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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
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Bennett, M., Parameshwaran, M., Schmid, K., Ramos, M., & Hewstone, M. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221990095 · Cited by 14
“Group identification is central to a person’s self-concept (Turner et al., 1987), and the importance of group identification is one dimension thereof (cf. Ashmore et al., 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFrings, D., Wood, K. V., & Albery, I. P. (2021) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2021.1914551 · Cited by 16
“Level of AA identity was measured using the multi-component in-group identification scale (Leach et al., 2008).”
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“In contrast, national identification’s constructive patriotism relates to embracing one’s membership in a national in-group (Leach et al. 2008; Schatz, Staub, and Lavine 1999).”
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Recategorization and ingroup projection: Two processes of identity uncertainty reduction
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“’s [46] comprehensive measure of social identification, which was reworded such that the referent group was ‘this society’ or ‘wider society’.”
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Socially creative appraisals of rejection bolster ethnic migrants' subjective well‐being
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Intergroup Evaluations and Norms about Learning Ability
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Павлова, О. С., Миназова, В. М., & Хухлаев, О. Е. (2016) · doi:10.17759/chp.2016120409 · Cited by 14
Ingroup friendship and political mobilization among the disadvantaged.
Sengupta, N., Milojev, P., Barlow, F., & Sibley, C. (2015) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038007 · Cited by 14
Mikołajczak, G., Fisher, A. N., & Ryan, M. K. (2025) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241311544 · Cited by 13
“People who strongly identify with their social group are more likely to find their group identity salient (e.g., Leach et al., 2008), and women with a strong gender identity are more likely to perceive ambiguous prejudice cues as discrimination (Major et al., 2003).”
Hennicks, E., Heyns, M. M., & Rothmann, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1157847 · Cited by 19
Murray, R. M., Hartley, C., & Coffee, P. (2023) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102508 · Cited by 13
Mind the Like-Minded. The Role of Social Identity in Prosocial Crowdfunding
Monik, A., & Parzuchowski, M. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231173889 · Cited by 13
“We employed an alternative and more detailed social identity measurement scale using a 14-item scale (Leach et al., 2008) which consists of two subscales capturing self-de fi nition (on two dimensions: individual self-stereotyping and in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (on three dimensions:…”
BackgroundMethodLi, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1020494 · Cited by 19
Negative partisanship among Independents in the 2020 U.S. presidential elections
Bankert, A. (2022) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102490 · Cited by 15
Examining toxic supervision in higher education in India
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Racial Order, Racialized Responses: Interminority Politics in a Diverse Nation
Pérez, E. O., & Kuo, E.-Y. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108953757 · Cited by 13
Ethnicity or Policy? The Conditioning of Intergroup Trust in the Context of Ethnic Conflict
Carlin, R. E., González, R., Love, G. J., Miranda, D., & Navia, P. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12747 · Cited by 13
(Mis)Calculations, Psychological Mechanisms, and the Future Politics of People of Color
Pérez, E. O. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2020.37 · Cited by 18
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McDonald, C., Chang, C. Y., Dispenza, F., & O'Hara, C. (2019) · Journal of Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12237 · Cited by 13
“I Want, Therefore I Am” – Anticipated Upward Mobility Reduces Ingroup Concern
Chipeaux, M., Kulich, C., Iacoviello, V., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01451 · Cited by 13
“Identification, with the inherited and the achieved groups, was assessed with the 10 items of the self-investment dimension of the hierarchical model of ingroup identification (Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodJiménez-Moya, G., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Spears, R., & de Lemus, S. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12182 · Cited by 13
Self-citationla Barbera, F., & Capone, V. (2016) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i2.1058 · Cited by 13
“Nonetheless, identification has been often intended as a general connection to an in-group and measured by a mono-dimensional scale, yet this approach has been criticized (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBlodorn, A., O’Brien, L. T., Cheryan, S., & Vick, S. B. (2016) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-016-0259-9 · Cited by 19
“Together, these findings suggest that using multifaceted measures of identity may help elucidate the complicated nature of the relationship between identity and perceptions of racism (see also Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundA Cross-Cultural Comparison of Population-Specific Face Shape Preferences (Homo sapiens)
Danel, D., Fedurek, P., Coetzee, V., Stephen, I., Nowak, N., Stirrat, M., Perrett, D., & Saxton, T. (2012) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12022 · Cited by 13
Foran, A., Roth, J., Jay, S., Griffin, S. M., Maher, P. J., McHugh, C., Bradshaw, D., Ryan, M., Quayle, M., & Muldoon, O. T. (2021) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.549 · Cited by 14
Group identification as a means of attitude restoration
Clarkson, J., Smith, E. R., Tormala, Z. L., & Dugan, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.001 · Cited by 13
“4 For exploratory purposes, we also assessed group identification on a 14-item, multidimensional group identification scale (Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodGleaves, J., Kemps, E., Prichard, I. J., & Tiggemann, M. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107374 · Cited by 16
“The scale has demonstrated validity in a range of social groups (see Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodBouwman, E. P., Galama, J., & Onwezen, M. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107331 · Cited by 12
“Identification with the food producer ( α = 0.950) was measured with 3 items (e.g. “ I feel solidarity with the horticultural farmer ” ) on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree), and was based on Leach et al. (2008).”
InfluentialBouchat, P., Pizarro, J. J., Páez, D., Zumeta, L. N., Basabe, N., Włodarczyk, A., Díaz, F. H., & Rimé, B. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231223897 · Cited by 14
“Identification with coparticipants at the gathering or shared identity with others in the collective gathering context was assessed using four items of the In-Group Identification Scale anchored in the specific context (Leach et al., 2008).”
Thürmer, J. L., & McCrea, S. M. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221147005 · Cited by 14
“…to my sense of what kind of a person I am [reverse coded]; In general, being US-American is an important part of my self-image; adapted from Leach et al., 2008) again on 7-point scales (1 = not at all to 7 = very much), and identification with their party (same scales, target replaced with…”
Background“‘Cause We Are the Champions of the World”
Główczewski, M., Wójcik, A. D., Cichocka, A. K., & Cisłak, A. (2022) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000506 · Cited by 12
Maiolatesi, A. J., Wang, K., Burton, C. L., Harkness, A., Esserman, D. A., Safren, S. A., & Pachankis, J. E. (2022) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2125062 · Cited by 15
Carmona, M., Guerra, R., Dovidio, J. F., Hofhuis, J., & Sindic, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986075 · Cited by 27
Walton, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.874287 · Cited by 14
“The present study extended an existing questionnaire, the ingroup identification questionnaire (Leach et al., 2008), to a new population of study, FSL classroom learners, to investigate social identity within L2 educational contexts.”
MethodWest, K., Greenland, K., van Laar, C., & Barnoth, D. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2849 · Cited by 20
Bianco, F., Kosić, A., & Pierro, A. (2021) · Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2559 · Cited by 12
Gaviria, E., Quintanilla, L., & Navas, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663735 · Cited by 15
“On the other hand, belonging to a group is part of our identity, which implies not only cognitive aspects, such as the perception of similarity, but also motivational, emotional, and behavioral aspects: attachment, consciousness of belonging to the group, positive evaluation of that belonging, empathy toward other mem…”
BackgroundThe Presence of Another Individual Influences Listening Effort, But Not Performance
Pielage, H., Zekveld, A., Saunders, G., Versfeld, N., Lunner, T., & Kramer, S. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001046 · Cited by 12
“The used questionnaire was derived from the Connectedness for Groups questionnaire by Leach et al. (2008), which was initially intended to study feelings of connectedness within groups.”
MethodZabala, J., Conejero, S., Pascual, A., Alonso‐Arbiol, I., Amutio, A., Torres-Gomez, B., Padoan, S., & Telletxea, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606316 · Cited by 18
Leavers and Remainers after the Brexit referendum: More united than divided after all?
Hanel, P. H. P., & Wolf, L. J. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12359 · Cited by 16
de Souza, L. C. D., de Lima, T. J. S., Maia, L. M., Fontenele, A. B. G., & Lins, S. (2019) · Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-019-0131-6 · Cited by 12
Dynamic reactions to opinion deviance: The role of social identity formation
Jans, L., Koudenburg, N., Dillmann, J., Wichgers, L., Postmes, T., & den Hartigh, R. D. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.001 · Cited by 12
Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., & Malysheva, N. (2018) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1488764 · Cited by 12
“In-group identification with gender group was measured by the Russian version of the (Leach et al., 2008) measure of in-group identification, which included 14 items (e.”
Cultural concerns: How valuing social-image shapes social emotion
Mosquera, P. M. R. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1412180 · Cited by 19
Between tikkun olam and self-defense: Young Jewish Americans debate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Hagai, E. B., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2017) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i1.629 · Cited by 13
“Individuals who identify strongly with the ingroup are more likely to identify with the prototypical image of the group and see themselves as holding a shared faith with other group members (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBarth, M., & Stürmer, S. (2016) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000285 · Cited by 12
Grant, P. (2016) · doi:10.1353/ces.2016.0008 · Cited by 12
“This analysis strategy is one that has been used by other researchers who have developed generic, multidimensional identity scales (Cameron 2004; Leach et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLivingstone, A., & McCafferty, S. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.005 · Cited by 10
van Veelen, R., Hansen, N., & Otten, S. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12038 · Cited by 12
“Social identification Social identification was measured with seven items from the self-investment identification scale by Leach et al. (2008) on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = I do not agree; 7 = I totally agree).”
MethodRamos, M., Jetten, J., Zhang, A.-R., Badea, C., Iyer, A., Cui, L.-J., & Zhang, Y. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1915 · Cited by 12
Bilali, R. (2012) · doi:10.4119/unibi/ijcv.223 · Cited by 12
“Identity centrality has been linked to increased perceptions of threat toward the in-group (Leach et al. 2008; Sellers and Shelton 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrecursors and Consequences of In-Group Disidentification: Status System Beliefs and Social Identity
Ikegami, T. (2010) · doi:10.1080/15283488.2010.523590 · Cited by 12
“…the disidentification scale was constructed by including items targeting negative affect associated with membership in the group, most of which came from what is called “in-group affect” (Cameron, 2004) or more “general dissatisfaction with the in-group as a whole” (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBesta, T., Pastwa‐Wojciechowska, B., Jaśkiewicz, M., Piotrowski, A., & Szulc, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110354 · Cited by 18
Taylor, I., McNamara, N., & Frings, D. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12635 · Cited by 12
Li, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10037-4 · Cited by 9
“We drew three items from the Leach et al. (2008) In-Group Identification measure that reflects solidarity (“I feel solidarity with my [profession/organization]”), centrality (“Being a part of [profession/organization] is an important part of how I see myself”), and satisfaction (“I am glad to be…”
Prosocial preferences can escalate intergroup conflicts by countering selfish motivations to leave
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“We used a translated short version of the Multicomponent Ingroup Identification Scale [38] to measure feminist identification.”
MethodI think and I know: Authority and solidarity in UK government Covid briefings
Wei, J. (2024) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2024.02.002 · Cited by 11
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“…satisfaction was assessed with the four items from the Ingroup Satisfaction subscale of the Ingroup Identification Scale with reference to the gender ingroup and used previously with Polish samples (Golec de Zavala & Bierwiaczonek, 2021; Leach et al., 2008, e.g., “It is good to be a woman/man”).”
Meta‐identification: Perceptions of others’ group identification shape group life
Steffens, N. K., Greenaway, K. H., Moore, S., Munt, K. A., Grundmann, F., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., Skorich, D. P., & Tatachari, S. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3014 · Cited by 14
“…processes that rely heavily on collective organisa-tionandmutualhelping–suchascollectiveresilienceandachievement (Avanzi et al., 2015; Drury et al., 2019; Goddard et al., 2004; Watson et al., 2001) as well as emerging collective protest and activism (Thomas et al., 2009; van Zomeren et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisclosing an autism diagnosis: A social identity approach
Togher, K., & Jay, S. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2990 · Cited by 11
“Autism social identification was assessed using an adapted version of Leach et al. ’ s (2008) multidimensional scale of social identification.”
MethodBustos-Ortega, M., Carretero-Dios, H., Megías, J. L., & Romero-Sánchez, M. (2023) · Psychology of women quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231162837 · Cited by 11
“We used the six-item Feminist Identification Scale (Leach et al., 2008; α = .87) in Samples 2 and 4.”
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Chowdhury, D., Baiocco-Romano, L., Sacco, V., Hajj, K. E., & Stolee, P. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/31691 · Cited by 11
“Because older adults from culturally diverse backgrounds are often miscategorized as a homogenous group despite the prominent sociocultural differences that exist among them, person-centered care merits considerable attention in the care of FBOAs [28].”
BackgroundWhen and Why People Prefer Higher Educated Politicians: Ingroup Bias, Deference, and Resistance
van Noord, J., Kuppens, T., Spruyt, B., & Spears, R. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221077794 · Cited by 13
“We measured identification with 10 items (α = .91, items are listed in Supplemental Appendix 6) adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodSelf-citationBucher, C. O., Delmas, P., Bachmann, A. O., & Gilles, I. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057021 · Cited by 13
Stevens, M., Fitzpatrick, A., & Cruwys, T. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14072 · Cited by 11
Social Dominance Orientation Boosts Collective Action Among Low-Status Groups
Carvalho, C., Pinto, I., Costa-Lopes, R., Páez, D., Miranda, M. P., & Marques, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681302 · Cited by 11
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Bleize, D. N. M., Tanis, M., Anschütz, D., & Buijzen, M. (2021) · Social development (Oxford. Print) · doi:10.1111/sode.12511 · Cited by 11
“Leach et al. (2008) identified five components of social identification, housed under two dimensions: self- definition and selfinvestment.”
BackgroundValcke, B., Hiel, A. V., Roey, T. V., de Putte, B. V., & Dierckx, K. (2020) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-020-00357-6 · Cited by 11
When lack of control enhances closeness to others: The case of unemployment and economic threat
Bukowski, M., de Lemus, S., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Willis, G. B., & Alburquerque, A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2563 · Cited by 13
Explaining different orientations to the 2013 Gezi Park demonstrations in Istanbul, Turkey.
Stewart, A. L., Leach, C., Bilali, R., Çelik, A., & Çidam, A. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12316 · Cited by 11
Self-citationYablowitz, M. G., Dölle, S., Schwartz, D., & Worm, M. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/13414 · Cited by 11
“Their initial level of shared identity was measured through an in-group identification tool [41] (Multimedia Appendix 2).”
Smyth, L., Mavor, K. I., & Platow, M. J. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1524853 · Cited by 11
“Individuals can be more or less identified with a particular social group, depending on how self-defining the group membership is, as well as how invested they are in the group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRoth, J., Mazziotta, A., & Barth, M. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1511465 · Cited by 11
“Alternatively, Model 3 reflects the two-dimensions without separating lower order components within these two dimensions (see Leach et al., 2008). Finally, we also tested a model that only includes the self-investment dimension and excludes items that refer to self-definition components (Model 4). This model was added…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialShi, Z., Wu, L., & Kuang, Z. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science · doi:10.1108/jcmars-07-2018-0004 · Cited by 14
Villicana, A. J., Rivera, L. M., & Garcia, D. M. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217690907 · Cited by 10
Greaves, L. M., Sengupta, N., Townrow, C. S., Osborne, D., Houkamau, C., & Sibley, C. (2018) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000089 · Cited by 11
A Longitudinal Study of Relationships between Identity Continuity and Anxiety Following Brain Injury
Walsh, R., Muldoon, O., Fortune, D., & Gallagher, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00648 · Cited by 11
Ethnic Identity among Immigrant and Minority Youth
Verkuyten, M., & Fleischmann, F. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118773123.ch2 · Cited by 14
An identity-based explanatory framework for alcohol use and misuse
Frings, D., & Albery, I. P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816720-5.00013-x · Cited by 11
Religious Group Identification and Ethno-National Attitudes in Buddhist, Muslim and Orthodox Youth
Khukhlaev, O. E., Alexandrova, E., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Kuznetsov, I., Pavlova, O., Ryzhova, S., & Shorokhova, V. (2019) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.17759/chp.2019150308 · Cited by 11
Hegarty, P., Stewart, A. L., Blockmans, I. G. E., & Horvath, M. (2018) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000075 · Cited by 11
“These were the 4-item Social Dominance Orientation scale (SDO; Pratto et al., 2013), hostile and benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996), and a 14-item measure of identification with men (Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodPlaut, V., Cheryan, S., & Stevens, F. G. (2015) · doi:10.1037/14341-019 · Cited by 11
“According to Leach et al. (2008), the more central the in-group, the more an individual will defend the in-group against threat.”
Beyond disdain: Measurement and consequences of negative partisanship as a social identity
Areal, J. (2024) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2024.102831 · Cited by 10
Hinton, J., Koç, Y., Garcia, X. D. L. P., Kaufmann, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2379841 · Cited by 10
“…single (e.g., Quinn & Chaudoir, 2009) or multi-(e.g., Begeny & Huo, 2017; Quinn et al., 2014; Utku & Sayılan, 2023) item scales that solely ask respondents to rate their levels of chronic identity self-awareness (or perpetual degree of thought; see also Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
InfluentialSocial ties and social identification: Influences on well-being in young adults
Mehrpour, A., Hoffman, A., Widmer, E. D., & Staerklé, C. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241263239 · Cited by 17
“Attachment ( ‘ I am very attached to my friends ’ , adapted from Phinney, 1992) and ties ( ‘ I have strong bonds with my friends ’ , adapted from Leach et al., 2008) were averaged to create a measure of identi fi cation with friends ( r T1 = .78, r T2 = .82) and family ( r T1 = .83, r T2 = .86).”
How harassment is depriving universities of talent: a national survey of STEM academics in the UK
Litzellachner, L. F., Barnett, J. C., Yeomans, L., & Blackwood, L. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212545 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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