Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.

“Although focused on the interpersonal level, Brewer and Gardner’s (1996) notion of the relational self is also similar to the notion of solidarity. They conceptualized the relational self as based in individuals’ “role relationships with significant others” in dyads (e.g., mother, friend, sibling) or small coacting gr…”

“Those who indicated that they were part of the BDSM community were additionally asked about their identification with the BDSM community using eight items adapted from Leach et al. (2008) (e.g., “I feel strong ties to other members of the BDSM community,” α = 0.71).”

“…a binary conceptualization of social identity (i.e. as either being a group member, or not) is limited and does not align fully with more recent work on the multidimensional nature of social identity (Cameron, 2004; Cameron & Lalonde, 2001; Ellemers et al., 1999; Jackson, 2002; Leach et al., 2008).”

“6.2.1 | Ingroup identification We used the group level self-investment dimension of a multicomponent measure of ingroup identification (Leach et al., 2008) to assess the extent to which participants identified with their mutual aid group.”

“…Mor & Steinberg, 2002), valence compartmentalisation (Showers, 1992; Showers & Kling, 1996), compatibility among aspects (Chayinska et al., 2017; Iyer et al., 2009; Smyth et al., 2019), overall positivity (DeMarco, 2018; Showers, 1995), importance and centrality of aspects (Leach et al., 2008).”

“The Multicomponent In-group Identification Scale has previously reported good construct, predictive, discriminant and concurrent validity, in addition to acceptable internal reliability (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Para a constituição do instrumento, foram selecionados seis itens presentes na literatura internacional sobre identificação com o grupo, apresentados no Apêndice de Leach et al. (2008).”

“Recognizing threats to the ingroup’s reputation primarily depends on the self-investment component of social identification (e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Teixeira et al., 2020).”

“…“ Other Instagram users made positive comments on my consumption of vegan foods ” ; α = .72, ω > .99), social identity (six items, adapted from Leach et al., 2008; e.g., “ I feel connected to other people who eat vegan ” ; α = .94, ω = .94), self-identity (seven items, adapted from Snippe et…”

“To examine whether the results di ff ered for participants who identi fi ed strongly versus weakly with their sexual orientation (RQ3), we took three items from Leach et al. (2008) to measure identi fi cation (e.g., “ Being a gay/bisexual man is an important part of how I see myself.”

“…with the single-item measure of social identification (Postmes et al., 2013), complemented by two items from the satisfaction and solidarity component of the identification scale by Leach et al. (2008; as recommended by Postmes et al., 2013), e.g. ‘I am glad to be in this cooking group’.”

“The deep desire for employees with strong identification to maintain and enhance positive feelings about themselves will serve as a powerful force driving them to make the success of the organization as their mission (Leach, Van Zomeren, Zebel, Vliek, Pennekamp, & Doosje, 2008; Roccas et al., 2008).”

“Whereas support from one’s ethnic-racial ingroup is also known to buffer the effects of outgroup discrimination (e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Umaña-Taylor & Updegraff, 2007), perhaps ingroup support can more easily counter the negative effects of ingroup marginalization.”

“We presented the solidarity subscale of the Group-Level Self-Investment Scale for Identification [70] to measure organizational identification (three items, e.g., “I feel committed to my organization”; M = 5.41, SD = 1.56, α = 0.94).”

“Additionally, we draw on social identity theory (e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Sellers et al., 1997; Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Turner, 1981; Turner et al., 1987) to understand how the importance of one’s identity as Muslim (what we term Muslim identity centrality; see Sellers et al., 1997) affects one’s…”

“, 2013), their solidarity (Leach et al., 2008), and feeling in common with in-group members (Cameron, 2004).”

“An individual’s subjective ties to a group include their degree of group identification (e.g., Leach et al., 2008): feelings of attachment and commitment to the group as well as similarity to other group members.”

“89) of identification from Leach and colleagues [21] was used to assess participants’ African identification.”

“The first part of the study focused on the experiences of international students to make the social identity of international students in relation to Dutch students salient: We assessed participants’ identification with international students [21], and we asked participants to rate seven statements about their experie…”

“Although it is of less interest here, and thus not depicted in Figure 2, identification with one’s ingroup is a well-known predictor of emotions in response to group-based experiences (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Self-investment is more affective in nature and is closely aligned with the traditional notion of social identification (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Participants were also asked to fill in an adapted version of the multicomponent social identity questionnaire (Leach et al., 2008) on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7= strongly agree).”

“…that might affect visual orienting we used the hierarchical in-group identification questionnaire, which measured the strength of five different subcomponents of in-group identification including solidarity, satisfaction, centrality, self-stereotyping, and in-group homogeneity (Leach et al., 2008).”

“The number and the intensities of multiple identities which ethnic minorities may adopt are informative of a society’s levels of social cohesion (Leach et al. 2008).”

“Respondents’ identification with the ingroup was measured with a 10-item scale (1 = do not agree at all; 5 = fully agree), which reflected the multidimensional nature of identification (e.g., Brown et al., 1986; Leach et al., 2008).”

“Each group member’s identification with the group determines how the membership influences their actions and thoughts (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Solidarity with the company was measured with the 3-item Solidarity subscale of the In-group Identification Scale [80], α Wave 6 = .”

“Identity centrality was captured using the single item “I often think about the fact that I am a stroke survivor” [45] scored on a five-point Likert scale, from “completely disagree” to “completely agree”.”

“We measured identification with the ingroup of German students with six items adopted from Leach et al. (2008): “I feel a bond with students of German universities,” “I am glad to be a student of a German university,” “The fact that I am a student of a German university is an important part of my…”

“Adapted from Leach et al .”

“We also predicted that omission may enhance identity centrality—the extent to which the omitted social identity is experienced as a central aspect of an individual’s self-concept (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Self-categorization theory is an exception in this regard, because it considers self-stereotyping to be a process of paramount importance (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Three items were borrowed from Leach et al. (2008) to assess connection to ingroups, and we adapted them to our context using ingroup classifications from McFarland et al. (2012)—“people in my community” and “Americans.””

“It is important to note that pride is one of the dimensions of group identi fi cation, speci fi cally tapping its affective component (Ellemers et al., 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”

“Strength of national identification was indexed by four statements corresponding to the centrality of the identities of English, British, and European, based on the national identity measures in the BES, adapted in line with Leach et al. (2008).”

“These measures are indications of psychological investment in the host country (Leach et al. 2008).”

“…(Beard & Ragheb, 1983; Ryan & Glendon, 1998); physical activity and leisure motivation scale (Zach et al., 2012); leisure nostalgia scale (Cho et al., 2019); identity scale (Cheek & Tropp, 1995); group identity scale (Leach et al., 2008) and collective self-esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”

“For exploratory purposes, participants rated the importance of each topic and reported strength of party identification (using a 4-item scale adapted from [30]); relevant findings appear in the electronic supplementary material.”

“, we reviewed the literature containing warmth-related and competence-related items and selected the 18 most frequently used items [73].”

“The components of selfinvestment include satisfaction from belonging to the group, a feeling of solidarity with other members of the ingroup and the centrality of group membership in one’s self-concept (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Ingroup identification A 14-item measure of ingroup identification was adapted from Leach et al. (2008).”

“Identification with civilian life understood as a measure of feeling of belonging and integration, included a series of seven 5-points scales (1, not at all; 5, totally) inspired by the measure of Leach et al. (2008) as "How well do you feel in the civilian community?"”

“Ingroup identity salience Identity salience was measured with seven items (Leach et al., 2008).”

“…extent to which they felt “a bond with,” “solidarity with,” and “committed to” Clinton, in the style of previous studies on Basking In Reflected Glory (Cialdini et al., 1976) and in-group identification (e.g., Leach et al., 2008) (αUni, T1 = .90, αUni, T2 = .91; αMTurk, T1 = .97, αMTurk, T2 = .98).”

“Group influence on individual members and the members’ compliance with group norms are influenced by degree of identification with the group (Leach et al., 2008).”

“Identification with a group involves both, a selfcategorization process that includes the individual in the group as well as the individual’s perception of oneself in terms of that group membership (Leach et al., 2008).”

“”[5] We hypothesize that in the case of STEM lessons based on experimental capital, those in which that sense of ownership is mutually shared between students and teacher--in which both have “credentialing capital”--will be most effective.”

“It has been highlighted that there are different facets to group identification (e.g. Leach et al., 2008).”

“In-group identification was measured using a 5-item scale (a ¼ .89) based on the work of Barrett et al. (2007), Cameron (2004), and Leach et al. (2008), example items being ‘‘I am glad to be in my group,’’ ‘‘It is important to me to be in my group,’’ and ‘‘I feel very close to others in my group.’’”

“Entitativity was assessed with four items on a seven-point Likert scale measuring how much participants felt like they identified with the “team” [22].”