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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
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“First, to assess participants’ identification with their gender group, we used a previously validated scale of in-group identification (Leach et al., 2008) worded to reflect membership in the gender group.”
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BackgroundSocial identity shapes social valuation: evidence from prosocial behavior and vicarious reward
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“Alternatively, ‘group-level self-definition’, indicates the extent to which people see themselves as similar to the group and group members as similar to one another (Leach et al. , 2008).”
InfluentialHartmann, T., & Tanis, M. (2013) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12031 · Cited by 102
A longitudinal investigation of the rejection-identification hypothesis.
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If it matters for the group then it matters to me: Collective action outcomes for seasoned activists
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Sloot, D., Jans, L., & Steg, L. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.06.007 · Cited by 100
“This is reflected in initiative identification, that is, a member’s solidarity and satisfaction with the initiative, and the centrality of initiative membership to the self (i.e. self-investment; Leach et al., 2008; Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2013).”
BackgroundNegative and Positive Partisanship in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections
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“The Princeton identity questionnaire was a six-item questionnaire meant to facilitate the activation of our participants’ Princeton identity (Leach et al., 2008).”
MethodThe Induction of Shared Identity: The Positive Role of Individual Distinctiveness for Groups
Jans, L., Postmes, T., & Van der Zee, K. I. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211407342 · Cited by 97
“Also in conceptualizations of social identification, perceiving the group as homogeneous and perceiving oneself as a prototypical group member are seen as key attributes of group identification (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial identification and depression: A meta‐analysis
Postmes, T., Wichmann, L. J., van Valkengoed, A. M., & van der Hoef, H. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2508 · Cited by 126
The power of sport to unite a nation: the social value of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa
Heere, B., Walker, M., Gibson, H., Thapa, B., Geldenhuys, S., & Coetzee, W. (2013) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2013.809136 · Cited by 97
“For example, multi-dimensional models for social identity have been proposed (see Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Heere et al., 2011; Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, Halevy, & Eidelson, 2008), which has led to a consensus with respect to the multi-dimensionality of social…”
BackgroundMarchlewska, M., Cichocka, A. K., Jaworska, M., de Zavala, A. G., & Bilewicz, M. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12367 · Cited by 138
“We treated group-level self-investment and group-level self-definition as separate hierarchical variables (cf. Leach et al., 2008).”
InfluentialShepherd, L., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.011 · Cited by 110
“People with high self-investment are likely to legitimize ingroup transgressions in order to protect social identity (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe emotional aftermath of incivility: anger, guilt, and the role of organizational commitment
Kabat-Farr, D., Cortina, L. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2016) · doi:10.1037/str0000045 · Cited by 95
“Theorists have positioned commitment as a component of social identity (Leach et al., 2008), so we use Social Identity Theory (SIT; Tajfel & Turner, 1986) as a framework to consider costs of commitment.”
MethodUnderstanding the Self-identification of Autism in Adults: a Scoping Review
Overton, G. L., Marsà-Sambola, F., Martin, R., & Cavenagh, P. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00361-x · Cited by 125
Defending the Sex/Gender Binary: The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure
Morgenroth, T., Sendén, M., Lindqvist, A., Renström, E. A., Ryan, M. K., & Morton, T. (2020) · Social Psychology and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620937188 · Cited by 91
“Identity centrality (Leach et al., 2008) 3 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) .”
BackgroundHawkins, L. K., Farrow, C. V., & Thomas, J. M. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104611 · Cited by 116
Group-based Emotions in Teams of Humans and Robots
Correia, F., Mascarenhas, S. F., Prada, R., Melo, F. S., & Paiva, A. (2018) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3171221.3171252 · Cited by 91
“Based on the psychological model of GbE [1]”
BackgroundMethodBODIES IN CONTEXT: POWER POSES AS A COMPUTATION OF ACTION POSSIBILITY
Cesario, J., & Mcdonald, M. M. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.260 · Cited by 91
Socioeconomic status and the structure of the self‐concept
Easterbrook, M. J., Kuppens, T., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2020) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12334 · Cited by 91
“…the last 30 years in Britain (Park et al. , 2013), which is likely to reduce the clarity and salience of these traditional social class groupings (Leach et al. , 2008), and promote perceptions that status differences are individual rather than collective attributes (Jetten et al. , 2013; Kraus…”
BackgroundHarnessing Shared Identities to Mobilize Resilient Responses to the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Vignoles, V. L., Jaser, Z., Taylor, F., & Ntontis, E. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12726 · Cited by 103
Górska, P., Stefaniak, A., Malinowska, K., Lipowska, K., Marchlewska, M., Budziszewska, M., & Maciantowicz, O. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2638 · Cited by 119
Predictors of social identification in group therapy
Cruwys, T., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Hornsey, M. J., McGarty, C., & Skorich, D. P. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1587193 · Cited by 89
“Prior studies have found these items to be valid and reliable (α = .85) measures of social identification (Hinkle et al., 1989; Leach et al., 2008), with reliability confirmed in this sample (α= .85).”
MethodAutistic identity: A systematic review of quantitative research
Davies, J., Cooper, K., Killick, E., Sam, E., Healy, M., Thompson, G. A., Mandy, W., Redmayne, B. J. M., & Crane, L. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3105 · Cited by 112
“…conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the Autism Social Identification scale (adapted from the Multi-Dimensional Scale of Social Identification, Leach et al., 2008) in their Autistic sample and found the factor model to be a good fit for social identification with other Autistic people.”
MethodInfluentialMOBILISE: A Higher‐Order Integration of Collective Action Research to Address Global Challenges
Thomas, E. F., Duncan, L. E., McGarty, C., Louis, W. R., & Smith, L. G. E. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12811 · Cited by 115
Becker, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029240 · Cited by 89
Pizarro, J. J., Zumeta, L. N., Bouchat, P., Włodarczyk, A., Rimé, B., Basabe, N., Amutio, A., & Páez, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974683 · Cited by 88
Cooper, K., Russell, A., Lei, J., & Smith, L. G. E. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221118351 · Cited by 127
“Social identification is often divided into a number of components (Leach et al., 2008), some of which may impact on mental health more than others, depending on the particular identity and mental health problem being investigated.”
BackgroundMethodBeyond prevalence to process: the role of self and identity in medical student well‐being
Mavor, K. I., McNeill, K. G., Anderson, K., Kerr, A., O'Reilly, E., & Platow, M. J. (2014) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12375 · Cited by 102
Social identities and mental well-being in autistic adults
Maitland-Warne, C., Rhodes, S., O'Hare, A. E., & Stewart, M. E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211004328 · Cited by 96
“Leach et al. (2008) constructed a 14-item measure for assessing SI based on an evaluation of previous SI instruments.”
MethodCollective responses to global challenges: The social psychology of pro-environmental action
Barth, M., Masson, T., Fritsche, I., Fielding, K. S., & Smith, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101562 · Cited by 124
Generosity or genocide? Identity implications of silence in American Thanksgiving commemorations
Kurtiş, T., Adams, G., & Bird, M. Y. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903176478 · Cited by 93
Is there assimilation in minority groups' national, ethnic and religious identity?
Platt, L. (2014) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.808756 · Cited by 86
Kavanagh, C. M., Jong, J., McKay, R., & Whitehouse, H. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2514 · Cited by 119
“Accordingly, a recent study (Bortolini, Newson, Natividade, Vázquez, & Gómez, 2018) that directly compared the predictive power of identity fusion measures with unidimensional and multidimensional measures of group identification (Leach et al., 2008) found that fusion accounted for additional variance in the endorseme…”
BackgroundEvaluating the psychometric properties of the Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport (SIQS)
Bruner, M. W., & Benson, A. J. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.006 · Cited by 90
“T identity in sport is supported by cogent theoretical and empirical support in other domains (Brown, Condor, Mathews, Wade, & Williams, 1986; Jackson, 2002; see Leach et al., 2008 for a review), only recently has this conceptualization gained attention in relation to sport team involvement.”
BackgroundIntergroup Emotions Theory: Production, Regulation, and Modification of Group-Based Emotions
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Gun Ownership as a Social Identity: Estimating Behavioral and Attitudinal Relationships
Lacombe, M. J., Howat, A. J., & Rothschild, J. E. (2019) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12710 · Cited by 115
Hare-Duke, L., Dening, T., Oliveira, D., Milner, K., & Slade, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.359 · Cited by 108
Matsick, J. L., & Rubin, J. D. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000283 · Cited by 94
van Breen, J. A., Spears, R., Kuppens, T., & de Lemus, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01019 · Cited by 105
“There is evidence that those who identify strongly with their group are more likely to self-stereotype, and consider themselves more typical of the group (Turner et al., 1987; Spears et al., 1997, 2001; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationStürmer, S., Benbow, A. E. F., Siem, B., Barth, M., Bodansky, A., & Lotz‐Schmitt, K. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033488 · Cited by 83
Gang Dynamics Through the Lens of Social Identity Theory
Hennigan, K. M., & Spanovic, M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1659-3_8 · Cited by 102
Women (Do Not) Belong Here: Gender-Work Identity Conflict among Female Police Officers
Veldman, J., Meeussen, L., van Laar, C., & Phalet, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00130 · Cited by 103
“Level of team identification, on the other hand, refers to the affective ties of an individual to the team, which is more under an individual’s own control (Ellemers et al., 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe social affirmation use of social media as a motivator of collective action
Kende, A., van Zomeren, M., Ujhelyi, A., & Lantos, N. A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12375 · Cited by 82
“…& McGarty, 2008; Thomas et al., 2012), justifies our attention to group identification (the psychological connection induced by belonging to a social group or category; see Leach et al., 2008) as relevant for understanding how the social affirmation use of social media motivates collective action.”
BackgroundGómez, Á., Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., López‐Rodríguez, L., Paredes, B., & Martínez, M. (2020) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12531 · Cited by 101
“On the other hand, although degrading collective ties reduced overall group identification, degrading relational ties only reduced scores on a single component of a multidimensional measure of group identification: ingroup solidarity (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundLoyal rebels? A test of the normative conflict model of constructive deviance
Dahling, J. J., & Gutworth, M. B. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2194 · Cited by 96
Are Status and Respect Different or Two Sides of the Same Coin?
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Osborne, D., Sibley, C. G., & Sengupta, N. K. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2087 · Cited by 88
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“measures of identification used in Study 1, we focused only on the solidarity measure (membership subscale of CSES), given the importance of self‐investment in the in‐group to group‐ serving behaviours (Leach et al., 2008; Morrison, 2004).”
MethodInfluentialÇakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M., & Heath, A. F. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216641303 · Cited by 79
“…threats and expressions of prejudice toward the ingroup, for example, discrimination or biased treatment, can positively influence the strength of identification with the threatened or discriminated group (Jetten, Branscombe, Schmitt, & Spears, 2001; Leach et al., 2008; Tajfel & Turner, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialHinton, J., Garcia, X. D. L. P., Kaufmann, L. M., Koç, Y., & Anderson, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1967849 · Cited by 78
“Taken together, these results demonstrate that higher levels of LGBTQ identity centrality are not only associated with more positive identification outcomes, but also more positive LGBTQ identity-specific outcomes, despite centrality itself being considered a construct without any inherent indicators of valence (Leach…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLiu, J., Thomas, J. M., & Higgs, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.002 · Cited by 82
“Identification with the Norm Referent Group The Multicomponent In-Group Identification Scale (Leach et al., 2008) was used to measure identification with the British norm referent group.”
InfluentialTost, L. P., & Johnson, H. H. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.04.004 · Cited by 94
Kane, A. A., & Levina, N. (2016) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12259 · Cited by 88
“…groups and act on their behalf depends on features of the social context, e.g., salience, prestige, or group values, as well as the degree of fit between these features and characteristics of the individual (Ashmore et al., 2004; Leach et al. 2008; Roccas et al., 2008; Haslam and Ellemers, 2011).”
Derks, B., van Laar, C., Ellemers, N., & Raghoe, G. (2015) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12124 · Cited by 85
Fuster-RuizdeApodaca, M. J., Molero, F., Holgado, F., & Mayordomo, S. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0653-4 · Cited by 78
The development of group influence on in-group identification: A multilevel approach
Jans, L., Leach, C. W., Garcia, R. L., & Postmes, T. (2014) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430214540757 · Cited by 74
“…addition to finding support for our main hypotheses, our results also corroborate and extend the two-dimensional model of in-group identification by Leach et al. (2008) by showing that the two-dimensional model is applicable to newly formed small groups, at both the individual and the group level…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSavela, N., Kaakinen, M., Ellonen, N., & Oksanen, A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106585 · Cited by 96
Team identification and postdisaster social well-being: The mediating role of social support.
Inoue, Y., Funk, D. C., Wann, D. L. L., Yoshida, M., & Nakazawa, M. (2015) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000019 · Cited by 81
Social identity salience shapes group-based emotions through group-based appraisals
Kuppens, T., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Dandache, S., Fischer, A. H., & van der Schalk, J. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.785387 · Cited by 78
“We expected the predicted group-based appraisals (and the anger associated with it) to be present most clearly for those participants who did not mention any favourable thoughts.”
BackgroundMotivations to identify with social groups: A look at their positive and negative consequences.
Amiot, C. E., & Sansfaçon, S. (2011) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0023158 · Cited by 75
Kong, G.-W., Kong, D.-M., Qin, N., & Yu, L. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05236-5 · Cited by 75
“Individuals show preference and allocate more resources to their own group members, and evaluate members from other teams more rigidly and assign fewer resources to them (Leach et al., 2008; Tajfel, 1982).”
Towards a Clearer Understanding of Social Identity Theory’s Self-Esteem Hypothesis
Martiny, S. E., & Rubin, M. (2016) · Peace psychology book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_2 · Cited by 117
“The first variable is ingroup identification, which refers to the degree to which people perceive themselves as typical group members as well as how important and emotionally significant they perceive the ingroup to be to the self (e.g., Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundUnderstanding language preference: Autism knowledge, experience of stigma and autism identity
Bury, S., Jellett, R., Haschek, A., Wenzel, M., Hedley, D., & Spoor, J. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221142383 · Cited by 74
“Autism identification was measured using a version of a multi-dimensional scale of social identity developed by Leach et al. (2008), tailored to reflect an autism identity.”
BackgroundMethodSocial Identification and Corporate Irresponsibility: A Model of Stakeholder Punitive Intentions
Antonetti, P., & Maklan, S. (2016) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12168 · Cited by 76
“Scholars examine how individuals identify with, or differentiate from, various social groups (e.g. Leach et al., 2008).”
Platow, M. J., Mavor, K. I., & Grace, D. M. (2012) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-012-9227-4
The role of social identity motivation in dietary attitudes and behaviors among vegetarians.
Plante, C., Rosenfeld, D. L., Plante, M., & Reysen, S. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.038 · Cited by 73
“Vegetarian identity centrality, which reflects the extent to which being a vegetarian is central to an individual's overall sense of identity, was assessed by adapting measures from existing research (Hornsey & Jetten, 2003; Leach et al., 2008; Rosenfeld & Burrow, 2018).”
MethodThe Social Psychology of the Black Lives Matter Meme and Movement
Leach, C. W., & Allen, A. M. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417719319 · Cited by 79
Self-citationDuckitt, J. H., & Sibley, C. G. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12222 · Cited by 80
Attributions of Responsibility and Perceived Harm in the Aftermath of Mass Violence
Bilali, R., Tropp, L., & Dasgupta, N. (2012) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026671 · Cited by 73
“The strength of Turkish identification was assessed by five items ( .93) adapted from prior research on social identity (e.g., Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Jackson, 2002; Leach et al., 2008; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
MethodMemory for intergroup apologies and its relationship with forgiveness
Philpot, C., & Hornsey, M. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.741 · Cited by 73
The Social Validation and Coping Model of Organizational Identity Development
Smith, L. G. E., Amiot, C. E., Smith, J. R., Callan, V., & Terry, D. (2013) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206313488212 · Cited by 72
In the name of honor: On virtue, reputation and violence
Mosquera, P. M. R. (2013) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212472590 · Cited by 72
“Current approaches to in-group identification distinguish among different components of identification, like satisfaction, solidarity, or the extent to which a group member sees him or herself as similar to other group members (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundConfirmatory Factor Analysis - A Case study
Sarmento, R., & Costa, V. (2019) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.05598 · Cited by 71
“In this sense, some authors (Leach et al., 2008) present an example of a measurement model (Figure 1).”
BackgroundBilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12570 · Cited by 109
Ganging up or sticking together? Group processes and children's responses to text‐message bullying
Jones, S. E., Manstead, A. S. R., & Livingstone, A. (2011) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712610x502826 · Cited by 80
“This included a six-item ( = .87) measure of social identification, based on the work of Barrett et al. (2007), Cameron (2004), and Leach et al. (2008) (e.g., ‘I am happy to be in my group’, ‘It is important to me to be in my group’, ‘I am similar to others in my group’).”
MethodLatrofa, M., Vaes, J., Pastore, M., & Cadinu, M. (2009) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00383.x · Cited by 71
A test of the Social Identity Model of Cessation Maintenance: The content and role of social control
Frings, D., Collins, M. D., Long, G., Pinto, I., & Albery, I. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2016.02.003 · Cited by 70
“Levels of identification with the self-help group that the participant attended was measured using items adapted from the Leach et al. (2008) social identity measures using the centrality and satisfaction scales.”
MethodSocial Identity Threat Motivates Science-Discrediting Online Comments
Nauroth, P., Gollwitzer, M., Bender, J., & Rothmund, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117476 · Cited by 91
“First, identification with the group of gamers was measured with an adapted 5-item version of the Leach and colleagues [39] subscale of the self-investment factor.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDifferent Groups, Different Motives
Easterbrook, M. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212444614 · Cited by 104
“(2006), covered various facets of identification: feelings of solidarity; satisfaction with, and cognitive centrality of, the group membership; and behavioral involvement with the group identity (see Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004; Leach et al., 2008), and showed excellent reliabilities for residence (T1-T5:…”
BackgroundSocial identification with animals: Unpacking our psychological connection with other animals.
Amiot, C. E., Sukhanova, K., & Bastian, B. B. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000199 · Cited by 76
Bhushan, N., Mohnert, F., Sloot, D., Jans, L., Albers, C. J., & Steg, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01050 · Cited by 76
“Neighborhood homogeneity Two items reflected to what extent people believe that people in their neighborhood have similar characteristics and thus can be seen as a clear category (e.g., Inhabitants of my neighborhood are similar to each other; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundIn-group modulation of perceptual matching
Moradi, Z., Sui, J., Hewstone, M., & Humphreys, G. W. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0798-8 · Cited by 63
“The correlation results fit with the self-investment account of in-group identification (Leach et al., 2008).”
InfluentialThe association between vaccination status identification and societal polarization
Henkel, L., Sprengholz, P., Korn, L., Betsch, C., & Böhm, R. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01469-6 · Cited by 67
When we enjoy bad news about other groups: A social identity approach to out-group schadenfreude
Ouwerkerk, J., van Dijk, W. V., Vonkeman, C., & Spears, R. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216663018 · Cited by 67
“The first two items are part of a three-item Identification subscale that was later developed by Leach et al. (2008) and used in Study 2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBocian, K., Cichocka, A. K., & Wojciszke, B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104098 · Cited by 84
I–C–E Framework: Concepts for Group Dynamics Research in Human-Robot Interaction
Abrams, A. M. H., & der Pütten, A. M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00642-z · Cited by 66
Römpke, A.-K., Fritsche, I., & Reese, G. (2018) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.34 · Cited by 66
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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