The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Social psychology of intergroup relations
Tajfel, H. (1982) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245 · Cited by 7,949
The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Diverse Groups
Phinney, J. S. (1992) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355489272003 · Cited by 3,813
Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83 · Cited by 3,401 · cited 4×
“Although focused on the interpersonal level, Brewer and Gardner’s (1996) notion of the relational self is also similar to the notion of solidarity. They conceptualized the relational self as based in individuals’ “role relationships with significant others” in dyads (e.g., mother, friend, sibling) or small coacting gr…”
Influential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,004
Szczepańska, D., Marchlewska, M., Karakula, A., Molenda, Z., Górska, P., & Rogoza, M. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01303-3 · Cited by 23
Negative Evaluations of National Ethics and Its Impact on Islamic Radicalism
Ludigdo, U., & Mashuri, A. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211041099 · Cited by 23
“In particular, identity centrality is one component of group identification, which is implicated in the subjective importance that group members assigned to their group (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWolff, F., Lüdtke, O., Helm, F., & Møller, J. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101952 · Cited by 26
On the Psychological Function of Nationalistic “Whitelash”
Sengupta, N., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12563 · Cited by 18
Spruyt, B., Kuppens, T., Spears, R., & van Noord, J. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12558 · Cited by 19
“Identification with education-based groups was measured with four items adapted from Leach et al. (2008), for example, “I feel a bond with people who followed the same education” and “My education is an important part of my identity” (α = 0.815).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPetkanopoulou, K., Sánchez-Rodríguez, Á., Willis, G., Chryssochoou, X., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117751201 · Cited by 18
“The subscale of centrality of the In-Group Identification Scale developed by Leach et al. (2008) was used to measure identification with the national identity (e.g., “Being Spanish is an important part of how I see myself”; 1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree; α = .769).”
MethodLocal Origins: Context, Group Identity, and Politics of Place
Wilcox-Archuleta, B. (2018) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912918772933 · Cited by 17
“Although linked fate does not directly map onto other group identity constructs identified in social psychology, it relates to measures of centrality, self-stereotyping, and to a lesser extent, group solidarity (Leach et al. 2008).”
BackgroundGlasford, D. E., & Johnston, B. M. (2018) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1324395 · Cited by 18
“These measures were adapted from past work exploring group identification (i.e., centrality; Leach et al., 2008) and expression of preference for identity distinctiveness (Yogeeswaran, Dasgupta, & Gomez, 2012).”
MethodShea, M., Wong, Y. J., Nguyen, K. K., & Baghdasarian, S. (2017) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000017701820 · Cited by 17
“This is a 3-item measure adapted from the Measure of In-Group Self-Investment (MISI; Leach et al., 2008)—a multicomponent measure developed to assess in-group self-definition and selfinvestment.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial Identity and Attitudes Toward Cultural Diversity
Hamamura, T. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116681845 · Cited by 18
“This research follows a research tradition in social psychology examining social identity’s multifaceted nature (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe Roles of In-Group Exemplars and Ethnic-Racial Identification in Self-Stereotyping
Rivera, L. M., & Benitez, S. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.6.604 · Cited by 18
“…(1997) MMRI-Centrality scale, which captures the extent to which ethnicity is central to an African-American individual’s self and identity, a psychological construct considered to be chronically salient and relatively stable across contexts (also see Leach et al., 2008; Sellers et al., 1998).”
BackgroundScrignaro, M., Sani, F., Wakefield, J. R. H., Bianchi, E., Magrin, M. E., & Gangeri, L. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.07.004 · Cited by 20
van Zomeren, M., Susilani, N., & Berend, S. (2016) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i1.419 · Cited by 25
“We included multiple indicators of group identification to prevent reliance on only one index of the construct (for a review of different measures, see Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodZdrenka, M., Yogeeswaran, K., Stronge, S., & Sibley, C. (2015) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.07.003 · Cited by 18
Perceptual Bias in Threat Distance
Cesario, J., & Navarrete, C. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613485605 · Cited by 18
van Veelen, R., Otten, S., & Hansen, N. (2013) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212473167 · Cited by 18
“We specifically focused on this conceptualization of identification as, according to a meta-analysis by Leach et al. (2008) it grasps a “sense of belonging and psychological commitment to the ingroup” (2008, p.”
MethodSibley, C., Houkamau, C., & Hoverd, W. (2011) · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01244.x · Cited by 18
Obst, P. L., White, K., Mavor, K. I., & Baker, R. K. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.25066 · Cited by 18
“Recently, Leach et al. (2008) have presented a hierarchical model of in-group identity which conceptualise subcomponents that fit within two broad dimensions.”
BackgroundInfluentialReiman, A.-K., & Killoran, T. C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104408 · Cited by 18
Identifying as Autistic Without a Formal Diagnosis: Who Self-Identifies as Autistic and Why?
Ahuvia, I. L., Gürbüz, E., Cuda, J., Kapp, S. K., Houck, A. P., Gates, J. A., Schleider, J. L., & Gurba, A. N. (2026) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581251409920 · Cited by 13
Comparative Reliability of 108 Scales and Their Short-Form Counterparts
Sibley, C. G., Stronge, S., Lilly, K. J., Yogeeswaran, K., Tongeren, D. R. V., Milfont, T. L., Zubielevitch, E., Bulbulia, J. A., Wilson, M., Overall, N. C., et al. (2024) · New Zealand journal of psychology · doi:10.63146/001c.138416 · Cited by 27
Michalski, P., Marchlewska, M., Górska, P., Rogoza, M., Molenda, Z., & Szczepańska, D. (2023) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2023.2237176 · Cited by 17
“Therefore, the main motivation to adopt conspiracy beliefs was linked to feelings of intergroup threat and a willingness to defend the in-group from harm and danger (Leach et al., 2008).”
Lashkay, A., Kinsella, E. L., & Muldoon, O. T. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2702 · Cited by 24
Jost, J., Bertin, J. A., Javeed, A., Liaquat, U., & Pichardo, E. J. R. (2023) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2022.2122319 · Cited by 17
Correia, F., Melo, F. S., & Paiva, A. (2022) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12634 · Cited by 20
Greenland, K., West, K., & van Laar, C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12902 · Cited by 17
“We used an alternative measure (i.e., Leach et al., 2008) in subsequent studies.”
BackgroundMethodThe Politics in White Identity: Testing a Racialized Partisan Hypothesis
Pérez, E. O., Kuo, E.-Y. E., Russel, J., Scott‐Curtis, W., Munoz, J., & Tobias, M. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12788 · Cited by 17
Editorial: Social Belongingness and Well-Being: International Perspectives
Oyanedel, J. C., & Páez, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735507 · Cited by 23
Houkamau, C. A., Milojev, P., Greaves, L. M., Dell, K., Sibley, C. G., & Phinney, J. S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01636-4 · Cited by 20
Māori and Pasifika language, identity, and wellbeing in Aotearoa New Zealand
Matika, C. M., Manuela, S., Houkamau, C., & Sibley, C. (2021) · Kōtuitui New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online · doi:10.1080/1177083x.2021.1900298 · Cited by 17
Dierckx, K., Politi, E., Valcke, B., Assche, J. V., & Hiel, A. V. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220975480 · Cited by 17
“Feelings of identification with the Swiss society were assessed with eight items, adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodStein, D. H., Schroeder, J., Hobson, N. M., Gino, F., & Norton, M. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yd7tg · Cited by 17
“In general, ingroup members who are more committed to the group—and who thus adopt group moral values as part of their internal self-standards—are more likely to adhere to those moral imperatives (Blader et al., 2017; Christensen et al., 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Riketta, 2005; Roccas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe Dark Side of Embodiment - Teaming Up With Robots VS Disembodied Agents
Correia, F., Gomes, S., Mascarenhas, S. F., Melo, F. S., & Paiva, A. (2020) · Robotics: Science and Systems · doi:10.15607/rss.2020.xvi.010 · Cited by 20
“reporting their subjective trust [1] and identification towards the team [23].”
BackgroundDitrich, L., Lueders, A., Jonas, E., & Sassenberg, K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.009 · Cited by 16
Groeve, B. D., Bleys, B., & Hudders, L. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.031 · Cited by 17
Challenges to Traditional Narratives of Intractable Conflict Decrease Ingroup Glorification
McLamore, Q., Adelman, L., & Leidner, B. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219841638 · Cited by 17
“…between specific dimensions of group identification, for instance, attachment and glorification (Roccas, Klar, & Liviatan, 2006; Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, Halevy, & Eidelson, 2008; but see also other multidimensional conceptualizations, Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989; Leach et al., 2008; Staub, 1997).”
BackgroundMukherjee, S., Adams, G., & Molina, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i2.705 · Cited by 19
Thomas, J., Bentall, R. P., Hadden, L., & O’Hara, L. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.10.004 · Cited by 21
Webb, H., Jones, B. M., McNeill, K. G., Lim, L., Frain, A., O’Brien, K. J., Skorich, D., Hoffmann, P., & Cruwys, T. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2017.02.003 · Cited by 17
“Scale items were based on widely used measures of identification with a social group (Leach et al., 2008; Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2012), for example “I feel a bond with other (brand) smokers”, “I identify with the group of (brand) smokers”, (α = 0.”
MethodInfluentialSmithson, M., Sopeña, A., & Platow, M. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130539 · Cited by 17
“The first section measured each participant’s identification with Australia using a 14-item social identification scale with a 7-point Likert format [17].”
MethodNew social identities in Ukrainian 'refugees': A social cure or social curse?
Skrodzka, M., McMahon, G., Griffin, S., & Muldoon, O. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117048 · Cited by 16
National narcissism in politics and public understanding of science
Cisłak, A., & Cichocka, A. K. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00240-6 · Cited by 26
“Consequently, national identification scales (which typically measure the importance of the group to the individual, ties to other ingroup members and satisfaction with one’s group membership) are not well suited to capturing the security of one’s identity 3 .”
BackgroundPerceived threat, injustice appraisal and willingness to join progressive collective action
Szóstakowski, D., & Besta, T. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04926-1 · Cited by 19
“We used the scale created by Leach et al. (2008) ( α = 0.96) (e.g. ‘Being part of supporters of LGBT equal rights is an important part of how I see myself’).”
InfluentialWeisswange, T. H., Javed, H., Dietrich, M., Jung, M. F., & Jamali, N. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3777455 · Cited by 16
“There also exist conflict severity measures (e.g. [39], [40]) that could be used to follow the influence of mediation behaviors on conflicts with slower dynamics.”
Investigating motivations underlying collective narcissism and in-group identification
Eker, İ., Cichocka, A. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221081470 · Cited by 22
“Emotional investment is an important element of in-group identity (Leach et al., 2008; Tajfel, 1981).”
BackgroundResultMuldoon, O., Jay, S., O'Donnell, A., Winterburn, M., Moynihan, A., O'Connell, B. H., Choudhary, R., Jha, K., & Sah, A. (2022) · Health and Social Care in the community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13771 · Cited by 16
“2.2.3 | Self- help group belonging Self- help group belonging was measured with three items adapted from Leach et al. (2008) measure of in- group identification.”
MethodInfluentialRelke, S., Fritsche, I., Masson, T., Kleine, A., Thien, K., von Glahn, L., Leuteritz, K., & Richter, D. (2021) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12567 · Cited by 20
de Zavala, A. G. (2020) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_12 · Cited by 21
Crossed categorization outside the lab: Findings from a factorial survey experiment
Grigoryan, L. (2020) · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2656 · Cited by 16
Wong, Y. J., McDermott, R. C., Zounlomè, N. O. O., Klann, E. M., & Peterson, Z. D. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520936369 · Cited by 17
“We used a three-item version of the In-Group Solidarity Subscale of the In-Group Identification Scale (ISS; Leach et al., 2008) to measure participants’ feelings of solidarity with other college students at their university on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).”
BackgroundMethodCarriere, K. R., Hendricks, M. J., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2019) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12186 · Cited by 16
Solving dissociative group effects using construal level theory
McGowan, M., Hassan, L., & Shiu, E. (2019) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-07-2018-0468 · Cited by 16
Smyth, L., Mavor, K. I., & Gray, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2413 · Cited by 16
“each student brings to the classroom (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSocial capital, identification and support: Scope for integration
Richardson, J., Postmes, T., & Stroebe, K. E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266499 · Cited by 21
“The first target of identification was the Neighbourhood/village, and was measured with a single item measure: “I feel connected to the people in my neighbourhood” ([37]; see also [38] for a comparable single item measure).”
MethodHanel, P. H. P., Wolfradt, U., Maio, G. R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.002 · Cited by 32
Meagher, B. R. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12198 · Cited by 20
Conditional Mediation Models of Intersecting Identities Among Female Asian International Students
Liu, T., Wong, Y. J., & Tsai, P.-C. (2016) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000016637200 · Cited by 16
“In addition, there is limited validity evidence for the Solidarity Subscale of the In-Group Identification Scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNational Dental PBRN Collaborative Group, Rindal, D. B., Flottemesch, T. J., Durand, E. U., Godlevsky, O. V., Schmidt, A. M., & Gilbert, G. H. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0177-x · Cited by 16
“Social environment [27] is a factor impacting behavior and these results suggest that the peer influence was strongly associated with changing provider behavior.”
BackgroundCircumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals
Locke, K. D. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213514280 · Cited by 24
Frias, Y., & Pedersen, A. (2013) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1017/prp.2013.4 · Cited by 16
“The scale has been shown to be reliable (see Leach et al., 2008, p. 150).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHigh power mindsets reduce gender identification and benevolent sexism among women (But not men)
Vial, A. C., & Napier, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.012 · Cited by 20
“One serious possibility is that, because of a diminished connection to the ingroup, members of disadvantaged groups who do attain power, and thus who may be uniquely situated to foster structural changes that could benefit the ingroup—people like Carly Fiorina—may be less inclined than the average group member to actu…”
BackgroundMasson, T., & Fritsche, I. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2501 · Cited by 15
Pérez, E., Goldman, S. K., Huo, Y. J., Nteta, T., & Tropp, L. (2024) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2024.61 · Cited by 15
System justification drives Latino support for nativist policies
Pérez, E. O., Alhambra, R., Nguy, J. H., Bielskis, O., Chabane, L., Gudino, A., Katz, C., Liu, J., Mojica, E., & Zhou, M. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241245383 · Cited by 15
“…although social identity theory and sys-tem justification theory are often presented as alternatives to each other in published work (e.g., Owuamalam et al., 2018; Rubin et al., 2023; van Zomeren et al., 2008), it is plausible that some synergies exist between them (e.g., Jost, 2020, pp. 261–272).”
BackgroundMethodWhat one is not: a new scale to measure Negative Party Identity in multiparty systems
Mayer, S. J., & Russo, L. (2023) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-023-01793-7 · Cited by 21
“…previous research on negational identities (Zhong et al. 2008; Leonardelli and Toh 2015) as well as newer studies on the measurement of social identity that do not rely on older scales, such as the IDPG, anymore, but focus more on complex, multi-dimensional measurements (e.g., Leach et al. 2008).”
Wiley, S., Park, J. W., & Catalina, N. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231162042 · Cited by 15
Gender Identification Beyond the Binary and Its Consequences for Social Well-Being
Wickham, M., van Nunspeet, F., & Ellemers, N. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02453-x · Cited by 15
“, “solidarity” with a group, “satisfaction” with a group, and identity “centrality”), while there is also the self-definition component of gender identification, which measures selfstereotyping and group homogeneity (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMultiparty Interaction Between Humans and Socially Interactive Agents
Gillet, S., Vázquez, M., Peters, C., Yang, F., & Leite, I. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3563659.3563665 · Cited by 16
“…der Pütten 2020] comprise: Ingroup identification , the individuals’ perception of themselves as member of the group [Ashmore et al. 2004, Leach et al. 2008]; cohesion , the inside perspective on the forces that keeps the group as a group [Dion 2000]; and entitativity , the outside…”
BackgroundAlcañiz‐Colomer, J., Moya, M., & Valor‐Segura, I. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03804-6 · Cited by 12
de Zavala, A. G. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01315-z · Cited by 17
Allison‐Burbank, J. D., Ingalls, A., Rebman, P., Chambers, R. A., Begay, R., Grass, R., Tsosie, A., Archuleta, S., Barlow, A., Larzelere, F., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13208-7 · Cited by 6
“Cultural identity Leach’s in‐group identification scale [28] X X X”
BackgroundUrbiola, A., McGarty, C., & Costa‐Lopes, R. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680211056321 · Cited by 21
“…of multiculturalist identity could be captured by measuring multiculturalist identity centrality, ingroup ties and ingroup affect, based on Cameron (2004) as well as with the centrality dimesion of the multicomponent ingroup identification measure of self-investment of Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodHelp-seeking behaviours for mental health in higher education
Bryant, A., Cook, A., Egan, H. H., Wood, J. S., & Mantzios, M. (2021) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2021.1985983 · Cited by 30
“Leach et al.’s (2008) Sense of Belonging Scale is a 14-item scale, measuring an individual’s sense of belonging with a particular in-group.”
MethodInfluentialMorgenroth, T., Kirby, T. A., Gee, I. A., & Ovett, T. A. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02145-y · Cited by 22
Dyduch‐Hazar, K., & Mroziński, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247814 · Cited by 18
“In-group satisfaction was measured by the 4-item In-group satisfaction subscale of the Ingroup Identity Scale ([3, 46]; e.g. “I’m proud to be Polish”), α = .94, M = 4.59, SD = 1.03.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBesta, T., Jurek, P., Iwanowska, M., & Szóstakowski, D. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.025 · Cited by 20
Liu, J., & Higgs, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00159 · Cited by 15
Broekman, A. V. M., Koudenburg, N., Gordijn, E., Krans, K. L. S., & Postmes, T. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000159 · Cited by 19
“…consisted of three items: ‘I had the feeling that a bond developed between the audience and the dance group during the performance’ (adapted from Leach et al., 2008), ‘I had the feeling that the performance reduced the emotional distance between the audience and the dance group’, and ‘I…”
BackgroundThe relation between social identity and test anxiety in university students
Zwettler, C., Reiss, N., Rohrmann, S., Warnecke, I., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & van Dick, R. (2018) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102918785415 · Cited by 15
“While social identity refers to an individual’s perception of a group as a unit that shares characteristics such as norms, relationships to out-groups, and so on, social identification focuses on the strength of the relationship a member has with this specific group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAttachment to groups: Relationships with group esteem, self‐esteem, and investment in ingroups
DeMarco, T. C., & Reiman, A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2500 · Cited by 12
Reshaping social structure through performances: Emergent solidarity between actors and observers
Broekman, A. V. M., Gordijn, E., Koudenburg, N., & Postmes, T. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.12.002 · Cited by 15
“Ten items assessed identi fi cation with the group ( α = 0.88, Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialDumas, T. M., Davis, J. P., Maxwell-Smith, M. A., & Bell, A. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1408651 · Cited by 15
“Identification with one’s drinking group was measured using 4 items (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) adapted from other measures (Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodJi, Y., Zhou, Y., & Kim, S. (2017) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2017.1336777 · Cited by 13
“We then adapted four items from the Western identity research (e.g. Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Postmes et al., 2013; Van Zomeren, Postmes et al., 2008 ) and one item from the Hong Kong identity research (Bond & Hewstone, 1988; Ma & Fung, 2007).”
MethodEstimation of Greatest Lower Bound Reliability of Academic Delay of Gratification Scale
Chakraborty, A. (2017) · IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) · doi:10.9790/7388-0702017579 · Cited by 15
Owuamalam, C. K., & Rubin, M. (2014) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v2i1.33 · Cited by 19
Ramos, M., Correia, I., & Alves, H. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.798890 · Cited by 15
Howard, M. C. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.021 · Cited by 15
“This scale consists of 14 questions, adapted from Leach et al. (2008), which form five first-order factors and two second-order factors.”
MethodIf They Were to Vote, They Would Vote for Us
Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. (2011) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611420164 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, the measure correlated positively with the Identification Scale by Leach et al. (2008), r = .52.”
MethodThe Person in Political Emotion
Leach, C. W. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00671.x · Cited by 14
“One way to examine the person in political emotion is to attend to the subgroups of people who populate correlations (see Leach et al., 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZagefka, H., Binder, J. F., Brown, R., & Hancock, L. (2013) · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000153 · Cited by 15
“Many conceptualizations of ingroup identification have been proposed, distinguishing different facets of the concept (e.g., Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004; Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Jackson & Smith, 1999; Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, Halevy, & Eidelson, 2008).”
BackgroundIrving, B., Kavanagh, C. M., Fischer, R. D., & Yuki, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291655 · Cited by 16
How social norms and dietary identity affect willingness to try cultured meat
Lewisch, L., & Riefler, P. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-11-2022-1016 · Cited by 14
Gronfeldt, B., Cisłak, A., Marinthe, G., & Cichocka, A. K. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231185406 · Cited by 16
Özkan, Z., Dhont, K., & Abrams, D. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231174402 · Cited by 14
“Action intentions for disadvantaged groups is usually considered the outcome variable (e.g., Saab et al., 2015; van Zomeren et al., 2008), but it can also be conceptualized as a driver of more positive outgroup relations.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAlaql, A. A., Alqurashi, F. A., & Mehmood, R. (2023) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504231213788 · Cited by 21
Beyond the three monkeys of workforce diversity: Who hears, sees, and speaks up?
Kusku, F., Araci, O., Tanriverdi, V., & Ozbilgin, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879862 · Cited by 14
“Social identity approaches imply that when an individual perceives themselves as a member of an organization, they will get a high level of satisfaction because satisfaction is more likely associated with the relationship with the other members of the group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMeasuring Friendship Closeness: A Perspective of Social Identity Theory
Zhang, S., Sun, J.-C., Lin, W.-Q., Xiao, X., & Tang, B. (2022) · International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management · doi:10.1145/3511808.3557076 · Cited by 14
“[21] extensively summarize existing social perceptual factors as: satisfaction [6, 47], solidarity [6, 9], centrality [3, 6, 9], selfstereotyping [29, 42] and in-group homogeneity [29, 42].”
BackgroundDomen, I., Scheepers, D. T., Derks, B., & van Veelen, R. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211042669 · Cited by 16
“Gender identification was measured using five items (e.g., “Being a man is important to me,” “I identify with other men”; 1 = totally disagree, 7 = totally agree; Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodRusso, D., Hanel, P. H. P., & van Berkel, N. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3638244 · Cited by 27
“Solidarity with the company was measured with the 3-item Solidarity subscale of the In-group Identification Scale [80], α Wave 6 = .”
MethodGulevich, O., Krivoshchekov, V., & Sorokina, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02050-6 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
