Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.

“Although focused on the interpersonal level, Brewer and Gardner’s (1996) notion of the relational self is also similar to the notion of solidarity. They conceptualized the relational self as based in individuals’ “role relationships with significant others” in dyads (e.g., mother, friend, sibling) or small coacting gr…”

“…understood alongside traditional conceptualizations of social identification as best reflecting Tajfel and Turner’s (1979) description of the subjective value of a particular group membership for the self (Branscombe & Wann, 1994; Leach et al., 2008; Long & Spears, 1998; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”

“Three items, which tapped into the satisfaction, solidarity, and centrality dimensions of group identification, were adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”

“Just as narcissism is qualitatively different from and has a different etiology than self- esteem (Brummelman et al., 2016), collective narcissism is a distinct and separate phenomenon from ingroup satisfaction (Golec de Zavala et al., 2019, 2020; Golec de Zavala & Lantos, 2020).”

“91) and a 14-item social identification scale ([14] e.”

“Leach et al. (2008) empirically confirmed a hierarchical model of social identification that contains two dimensions, self-definition (subdivided into individual self-stereotyping and ingroup homogeneity) and selfinvestment (subdivided into solidarity, satisfaction and centrality).”

“However, the RMSEA values were higher than .06 for both models, although these may be considered adequate according to the criteria provided by Leach et al. (2008).”

“Three items measured ethnic identity-centrality (Leach et al., 2008).”

“…of self-investment and self-definition (e.g., centrality vs. homogeneity) are differentially related to perceived threat to the ingroup (Leach et al., 2008), highlighting the importance of examining the potential differential impact of threat on diverse aspects of ingroup…”

“, perceived similarity and shared fate with others) and affective ties to the group (Leach et al., 2008), and is flexible such that social identities can change from context to context (e.”

“After the manipulation, participants completed a seven-item measure of ingroup identification based on Leach et al. (2008), serving as a manipulation check (e.g., “I am glad to be an ingroup member.””

“One aspect of group identification that is particularly applicable to higher body-weight people is that of satisfaction – one’s positive attitudes about the group and one’s membership in it (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Three items with statements were used to assess solidarity and commitment to women [e.g., I feel (morally) committed to women], taken from Leach et al. (2008)’s Social Identity scale, with a response range of 1 (Totally disagree) to 7 (Totally agree).”

“…about gender equality with seven items (e.g., “My position on gender equality is a reflection of my core moral beliefs and convictions”; α = .94) and their feminist identification with 10 items taken from Leach and colleagues (e.g., “I feel a bond with feminists”; Leach et al., 2008; α = .93).”

“One key challenge to the claim that synergistical and active identities of identity fusion makes it a better theory for explaining group alignment and extreme pro-group orientations is that several updated contributions to social identification (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Hogg et al., 2017; Leach et al., 2008) include co…”

“…scored]/I am happy that I belong to my group/I often regret that I belong to my group [reverse scored]/I feel strong ties with my group/In general, I like belonging to my group” 1: disagree to 7: agree completely, Cronbach’s α = 0.84, ICC(1) = 0.26, ICC(2) = 0.51), adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”

“We also included measures of social identification as an Australian adapted from Leach et al. (2008) to ensure that this social identity was indeed relevant as participants completed the experiment (α = .80).”

“In Study 2, ingroup identification was assessed via three items adapted from Leach et al. (2008), for example, “I identify with the [ingroup]” (α = .88).”

“Given the multifaceted nature of in-group identification (Leach et al., 2008), future researchers could further investigate how various components of gender identification might differentially facilitate confrontation of sexism.”

“Although Leach et al. (2008) include a general measure of self-stereotyping as a component of identification, in the present study self-stereotyping and identification”

“82; items were adapted from the multicomponent identification scale by Leach et al. (2008). We incorporated one or two items from each subscale, to have a broad and inclusive measure of identification with high internal consistency.”

“Organizational Identification Questionnaire, OIQ (Cheney 1983).”

“Group Identity [23]; Contingencies of SelfWorth [7]; Self-Aspects [24]).”

“Social Identification Finally, participants filled out an identification questionnaire consisting of nine items ( a ¼ .89) from the multi-component ingroup identification scale by Leach et al. (2008).”

“The categories in our coding scheme mapped onto the five dimensions of identity that Leach et al. (2008) observed in their confirmatory factor analysis of group-identity measures: solidarity (e.g., feeling a bond with members of a social category); satisfaction (e.g., favorable evaluation of a…”

“To measure social identification with the in-group/out-group we also included items from the Social Identification Scale by Leach et al. (2008), “I feel a bond with Dutch women,” “I feel solidarity with Dutch women,” “I think that Dutch women have a lot to be proud of,” “I have a lot in common with…”

“Leach et al. (2008) recently outlined a model of social identification with two distinct dimensions: self-definition and self-investment.”

“Since Tajfel introduced social identity theory in the 1970s, several approaches have illuminated the different features of group identity including activation of the social self (12), intragroup ties (3, 13), uncertainty reduction (14), identity performance and engagement (15), grouplevel emotions (16), and so on.”

“Individuals are more willing to invest time and resources into, and make sacrifices for, homogeneous groups than they are for groups whose members differ on salient attributes (Leach et al., 2008).”

“We can call this a ‘conventional’ in- group identification (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Tajfel & Turner, 1979).”

“How can social psychological theories, methods, and analyses – which overwhelmingly focus on variance explained in a dependent variable – capture such social, behavioural, and material transformations? Mapping abrupt transformations onto quantifiable variation in underlying variables is also made vexed by the so-calle…”

“…students (N 60) responded to seven-item questionnaire measures designed to assess their identification with Germany ( .789) and with Europe ( .672), respectively (e.g., “I identify with Europe,” rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 [not at all] to 7 [very much]; adapted from Leach et al., 2008).”

“After completing demographic information, participants recorded their strength of religious identification using the ingroup identification scale by Leach and colleagues [24].”

“We did so because this component of identification has been linked to group-serving behaviors (Ashmore et al., 2004; Leach et al., 2008), of which ethnic political engagement is one; because an increased connection to other group members captures the sense of identification described by early explanations of rejection…”

“…has been defined as including various components, and these components not only respond differently to various aspects of the social context, but also have quite different and specific effects on a variety of (coping) responses (Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”

“Three items (adapted from Leach et al., 2008) measured group identification with the government, and separately, the citizens.”

“However, Reese and colleagues suggest that the Adler/ Maslow factor (which they term “self-investment”) reflects a component of ingroup identification similar to the solidarity factor of ingroup identification specified by Leach et al. (2008).”

“, 1994), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA; Altemeyer, 1981) or ingroup identification (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”

“Group identification with the college educated was assessed via self-reported solidarity, satisfaction, centrality, and self-stereotyping (12 items; Leach et al., 2008).”

“To examine how gender identification altered responses we assessed gender identification using the ‘identity centrality’ subscale of the hierarchical model of ingroup identification (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Further, self-categorization provides a connection to research on social identity reflecting the possibility that people’s reported concerns are reflected by their perceived similarity with like-minded individuals (Leach et al., 2008).”

“This is a particularly important component in most multidimensional conceptualizations of social identity (e.g., Ellemers, Kortekass, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008) and allows for the possibility of a comparable measure of identification for Mapuche and nonindigenous Chileans with reference groups other than t…”

“According to Leach et al. (2008), the benchmark for RMSEA values is .”

“A 10-item scale (α=.93) adapted from Leach et al. (2008) measured the extent to which participants identified with their work team.”

“To measure participants’ identification with their racial/ethnic group, we adopted three items from Leach et al. (2008).”

“…assess positive emotions towards the group (Dragojevic & Giles, 2014; Wheeless, 1976), identification with the group (Doosje, Ellemers, & Spears, 1995; Leach et al., 2008; Wiley et al., 2013), and beliefs that the ingroup and outgroup should “stick together” (Glasford & Calcagno, 2012, Study 1).”

“We used six items from the subscales Self-Investment (solidarity, satisfaction) and Self-Definition (self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) from Leach et al. (2008).”

“In addition, participants completed Leach and colleagues’ (Leach et al., 2008) 14-item measure (α = .91; e.g. “I have a lot in common with the average Pole”), as well as Cameron’s (2004; also see Obst & White, 2005) 12-item measure (α = .80; e.g., I often think about being a member of my country”)…”

“(adapted from Leach et al. 2008), scored from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much).”

“Social identity theory suggests that group identification is an indispensable variable in intra- and intergroup studies (Jackson 2002; Leach et al. 2008) because of its capability to predict in-group favoritism or collective attitudes and behaviors such as group commitment and emotional solidarity…”

“A more differentiating measure of (in)group identification, such as the five-component measure validated by Leach et al. (2008), might allow for a more detailed understanding of the aspects of group identification fostered through online communities.”

“On the basis of previous research (Doosje et al., 1998; Leach et al., 2008; Miron et al., 2010), we expected that when confronted with information about harmful behavior by the ingroup, high identifiers would be motivated to down-regulate collective guilt more than low identifiers.”

“…previous research on identity fusion has revealed that, relative to other identification scales (i.e., Jetten, Branscombe, Schmitt, & Spears, 2001; Leach et al., 2008; Tropp & Wright, 2001), Mael and Ashforth’s scale is most strongly related to identity fusion and the major outcome variables in…”