatible with each other and people’s psychological connection with those cultures thus, identification (Leach et al., 2008; Postmes et al., 2013).”
Exploring the Contingent Effect of Cultural Tailoring of GenAI Chatbots on Multiethnic Members’ Disaster Information Seeking and Preparation Attitude: A Cross-Group Comparison
Liu, W.-L., Huang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105639 · Cited by 5
Higher-weight social identity as a risk and protective factor in the negative health consequences of weight stigma: a systematic review
Hudson, A., Batalha, L., & Ciarrochi, J. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01755-z · Cited by 5
White Americans who perceive themselves to be “last place” in the racial status hierarchy are most drawn to alt-right extremism
Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Caluori, N., Elacqua, N., & Cipolli, W. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00154-w · Cited by 5
“…their social class identity solidarity [e.g., “ I feel a strong sense of belonging to people in the (participant ’ s self-reported) class ” ; items adapted from Leach and colleagues 31 and from Sellers ad colleagues 32 ] and their self-other overlap with their racial and social class groups 33 .”
Football belongs to the people: A social identity perspective on attitudes toward the European Super League in the English Premier League
Bertin, P., Green, R., & Biddlestone, M. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102764 · Cited by 6
How collective punishment harm intergroup relations through ingroup homogeneity, perceived fairness, and counter‐collective action: A registered report
Uysal, M. S., Çoksan, S., & Kessler, T. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13028 · Cited by 7
“The ingroup identification scale that covers the two-item ingroup homogeneity subscale (Leach et al., 2008) was used to measure ingroup homogeneity.”
Influential
Looking White But Feeling Asian: The Role of Perceived Membership Permeability and Perceived Discrimination in Multiracial-Monoracial Alliances
Merrell, W. N., Vossoughi, N., Kteily, N. S., & Ho, A. K. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241267332 · Cited by 5
“…has examined how perceptions of membership permeability affects identification with low status groups (Ellemers et al., 1988, 1993, 1997; Jackson et al., 1996), while less is known about how these perceptions affects identification (including solidarity; Leach et al., 2008) with high status groups.”
Influential
A “social cure” for minority stress? Individual and collective identity strategies on the mental health outcomes of lesbian and gay people
Camposano, G. A., Rodrigues, D. L., & Moleiro, C. (2024) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2024.2383726 · Cited by 5
“We used the Multidimensional Scale of Social Identification (Leach et al., 2008) to measure how participants identify with a specific in-group.”
Mental Illness Identity: A Scoping Review
Eddington, K. M., & Badillo-Winard, E. (2024) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2024.2379412 · Cited by 4
“Three studies used identity centrality measures either from the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) or from an identity centrality subscale by Leach and colleagues (Leach et al., 2008); items assess the importance of a diagnosis or condition for how one sees oneself.”
#MeToo, #MenToo: how men's progressive and reactionary actions are shaped by defensiveness
Barron, A. C., Thomas, E. F., & Woodyatt, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1356998 · Cited by 5
Assessing scale reliability in citizen science motivational research: lessons learned from two case studies in Uganda
Ashepet, M., Vranken, L., Michellier, C., Dewitte, O., Mutyebere, R., Kabaseke, C., Twongyirwe, R., Kanyiginya, V., Kagoro-Rugunda, G., Huyse, T., et al. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02873-1 · Cited by 5
“We assessed the unidimensionality assumption based on recommended model ﬁ t parameters, speci ﬁ cally CFI/ TLI ≥ 0.93 and RMSEA/SRMR ≤ 0.08 according to Leach et al. (2008).”
Influential
Predicting radicalism after perceived injustice: The role of separatist identity, sacred values, and police violence
Pretus, C., Sheikh, H., Hamid, N., & Atran, S. (2023) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.11255 · Cited by 5
“This is aligned with previous literature on the centrality of group membership, and the values associated with said membership, as a main component of group identification (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethod
Awe weakens the blatant dehumanization of people with obesity via common ingroup identity
Lv, Y., Tang, Q., Wang, S., Tao, Y., Zhang, C., & Liu, X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05509-w · Cited by 5
“Group identification To assess group identification with Club A, the participants were asked to rate their agreement on four items (e.g., “Being a member of club A is an important part of how I see myself”; 1 = extremely disagree , 7 = extremely agree ) adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”
How different types of environmentalists are perceived: changing perceptions by the feature
Kibele, K., Rosa, M., & Obaidi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1125617 · Cited by 5
The identification environment matters: Students' social identification, perceived physical school environment, and anxiety – A cross‐level interaction model
Finell, E., Tolvanen, A. J., Shuttleworth, I., Durrheim, K. L., & Vuorenmaa, M. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12686 · Cited by 8
“Social identification is a multidimensional construct (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Tajfel, 1982) and our item reflected the ties to the group and not just the level of self-categorization (Cameron, 2004).”
Trajectories of distress and recovery, secondary stressors and social cure processes in people who used the resilience hub after the Manchester Arena bombing
Stancombe, J., Williams, R., Drury, J., Hussey, L. J., Gittins, M., Barrett, A., French, P., & Chitsabesan, P. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.527 · Cited by 10
Collective narcissism and in-group satisfaction predict different reactions to the past transgressions of the in-group
Dyduch‐Hazar, K., Mroziński, B., Simão, C., & de Zavala, A. G. (2020) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/ppb.2019.131004 · Cited by 12
“Collective narcissism emphasizes in-group entitlement and resentment for insufficient in-group’s recognition, whereas in-group satisfaction focuses on “happiness and pride of being a member of a valuable group” (Leach et al., 2008, p. 146).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
ORCID: Leach, Colin Wayne
van Zomeren, Martijn
Zebel, Sven
Vliek, Michael L. W.
Doosje, Bertjan
Ouwerkerk, Jaap W.
Spears, Russell
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 95
Issue: 1
Pages: 144-165
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144
OpenAlex: W2157069646
Cited by: 1,826
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 104.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.vu.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
Keywords: ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory

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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.

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