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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
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InfluentialProtesters as “Passionate Economists”
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“…and measure group identity in a more nuanced way to determine which aspects of group identification operate as more of a primary appraisal of self-relevance and which aspects operate as more of a secondary appraisal of coping potential (for discussions, see Iyer & Leach, 2008; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDeny, Distance, or Dismantle? How White Americans Manage a Privileged Identity
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“Yet if the invisibility thesis is correct, then attempts to measure White identity in any of its possible senses—whether as a mental association between categories of the self and ingroup (Smith & Henry, 1996; Tropp & Wright, 2001), an emotional investment in the ingroup (Leach et al., 2008; Wohl, Branscombe, & Klar,…”
BackgroundFinding goldilocks influencers: How follower count drives social media engagement
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“First, we asked participants to fill outmeasures of national collective narcissism (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009; Golec de Zavala, Cichocka, & Bilewicz, 2013) and ingroup positivity (operationalized as group-level self-investment; Leach et al., 2008).”
National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic
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“Solidarity with other members of one ’ s group is a component of ingroup identi fi cation 7 , that is, the personal signi fi cance that being part of a group (e.g., nation) holds for an individual 7 – 10 .”
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Tobin, D. D., Menon, M., Menon, M., Spatta, B. C., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018936 · Cited by 331
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“With respect to the latter question, I believe that using multidimensional conceptualizations of group identification will be fruitful in revealing whether particular aspects of group identity are more strongly related to politicization (e.g., Giguère & Lalonde, 2010; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEmotion in inter-group relations
Iyer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802079738 · Cited by 256
Self-citationUnderstanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism
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Traditional Masculinity and Femininity: Validation of a New Scale Assessing Gender Roles
Kachel, S., Steffens, M. C., & Niedlich, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00956 · Cited by 319
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“…diagnosed with depression or anxiety AU 4 weeks (2 sessions of 3.5-hours duration per week) Hinkle, Taylor, FoxCardamone, and Crook (1989), Leach et al. (2008); Luhtanen and Crocker (1992): 11 items Depression (ZSRDS) Effect size b 92 0.20 Anxiety (BAI) Cruwys, Haslam, Dingle, Jetten, et…”
BackgroundInfluentialComparing social contact and group identification as predictors of mental health.
Sani, F., Herrera, M., Wakefield, J., Boroch, O., & Gulyás, C. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02101.x · Cited by 243
“To assess army identification, we used an adaptation of the 14-item scale of group identification developed by Leach et al. (2008), which is based on two sub-scales.”
MethodMitchell, R. J., Boyle, B., Parker, V., Giles, M., Chiang, C. L. V., & Joyce, P. (2015) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21658 · Cited by 296
“Perceived inclusion means that individuals see themselves as a full member of the team, engaged psychologically and behaviorally (Branscombe, Spears, Ellemers, & Doosje, 2002; Ellemers et al., 2011; Leach et al., 2008; Tyler & Blader, 2003).”
BackgroundCruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Chong, E. M. D., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.019 · Cited by 294
“Social identification with the therapy group was calculated using an 11-item scale, for example “I am glad that I belong to this group” and “I feel strong ties to this group” measured on a seven-point scale from “Not at all” to “Very much” (adapted from Hinkle, Taylor, Fox-Cardamone, & Crook, 1989; Leach et al., 2008;…”
MethodSwann, W. B., Gómez, Á., Huici, C., Morales, J. F., & Hixon, J. G. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020014 · Cited by 254
“The fusion effect was significantly higher than the effects of any of the Leach et al. subscales (zs 6.78, ps .001).”
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From Group Identity to Political Cohesion and Commitment
Huddy, L. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0023 · Cited by 212
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“When centrality of racial identity is perceived as a positive selfresource, it is correlated with feelings of solidarity, similarity, and satisfaction with the identity [36].”
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“…was assessed by the ingroup satisfaction subscale of the Ingroup Identity Scale which pertains to positive attachment to a national group (α = 0.91; Leach et al., 2008; e.g., “I am glad to be a member of my national group”; “I think that members of my national group have a lot to be proud of”;…”
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“A good example of the difference between controlling and non-controlling language can be seen in the instructions that were given to first- and secondgrade students in a Koestner et al .( 1984) study.”
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Self-citationCollective Narcissism: Political Consequences of Investing Self‐Worth in the Ingroup’s Image
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“Second, and more importantly, we included a partisan identification measure (Leach et al., 2008).”
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Nationalism as collective narcissism
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“Consistent with both classic (Tajfel, 1978) and contemporary theorizing from a SIT perspective (Leach et al., 2008), disability group identity was operationalized to include both cognitive and affective components indicating the degree to which individuals define themselves as members of the…”
BackgroundIntergroup Contact and Social Change
Reimer, N. K., Becker, J. C., Benz, A., Christ, O., Dhont, K., Klocke, U., Neji, S., Rychlowska, M., Schmid, K., & Hewstone, M. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216676478 · Cited by 176
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“Collective narcissism tends to correlate with measures of conventional in-group positivity (such as in-group identification; Leach et al., 2008; or collective self-esteem; Luhtanen & Crocker 1992), as these concepts also reflect positive in-group evaluation.”
BackgroundNadler, A., Harpaz, G., & David, Y. B. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015968 · Cited by 177
Measuring Partisanship as a Social Identity in Multi-Party Systems
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“Leach et al. (2008) reported evidence for internal reliability of the centrality subscale scores (range ¼ .80–.87), structural validity (via confirmatory factor analyses across two samples), and construct validity.”
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“commendations (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGolec de Zavala, A., Federico, C. M., Sedikides, C., Guerra, R., Lantos, D., Mroziński, B., Cypryańska, M., & Baran, T. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000260 · Cited by 157
“In-group satisfaction was assessed with the 4-item in-group satisfaction subscale of the Polish version of the In-group Identity Scale (Jaworska, 2016; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodCross-Cultural Validation of A Revised Environmental Identity Scale
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“From a broader theoretical point of view, the conceptualization and relevant measurement of environmental identity proposed by Clayton [9] reflects the notion of identity centrality in identity theories [32,33].”
BackgroundCruwys, T., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Jetten, J., & Dingle, G. A. (2016) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12155 · Cited by 206
“In addition, other existing scales, such as measures of social identity strength (e.g., Leach et al. , 2008), and collective self-esteem (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) are yet to be explicitly compared against the variables generated from SIM.”
InfluentialXenophobic Rhetoric and Its Political Effects on Immigrants and Their Co‐Ethnics
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“Of course, affirming one’s ingroup does not necessarily entail antipathy toward outgroups (Brewer 1999; Kinder and Kam 2009; Leach et al. 2008).”
BackgroundAdherence to climate change‐related ingroup norms: Do dimensions of group identification matter?
Masson, T., & Fritsche, I. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2036 · Cited by 150
Hackel, L. M., Looser, C. E., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.12.001 · Cited by 168
“After completing the face rating task, participants completed a measure of collective identification with the in-group (Leach et al., 2008) (α = .”
MethodGrant, A. M., & Patil, S. V. (2012) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.0437 · Cited by 163
“This is consistent with traditional approaches to the study of collective identification, where high identifiers are thought to depersonalize their identities (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987) such that the norms and other characteristics of the collective themselves become self-defining (Leach et al.,…”
BackgroundResultHan, E., Miller, M. R., DeVeaux, C., Jun, H., Nowak, K. L., Hancock, J. T., Ram, N., & Bailenson, J. N. (2022) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac031 · Cited by 201
“…a person’s identification to a group they belong to, such as an organization, club, or sports team, were measured at the start of the study using eight items adapted from an in-group identification scale and an organizational identification scale (Leach et al., 2008; Mael & Ashforth, 1992).”
Modeling of food intake is moderated by salient psychological group membership
Cruwys, T., Platow, M. J., Angullia, S. A., Chang, J. M., Diler, S. E., Kirchner, J. L., Lentfer, C. E., Lim, Y. J., Quarisa, A., Tor, V. W. L., et al. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.002 · Cited by 169
“This scale has established reliability (a = .80 in this experiment) and validity with a wide range of social groups (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBouman, T., Steg, L., & Zawadzki, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101470 · Cited by 143
A Single-Item Measure for Assessing STEM Identity
Mcdonald, M. M., Zeigler-Hill, V., Vrabel, J. K., & Escobar, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00078 · Cited by 143
“This approach to social identity can be broadly construed as identity centrality (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKnowles, E. D., & Tropp, L. R. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550618759326 · Cited by 142
The social identity approach: Appraising the Tajfellian legacy
Brown, R. J. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12349 · Cited by 263
Wilkins, S., Butt, M., Kratochvil, D., & Balakrishnan, M. (2016) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2015.1034258 · Cited by 141
Further validation of a single‐item measure of social identification
Reysen, S., Katzarska-Miller, I., Nesbit, S. M., & Pierce, L. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1973 · Cited by 141
Sibley, C. G., & Houkamau, C. A. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031113 · Cited by 50
Krosch, A. R., Berntsen, L., Amodio, D. M., Jost, J. T., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.009 · Cited by 140
“Within our subsample of White participants (n = 54), we found that White identification (measured with 11 items, α = .92, from Leach et al., 2008) was indeed correlated with political conservatism, r = .40, p b .01, but it was only marginally correlated with PSE, r = − .22, p = .11.”
BackgroundThe Many Ways to Be Marginal in a Group
Ellemers, N., & Jetten, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312453086 · Cited by 139
“A further difference between the prototypicality and identification constructs is that the extent to which an individual identifies with a group is largely under their own control and reflects an individual’s wish to be associated with the group (e.g., Ellemers, Kortekaas & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialExpressive Versus Instrumental Partisanship in Multiparty European Systems
Huddy, L., Bankert, A., & Davies, C. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12482 · Cited by 182
Personal norms in a globalized world: Norm-activation processes and reduced clothing consumption
Joanes, T. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.191 · Cited by 152
Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033126 · Cited by 163
“By gender identification, we mean the importance or centrality of gender group membership to one’s overall self-concept (referred to as centrality by Leach et al., 2008, and identity by Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
BackgroundHow Perspective-Taking Helps and Hinders Group-Based Guilt as a Function of Group Identification
Zebel, S., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430208098777 · Cited by 137
“…research that has used more elaborate measures of group identification has distinguished empirically between different latent components and has demonstrated how such different components can have distinct relations to group-based emotions (e.g. Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Klar, & Liviatan, 2006).”
Self-citationGolec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2496 · Cited by 136
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M. A. (2011) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022532 · Cited by 135
“…of the overall strength of social identity toward examining how different aspects of identity contribute to well-being (e.g., Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlinVolpe, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Phinney, 1992; Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, & Chavous, 1998; Umaña-Taylor, Yazedjian, & Bamaca-Gomez, 2004).”
Motivated Shifting of Justice Standards
Miron, A. M., Branscombe, N., & Biernat, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210370031 · Cited by 135
“…(Cameron, 2004; Karasawa, 1991; Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, & Owen, 2002) to tap the correlated dimensions of group identification found by Leach et al. (2008): self-definition (perceiving the self as similar to the ingroup prototype) and self-investment (feeling positively and sharing a…”
BackgroundThomas, E. F., Zubielevitch, E., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219879111 · Cited by 134
Kaakinen, M., Sirola, A., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1544910 · Cited by 163
“Of these dimensions, the selfinvestment dimension can be seen as closer to the traditional social identity theory approach, whereas self-definition resembles self-categorization (Leach et al., 2008; Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWho We Are and Who Can Join Us: National Identity Content and Entry Criteria for New Immigrants
Pehrson, S., & Green, E. G. T. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01671.x · Cited by 132
Team identification, trust and conflict: a mediation model
Han, G. H., & Harms, P. D. (2010) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061011016614 · Cited by 142
“Likewise, Leach et al. (2008), in their paper on a multi-component model of in-group identification, submit that one of the five components of group identification is individual self-stereotyping.”
BackgroundSternisko, A., Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211054947 · Cited by 199
“National narcissism is also distinguishable from national identification, which can be understood as the centrality of national identification to the self, ties to fellow citizens, and satisfaction with one’s nation (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCollective Narcissism and Its Social Consequences: The Bad and the Ugly
de Zavala, A. G., & Lantos, D. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420917703 · Cited by 197
“…self-esteem (a belief that the in-group is of high value and a reason to be proud; Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990; also called in-group satisfaction; Leach et al., 2008) from collective narcissism (a belief that one’s own group is exceptional but not sufficiently recognized by others; Golec de…”
BackgroundIdentification With All Humanity: The role of self‐definition and self‐investment
Reese, G., Proch, J., & Finn, C. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2102 · Cited by 124
Solidarity with Animals: Assessing a Relevant Dimension of Social Identification with Animals
Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168184 · Cited by 154
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism and College Women’s STEM Outcomes
Kuchynka, S. L., Salomon, K., Bosson, J. K., El-Hout, M., Kiebel, E. M., Cooperman, C., & Toomey, R. G. (2017) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317741889 · Cited by 127
“We expected the links between perceived benevolent sexism and STEM outcomes to be moderated by the strength of women’s STEM identity, defined as the importance of STEM domains to women’s self-concept (Leach et al., 2008; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
BackgroundThomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215612217 · Cited by 138
“Social identification is a multidimensional construct (see Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004, for a review) where these identity dimensions may relate to connection, satisfaction, and self-definition (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGroup Devaluation and Group Identification
Leach, C. W., Mosquera, P. M. R., Vliek, M., & Hirt, E. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01661.x · Cited by 129
Self-citationAn Integrative Model of Social Identification
van Veelen, R., Otten, S., Cadinu, M., & Hansen, N. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315576642 · Cited by 123
“Note that in their Self-Definition subscale, Leach et al. (2008) conceive of self-stereotyping (and ingroup homogeneity) as a part of social identification.”
Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non‐narcissistic in‐group positivity
Cichocka, A. K., de Zavala, A. G., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12328 · Cited by 151
“Although in-group identification consists of multiple components (e.g., Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004; Leach et al., 2008), a popular approach sees it as a combination of feeling like a member of an in-group, satisfaction with this in-group membership, and solidarity with and connection…”
BackgroundColvin, R. M., Witt, B., & Lacey, J. (2015) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.011 · Cited by 120
Ellemers, N., Sleebos, E., Stam, D. A., & de Gilder, D. (2011) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00784.x · Cited by 119
“To be able to specify the psychological processes underlying these effects in more detail, we refer to the distinction between self-definitional and self-investment aspects of the relation between individuals and groups (Leach et al., 2008).”
InfluentialKuppens, T., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., Spruyt, B., & Easterbrook, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.001 · Cited by 164
“We used the same identi fi cation scale as used in Study 1 (Leach et al., 2008), but now included all 14 items ( α = 0.93).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Effect of Associated Group Identities on Team Identity
Heere, B., James, J., Yoshida, M., & Scremin, G. (2011) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.25.6.606 · Cited by 117
“With the opportunity to measure multiple dimensions of different group identities, we are entering a new phase of inquiry (Leach et al., 2008; Roccas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrganizational identification and workplace behavior: More than meets the eye
Blader, S. L., Patil, S. V., & Packer, D. J. (2017) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2017.09.001 · Cited by 136
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
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