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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
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Cites
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“The positively worded item (Leach et al., 2008) read “I feel solidarity with people of color, which include African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos.””
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“Recent work by O ’ Neill and Egermann (2022) aimed to understand the social experience of concerts better through the development of a scale that combines measures grounded in parasocial interaction and in-group bonding (Horton & Richard Wohl, 1956; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundChallenging oppression: A social identity model of stigma resistance in higher-weight individuals
Meadows, A., & Higgs, S. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.004 · Cited by 29
“Studies that have used the measure have reported differential findings for the group investment and group self-definition dimensions (e.g., Jans et al., 2015; Leach et al., 2008), suggesting that these dimensions capture different aspects of group identity and inclusion of both may be necessary to more fully elucidate…”
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“ingroup identification scale by Leach et al. (2008): “I feel a bond with my group”, “I feel committed to my group”, “I think that my group has a lot to be proud of”, “It is pleasant to be a member of my group”, “The fact that I am a member of this group is an important part of my identity”, “Being a member of this gro…”
BackgroundJay, S., Winterburn, M., Choudhary, R., Jha, K., Sah, A., O'Connell, B. H., O'Donnell, A., Moynihan, A., & Muldoon, O. (2021) · Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2510 · Cited by 23
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Hamidou‐Schmidt, H., & Mayer, S. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12700 · Cited by 23
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“Although group identification consists of several dimensions (Leach et al., 2008), we focus on centrality, or the extent to which a particular group membership is chronically central to one’s sense of self (Leach et al., 2008), because it is relatively stable rather than responsive to situational…”
BackgroundInfluentialAljaroodi, H. M., Chiong, R., & Adam, M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106246 · Cited by 23
Valcke, B., Hiel, A. V., Assche, J. V., Roey, T. V., Onraet, E., & Roets, A. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2641 · Cited by 31
Stigma-Based Rejection Experiences Affect Trust in Others
Zhang, M., Barreto, M., & Doyle, D. M. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619829057 · Cited by 28
“…an important part of my identity, (3) Being a member of this group is an important part of how I see myself (identity centrality items adapted from Leach et al., 2008), (4) My membership in this group is clearly visible to others, and (5) This group tends to be devalued (or stigmatized) in the UK…”
BackgroundSocial Dominance Orientation Predicts Opposition to Hierarchy-Attenuating Intergroup Apologies
Karunaratne, K., & Laham, S. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219838549 · Cited by 23
“Participants also completed a 14-item national identification scale (Leach et al., 2008), with items such as “I feel a bond with America” and “I am glad to be American,” to which participants responded from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).”
BackgroundMaloku, E., Derks, B., van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218808884 · Cited by 23
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Singled Out as the Effect to be Explained
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“, centrality, ingroup affect, and ingroup ties) map onto what has been described as self-investment (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundA Review and Integration of Research on Blind and Constructive Patriotism
Schatz, R. T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30534-9_30-1 · Cited by 22
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“Building on models of collective (environmental) action (Agostini & Van Zomeren, 2021; Fritsche et al., 2018; Fritsche & Masson, 2021; Thomas et al., 2011; Van Zomeren et al., 2008), identification with an agentic ingroup is crucial for individuals' motivation to engage in social change.”
InfluentialBury, S. M., Haschek, A., Wenzel, M., Spoor, J. R., & Hedley, D. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05823-5 · Cited by 37
“Autism identity: autism identity was measured using a version of the Leach Identity Scale (Leach et al., 2008) adapted to autism.”
The blurring line between freelance journalists and self-employed media workers
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“Self-definition is broadly understood as an individual’s identification with an ‘in-group’, with the identification being shown most clearly in the positive feelings about the group and one’s membership in it (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWhy punish critical outgroup commenters? Social identity, general norms, and retribution.
McCrea, S. M., Erion, C., & Thürmer, J. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12508 · Cited by 22
Developing leadership in postdoctoral nurses: A longitudinal mixed-methods study
van Dongen, L. J. C., Cardiff, S., Kluijtmans, M., Schoonhoven, L., Hamers, J. P. H., Schuurmans, M. J., & Hafsteinsdøttir, T. B. (2021) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2021.01.014 · Cited by 32
Collective Narcissism, In-Group Satisfaction, and Solidarity in the Face of COVID-19
Federico, C. M., de Zavala, A. G., & Baran, T. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620963655 · Cited by 64
“For example, the hierarchical multicomponent model of social identification (Leach et al., 2008) posits that a belief in the in-group’s high value should be positively associated with solidarity.”
BackgroundInfluentialZubielevitch, E., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219878782 · Cited by 22
Frings, D., Wood, K. V., Lionetti, N., & Albery, I. P. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.004 · Cited by 26
Li, M., Jiang, Z. J., Fan, Z., & Hou, J. (2017) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.01.002 · Cited by 25
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Ouwerkerk, J., & van Dijk, W. V. (2014) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139084246.015 · Cited by 22
Self-citationShepherd, L., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1971 · Cited by 22
“Identification may not have predicted in-group favoritism because this relationship is only likely to occur in certain conditions (Turner, 1999), and/or we used generic measure of identification rather than a measure that assesses a number of subcomponents of identity (Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationMartiny, S., Kessler, T., & Vignoles, V. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211415439 · Cited by 22
“…to distinguish and organize different dimensions of social identity (e.g., Ashmore et al., 2004; Cameron, 2004; Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Jackson & Smith, 1999; Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, Halevy, & Eidelson, 2008; Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, & Chavous, 1998).”
BackgroundFeeling understood fosters identity fusion.
Gómez, Á., Vázquez, A., Alba, B., Blanco, L., Chinchilla, J., Chiclana, S., & Swann, W. B. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000464 · Cited by 21
“Previous research has demonstrated that this measure of relational ties is different than other established identity measures, including the subdimension of ingroup solidarity developed by Leach et al. (2008).”
BackgroundAuthoritarians and “revolutionaries in reverse”: Why collective narcissism threatens democracy
de Zavala, A. G. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241240689 · Cited by 26
“…2008, p. 146) Pride and liking Ingroup centrality “chronic salience as well as the subjective importance that individuals give their group membership” (Leach et al., 2008, p. 146) Importance of the ingroup to the self; identification strength, importance Identity fusion “a visceral feeling of…”
InfluentialWoo, H., Shin, D., Kim, N., Tong, Z., & Kwon, S. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103614 · Cited by 21
Carfora, V., & Catellani, P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010015 · Cited by 21
“That means people should clearly categorize the self in a group involved in the desired dietary change [53], so that these ingroup norms and goals (e.”
BackgroundMarinthe, G., Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., Alexander-Grose, N., & Azevedo, F. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2885 · Cited by 34
“National ingroup identification was measured with the ten group-level self-investment items (e.g.,“I feel a bond with other Poles”; Leach et al., 2008).”
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“Both items were adapted from the group self-definition dimension from Leach et al. (2008) and measured on 7-point Likert-type scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).”
MethodThürmer, J. L., Stadler, J., & McCrea, S. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031741 · Cited by 32
Bleize, D. N. M., Anschütz, D., Tanis, M., & Buijzen, M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106754 · Cited by 21
“More specifically, prior to the group assignment, participants answered three questions that tapped into the centrality dimension of social identification (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008): “ Which group of classmates that you belong to do you often think about?”
InfluentialBertin, P., & Delouvée, S. (2021) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909211051800 · Cited by 27
“From a measurement point of view, we operationalized secure national identification using the satisfaction subscale from Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodNegotiating inclusion: Revealing the dynamic interplay between individual and group inclusion goals
Jansen, W. S., Meeussen, L., Jetten, J., & Ellemers, N. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2633 · Cited by 31
“In addition, it has been argued that people who consider the group as central to their self‐concept are most sensitive to whether or not they are included by the group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFrings, D., Gleibs, I. H., & Ridley, A. M. (2019) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09531-4 · Cited by 29
Maier, J., Richter, T., Nauroth, P., & Gollwitzer, M. (2018) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12132 · Cited by 21
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“In Study 1c, social identification with students (e.g., ‘Being a student is an important part of how I see myself’) was measured with six items adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodAmerican Muslims’ Anger and Sadness about In-group Social Image
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“As identification is a multifaceted construct (Leach et al., 2008), we measured satisfaction (e.g., “I am glad to be Muslim;””
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSwiss identity smells like chocolate: Social identity shapes olfactory judgments
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Ferenczi, N., & Marshall, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053872 · Cited by 21
“Research has investigated the significance of identification with one’s group [33], and extended it to identity fusion with one’s group, wherein the boundaries between the personal and social selves can become blurred [34].”
BackgroundConsumer-company identification: development and validation of a scale
Hildebrand, D., Fernandes, D. V. D. H., Veloso, A. R., & Slongo, L. A. (2010) · BAR - Brazilian Administration Review · doi:10.1590/s1807-76922010000300005 · Cited by 21
“The scale developed by Mael (1988) was considered suitable as it had proven to be one of the most representative OI measurement instruments (Riketta, 2004), a recognition to a greater or lesser degree by Bergami and Bagozzi (2000), Riketta (2004), Mael and Tetrick (1992) and Cornwell and Coote (2005).”
MethodDahling, J. J., Wiley, S., Fishman, Z. A., & Loihle, A. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.11.003 · Cited by 22
Subjective Masculine Norms Among University Students in Singapore: A Mixed-Methods Study
Wong, Y. J., Ho, M., Wang, S.-Y., & Fisher, A. R. (2016) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0039025 · Cited by 21
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Begeny, C. T., van Breen, J. A., Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., & Iyer, A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104346 · Cited by 24
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“We assessed feminist identification with six items adapted from the solidarity and centrality subscales of Leach et al.’s (2008) Multicomponent Model of Ingroup Identification: “I feel a bond with feminists”; “I feel solidarity with feminists”; “Being a feminist is an important part of how I see myself ”; “Being a fem…”
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Self-citationYsseldyk, R., McQuaid, R. J., McInnis, O. A., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195237 · Cited by 34
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Techakesari, P., Droogendyk, L., Wright, S. C., Louis, W. R., & Barlow, F. (2017) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000240 · Cited by 20
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“…are also consistent with more general psychological theories related to identity and the self-concept (e.g., Back et al., 2009; Greenwald et al., 2002; Markus & Wurf, 1987) as well as those related to social identities, groups, and group membership (e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Turner et al., 1987).”
BackgroundLin, C., Tsai, Y.-H., & Liu, M.-L. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.001 · Cited by 24
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“In this study, we focused on the most clearly affective component of group identification, collective self-investment (Leach et al. 2008), by measuring satisfaction with the ingroup school.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Group Mind: The Pervasive Influence of Social Identity on Cognition
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Rosa, M., & Waldzus, S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.004 · Cited by 20
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“The principle of complementarity applies to organic solidarity to realize the mutual benefits ( Lane 1991 ).”
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Kachanoff, F. J., Ysseldyk, R., Taylor, D. M., de la Sablonnière, R., & Crush, J. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2199 · Cited by 40
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Vizcaíno-Cuenca, R., Riquelme, A., Romero-Sánchez, M., Megías, J. L., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01430-5 · Cited by 19
“These findings are also consistent with classic proposals according to which social identity is a key antecedent in social mobilization (Tajfel & Turner, 1979; van Zomeren et al., 2008).”
InfluentialSocial identity in sport: A scoping review of the performance hypothesis.
Stephen, S. A., Coffee, P., Habeeb, C. M., Morris, R., & Tod, D. (2023) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102437 · Cited by 19
Ethnicity in advertising and millennials: the role of social identity and social distinctiveness
Shao, W., Zhang, Y.-N., Cheng, A., Quach, S., & Thaichon, P. (2023) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2023.2172663 · Cited by 19
Rato, D., Correia, F., Pereira, A., & Prada, R. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00944-4 · Cited by 20
“In these contexts, authors use measures that evaluate relationship assessments geared towards groups such as group identification [72], group cohesiveness [142], group trust”
BackgroundHow Wide is the Arc of Racial Solidarity? People of Color and Middle Easterners and North Africans
Eidgahy, K., & Pérez, E. O. (2022) · Political research quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129221076143 · Cited by 19
“Nonetheless, we scale these items based on their prior validation (cf. Leach et al. 2008) and because we expected them to correlate positively, which they do, albeit weakly (SI.2).”
BackgroundMethodGroup‐based shame, guilt, and regret across cultures
de Groot, M., Schaafsma, J., Castelain, T., Malinowska, K., Mann, L., Ohtsubo, Y., Wulandari, M. T. A., Bataineh, R. F., Fry, D. P., Goudbeek, M. B., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2808 · Cited by 36
“This can be facilitated by a more thorough assessment of how measures of individualism and collectivism, for example, map onto and reflect dimensions of ingroup identification as identified by other researchers (e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Roccas & Schwartz, 2008).”
Landmann, H., & Rohmann, A. (2021) · Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2564 · Cited by 19
“…perceiving group members as similar to each other (in-group homogeneity), feeling bonds with the group (solidarity), experiencing group membership as pleasant (satisfaction), and experiencing group membership as an important part of one's own identity (centrality) (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBilewicz, M., Skrodzka, M., Olko, J., & Lewińska, T. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.06.009 · Cited by 34
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemicPreprint
Bavel, J. J. V., & Boggio, P. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-67323/v1 · Cited by 19
“National identi cation is de ned as the personal signi cance that being part of a nation holds for an individual (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Postmes et al., 2012; Tajfel, 1978).”
BackgroundColvin, R., Witt, G., Lacey, J., & McCrea, R. (2020) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.1879 · Cited by 19
Velásquez, A., & Montgomery, G. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120914009 · Cited by 22
One of Us: On the Role of Accent and Race in Real-Time In-Group Categorization
Paladino, M. P., & Mazzurega, M. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19884090 · Cited by 25
“Leach et al., 2008).”
The Relation Between Gender Identity and Well-Being
Zitelny, H., Dror, T., Altman, S., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211002362 · Cited by 19
“Rather, they are comprised of a number of dimensions that are related but not identical to each other (Ashmore et al., 2004; Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRacialized images: Tracing appraisals of police force and protest.
Reinka, M. A., & Leach, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000131 · Cited by 22
“167 students (85 European American/White, 82 African American/Black; 59 Men, 107 Women, 1 Transgender Man) who met the same inclusion criteria as Study 1 participated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCrane, M. F., Louis, W. R., Phillips, J. K., Amiot, C. E., & Steffens, N. K. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2367 · Cited by 30
Hertel, A. W., Peterson, K. P., & Lindgren, K. P. (2018) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.021 · Cited by 19
“There are several dimensions of drinking identity investment, and each could have unique effects on problematic drinking (DeMarree et al., 2007a, 2007b; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMaxwell-Smith, M. A., Barnes, K. L., Wright, J. D., Thomson, C., Mattos, M. A., & Dumas, T. M. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216642027 · Cited by 19
“Participants completed an eight-item scale of ingroup identification adapted from other measures (Ellemers et al., 1999; Leach et al., 2008) to assess the degree to which they considered their membership as a deductive thinker to be an important component of their identity (e.”
MethodGender Identification Moderates Social Identity Threat Effects on Working Memory
Kaiser, C. R., & Hagiwara, N. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684310384102 · Cited by 19
“there are other approaches to defining identification (e.g., Ellemers, Kortekaas, Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008), and it will be important to examine how these various conceptualizations of identification moderate cognitive reactions to social identity threat.”
BackgroundMethodBrehmer, M. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13070089 · Cited by 24
“group members, may further create a psychological bond with the group, thus determining an individual’s group-based activities [50].”
BackgroundDai, J. D., Yellowtail, J. L., Munoz-Salgado, A., Lopez, J. J., Ward-Griffin, E., Hawk, C., LeBlanc, J., Santos, N., Farero, A. M., Eason, A. E., et al. (2023) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231165271 · Cited by 18
“Finally, by linking the importance of these issues to individuals and communities, the campaign tapped into socialidentity theorizing suggesting that individuals who strongly identify as Native view their ingroup’s experiences as central to their self-concept (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundA world together: Global citizen identification as a basis for prosociality in the face of COVID-19
Wang, Z.-C., Jetten, J., Steffens, N., Álvarez, B., Bentley, S. V., Casara, B. G. S., Crimston, C. R., Ionescu, O., Krug, H., Selvanathan, H., et al. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211051619 · Cited by 18
“For instance, compared to the single-item scales used in the current research, it would be interesting to include multicomponent measures of social identity in future research, to capture a more comprehensive picture of group identification (Leach et al., 2008).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
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