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Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
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Cites
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Neural bases of ingroup altruistic motivation in soccer fans
Bortolini, T., Bado, P., Hoefle, S., Engel, A., Zahn, R., Souza, R. D. O., Dreher, J., & Moll, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15385-7 · Cited by 22
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“Leach et al. (2008) argue that self-stereotyping and in-group homogeneity comprise a secondorder construct of self-definition, while satisfaction, solidarity, and centrality comprise a second-order construct of self-investment identification.”
InfluentialBarth, M., Jugert, P., Wutzler, M., & Fritsche, I. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2160 · Cited by 65
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“…assessed two particular components of men’s feminist identification: Male feminist public regard (as a manipulation check) and feminist solidarity (see Ashmore et al., 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Sagiv, Schwatrz, Halevy, & Eidelson, 2008 for reviews of different components of identification).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsing the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to Study the Effects of Group Composition
Kenny, D. A., & Garcia, R. L. (2012) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496412441626 · Cited by 62
“Included in these outcome measures was a 13-item assessment of group identification (Leach et al., 2008), which had a reliability of .”
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“Therefore, it was removed for the main analysis. v) Leach et al. (2008) complete 14-item identification scale was measured in the initial survey.”
MethodCollective Efficacy in Sports and Physical Activities: Perceived Emotional Synchrony and Shared Flow
Zumeta, L. N., Oriol, X., Telletxea, S., Amutio, A., & Basabe, N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01960 · Cited by 63
“The In-Group Identification Scale It was developed by Leach et al. (2008).”
BackgroundGamers against science: The case of the violent video games debate
Nauroth, P., Gollwitzer, M., Bender, J., & Rothmund, T. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1998 · Cited by 63
Religious identity consolidation and mobilization among Turkish Dutch Muslims
Verkuyten, M., & Yıldız, A. (2009) · doi:10.1002/ejsp.635 · Cited by 63
Narrow prototypes and neglected victims: Understanding perceptions of sexual harassment.
Goh, J. X., Bandt-Law, B., Cheek, N., Sinclair, S., & Kaiser, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000260 · Cited by 62
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Antonetti, P., & Maklan, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3095-9 · Cited by 67
“Irrespective of the identity examined, research suggests that social identification processes are highly malleable: social perception is shaped by contextual and personal variables (Ashmore et al., 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVezzali, L., Drury, J., Versari, A., & Cadamuro, A. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215590492 · Cited by 73
“…standard item for common ingroup identification (Gaertner et al., 1989), yet arguably it is more akin to a measure of ingroup homogeneity than strength of social identification in the form of ingroup solidarity, centrality, or self-stereotyping (see, e.g., Leach et al., 2008; Postmes et al., 2013).”
Walsh, R. S., Muldoon, O. T., Gallagher, S. M., & Fortune, D. G. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.993658 · Cited by 72
“…scores were obtained using a 7-point Likert scale (1 ¼ Agree; 7 ¼ Disagree) as per Leach, Rodriguez Mosquera, Vliek, and Hirt (2010), and in line with Leach et al. (2008) the five subscales of the multicomponent model of ingroup identification were summed to provide a measure of identity…”
MethodHouseknecht, V. E., Roman, B. J. B., Stolfi, A., & Borges, N. J. (2019) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-019-00718-0 · Cited by 77
Using social norms to encourage healthier eating
Higgs, S., Liu, J.-Y., Collins, E., & Thomas, J. (2019) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12371 · Cited by 61
“The dimension of ‘group-level self-definition’ indicates the extent to which people see themselves as similar to the group, and group members as similar to one another, whereas ‘group-level self-investment’ indicates the extent to which people find group membership motivationally significant (Leach et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSocial Identification in Sports Teams
Thomas, W. E., Brown, R. J., Easterbrook, M. J., Vignoles, V. L., Manzi, C., D’Angelo, C., & Holt, J. J. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216689051 · Cited by 95
Stronge, S., Sengupta, N., Barlow, F., Osborne, D., Houkamau, C., & Sibley, C. (2016) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000074 · Cited by 61
Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., Lala, G., Stuart, A., Hall, L., & Goddard, A. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2094 · Cited by 70
From Groups to Grits: Social Identity Shapes Evaluations of Food Pleasantness
Hackel, L., Coppin, G., Wohl, M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.007 · Cited by 61
Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences
Pauketat, J. V. T., & Anthis, J. R. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107372 · Cited by 60
The influence of social identity on value perceptions and intention
McGowan, M., Shiu, E. M. K., & Hassan, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1627 · Cited by 76
Identity Form Matters: White Racial Identity and Attitudes Toward Diversity
Goren, M. J., & Plaut, V. (2012) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2011.556804 · Cited by 60
“At present, the relationship between White identity form research and the various multidimensional models of White identity is unclear (Knowles & Peng, 2005; see Leach et al., 2008, for a review of multidimensional models of identity).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmiot, C. E., & Aubin, R. M. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12004 · Cited by 59
Not Your Model Minority: Own-Group Activism Among Asian Americans
Tran, J., & Curtin, N. (2017) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000145 · Cited by 59
“Collective Identity Collective identity is the degree to which individuals identify and feel solidarity with their in-group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodJiménez-Moya, G., Spears, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., & de Lemus, S. (2015) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12126 · Cited by 59
Self-citationPong, V., & Tam, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1033564 · Cited by 58
Bilewicz, M., & Wójcik, A. (2010) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1012 · Cited by 58
Hanke, K., Liu, J. H., Hilton, D. J., Bilewicz, M., Garber, I., Huang, L.-L., Gastardo-Conaco, C., & Wang, F. (2013) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.05.003 · Cited by 57
Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.005 · Cited by 57
Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology
Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Loughnan, S., & Amiot, C. E. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219864455 · Cited by 57
“the cornerstone of the social identity approach to intergroup relations and has helped greatly in explaining group and intergroup behavior across a variety of domains (see e.g., Abrams, 2015; Leach et al., 2008; Postmes & Branscombe, 2010).”
Applications of Social Identity Theory to Research and Design in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work
Seering, J., Ng, F., Yao, Z. Q., & Kaufman, G. F. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274771 · Cited by 62
“Leach and colleagues [87] validated a multi-component model of group identification using measures of ingroup solidarity (e.”
BackgroundThe significance of deaf identity for psychological well-being.
Chapman, M., & Dammeyer, J. (2016) · Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enw073 · Cited by 57
Cadinu, M., & Galdi, S. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1881 · Cited by 57
Updating the identity-based model of belief: From false belief to the spread of misinformation
Bavel, J. J. V., Rathje, S., Vlasceanu, M., & Pretus, C. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101787 · Cited by 76
“[55]) that include scale items such as “ I feel a bond with [in-group].”
Inducing and Mitigating Stereotype Threat Through Gendered Virtual Body-Swap Illusions
Peck, T. C., Good, J. J., & Bourne, K. A. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376419 · Cited by 53
Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Hornsey, M. J., Jetten, J., Oei, T. P. S., & Walter, Z. C. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12042 · Cited by 65
“87), for example, ‘I amglad that I belong to this group’ and ‘I feel strong ties to this group’ measured on a 7-point scale from ‘Not at all’ to ‘Very much’ (Hinkle, Taylor, Fox-Cardamone, & Crook, 1989; Leach et al., 2008; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
BackgroundOpposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds
Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Rand, D. G., Heatherton, T. F., & Han, S. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.87 · Cited by 55
Lizzio-Wilson, M., Thomas, E. F., Louis, W. R., Wilcockson, B., Amiot, C. E., Moghaddam, F. M., & McGarty, C. (2021) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620970562 · Cited by 55
Shared social identity transforms social relations in imaginary crowds
Neville, F., Novelli, D., Drury, J., & Reicher, S. D. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220936759 · Cited by 68
Saleem, M., Wojcieszak, M., Hawkins, I., Li, M., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2019) · Journal of Communications · doi:10.1093/joc/jqz001 · Cited by 55
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A. K., Furman, A., & Cisłak, A. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12499 · Cited by 68
Collective narcissism as a framework for understanding populism
de Zavala, A. G., & Keenan, O. (2020) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.69/v1/decision1 · Cited by 54
“…with vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, but the latter association is frequently obscured by in-group satisfaction (i.e., a belief that the in-group is of high value and a reason to be proud, Golec de Zavala, Federico, et al., 2019; Leach et al., 2008) that overlaps with collective narcissism.”
BackgroundThomas, E. F., Bury, S., Louis, W. R., Amiot, C. E., Molenberghs, P., Crane, M., & Decety, J. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218824407 · Cited by 54
“Specifically, for each group membership, participants completed the same five questions (adapted from Leach et al., 2008; e.g., “Being a vegetarian [vegan/supporter of animal rights] is an important part of how I see myself,” “I feel committed to other vegetarians [vegans/supporters of animal…”
MethodKunst, J. R., Boos, B., Kimel, S. Y., Obaidi, M., Shani, M., & Thomsen, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190639 · Cited by 72
“Importantly, here we use the term “solidary” to explicate that we focus on collective action in support of out-groups (rather than one’s ingroup), and not to refer to the emerging literature seeing solidarity as a sub-component of social identity [26].”
BackgroundMethodPegg, K. J., O'Donnell, A. W., Lala, G., & Barber, B. (2018) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0665 · Cited by 54
“A significant body of work supports conceptualizing social identity as a multidimensional construct, where social identification can best be understood and measured across multiple dimensions or factors representing different aspects of identification.(20) That work is ongoing, but Cameron’s(21) three-factor model of…”
BackgroundPage, T. E., Pina, A., & Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21621 · Cited by 74
Development and Validation of a Safety Climate Scale for Manufacturing Industry
Ghahramani, A., & Khalkhali, H. (2015) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2015.01.003 · Cited by 54
“Prior studies employed other indices to prove the model fit when the Chi-square result was significant [48,52,53].”
ResultZagefka, H., Noor, M., & Brown, R. J. (2012) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00501.x · Cited by 58
Barlow, F., Sibley, C., & Hornsey, M. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02040.x · Cited by 54
“Ethnic identity was assessed using the three-item identity centrality scale developed by Leach et al. (2008): ‘I often think about the fact that I am a member of my ethnic group’, ‘The fact that I am a member of my ethnic group is an important part of my identity’, and ‘Being a member of my ethnic group is an importan…”
MethodThe Role of Community in Understanding Involvement in Community Energy Initiatives
Goedkoop, F., Sloot, D., Jans, L., Dijkstra, J. W. E., Flache, A., & Steg, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.775752 · Cited by 62
Cruwys, T., Norwood, R., Chachay, V., Ntontis, E., & Sheffield, J. K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12040970 · Cited by 58
“Social Identification with Dietary Group The In-group Identification Scale [47] is a 14-item measure that was used to assess social identification with one’s dietary group.”
MethodLife at Both Ends of the Ladder
Kuppens, T., Easterbrook, M. J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215594122 · Cited by 53
“We used the same multidimensional identification scale as used in Study 2 (Leach et al., 2008) but now included all 14 items.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDimofte, C., Goodstein, R. C., & Brumbaugh, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.12.001 · Cited by 53
“Social comparisons and strength of in-group identification Identification with an in-group implies a commitment to and investment in the collective that comprises the in-group, creating a bond between the individual and group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuegan, J., Moliner, P., & Buisine, S. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2103 · Cited by 53
“This measure is quite different from existing measures of social identification that are widely used in the mainstream social identity literature (e.g. Leach et al., 2008, for an overview) because it assesses social identity content.”
MethodSteffens, N., Schuh, S. C., Haslam, S. A., Perez, A., & van Dick, R. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2088 · Cited by 53
McClung, J., Jentzsch, I., & Reicher, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079178 · Cited by 53
“The similarity/closeness subscale assessed participants’ feelings of connection to and commonality with the partner (based on the Leach scale [32]).”
MethodNeighborhood homogeneity and cohesion in sustainable community development
Cheung, C.-K., & Leung, K. (2011) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.03.004 · Cited by 52
Pennekamp, S., Doosje, B., Zebel, S., & Fischer, A. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207071339 · Cited by 52
Self-citationNelson, T., Cardemil, E. V., Overstreet, N. M., Hunter, C. D., & Woods‐Giscombé, C. L. (2022) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000533 · Cited by 69
“” This measure is a revised version of both the original UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialde Zavala, A. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00203 · Cited by 68
“People who score high on the In-group Satisfaction subscale agree that it feels good to be a member of their in-group and there are a lot of reasons to feel proud to be a member of the in-group (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential“Coming out” among gay Latino and gay White men: implications of verbal disclosure for well-being
Villicana, A. J., Delucio, K., & Biernat, M. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1156568 · Cited by 51
“Leach et al. (2008) offered a model of in-group identification that posits two broad dimensions of identification, selfinvestment and self-definition.”
BackgroundGroup identification as a mediator of the effect of players’ anonymity on cheating in online games
Chen, V., & Wu, Y. (2015) · Behavior and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2013.843721 · Cited by 51
“Please refer to Turner (1999) and Leach et al (2008) for detailed discussion on this issue.”
MethodPoliticization During the 2012 U.S. Presidential Elections
Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., van Zomeren, M., & Postmes, T. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215569494 · Cited by 62
“Accordingly, a lot of attention has been devoted to questions of how to conceptualize and measure identity strength (Ellemers, van Knippenberg, De Vries, & Wilke, 1988; Leach et al., 2008; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992; Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2013).”
BackgroundIdentity and norms: the role of group membership in medical student wellbeing
McNeill, K. G., Kerr, A., & Mavor, K. I. (2013) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-013-0102-z · Cited by 66
“Each of the five items corresponded to one of the five components of identification from Leach and colleagues’ [14] identification scale.”
BackgroundMethodMillward, L., & Haslam, S. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02065.x · Cited by 51
Group-based emotion in group processes and intergroup relations
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217702725 · Cited by 71
Stewart, A. L., Pratto, F., Zeineddine, F. B., Sweetman, J., Eicher, V., Licata, L., Morselli, D., Saab, R., Aiello, A., Chryssochoou, X., et al. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430214558310 · Cited by 63
Aydın, E., Bağci, S. Ç., & Keleşoğlu, İ. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101755 · Cited by 64
Direct and Indirect Xenophobic Attacks: Unpacking Portfolios of Identity
Garcia-Rios, S., Pedraza, F. I., & Wilcox-Archuleta, B. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9465-5 · Cited by 49
“We highlight the distribution in Table 2.5 Scholars have also highlighted the importance of linked fate as a predictor of group solidarity (Dawson 1994; Leach et al. 2008; Sanchez and Masuoka 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCulture of Corruption? The Effects of Priming Corruption Images in a High Corruption Context
Fischer, R. D., Ferreira, M. C., Milfont, T. L., & Pilati, R. (2014) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022114548874 · Cited by 55
“Prior to the priming task, participants completed a 14-item Brazilian national identity scale developed by Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodDoyle, D. M., Begeny, C. T., Barreto, M., & Morton, T. A. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02029-1 · Cited by 54
Teixeira, C. P., Spears, R., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000195 · Cited by 106
Self-citationZero‐sum beliefs shape advantaged allies’ support for collective action
Stefaniak, A., Mallett, R. K., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2020) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2674 · Cited by 65
Parochial cooperation in nested intergroup dilemmas is reduced when it harms out-groups.
Aaldering, H., Velden, F. S. T., Kleef, G. A. V., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000125 · Cited by 60
“To measure identification in a more fine-grained manner than in the previous experiments, we now used 11 of the 14 items of the in-group identification scale developed by Leach et al. (2008).”
MethodThe Masculinity Contingency Scale (MCS): Scale development and psychometric properties.
Burkley, M., Wong, Y. J., & Bell, A. C. (2015) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0039211 · Cited by 49
Correia, I., Alves, H., Sutton, R. M., Ramos, M., Gouveia-Pereira, M., & Vala, J. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.032 · Cited by 48
“We used the 14 items of ingroup identification scale adapted from Leach et al.’s (2008) (e.”
MethodThe evolution of universal cooperation
Gross, J., Méder, Z. Z., Dreu, C. K. W. D., Romano, A., Molenmaker, W. E., & Hoenig, L. C. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add8289 · Cited by 51
Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Bagó, B., & Rand, D. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zhjkp · Cited by 47
“Second, and more importantly, we included a partisan identification measure (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundExploring Prosociality in Human-Robot Teams
Correia, F., Mascarenhas, S., Gomes, S., Arriaga, P., Leite, I., Prada, R., Melo, F. S., & Paiva, A. (2019) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673299 · Cited by 47
“The following dependent measures were used on the data analysis: Competitiveness level of the participant using a single-item question “How competitive do you evaluate yourself?”; Group Identification [24] using the Portuguese adap-”
MethodEthnic Identity and Second Language Learning
Trofimovich, P., & Turusheva, L. (2015) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190514000166 · Cited by 65
“London, UK: Longman. Reyes, A. (2005). Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth.”
BackgroundXu, Y., Farver, J. A. M., & Pauker, K. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2061 · Cited by 36
“…may not only increase the distinctiveness and centrality of European American’s ethnic group membership in this micro context but may also highlight a need to develop group solidarity with and psychologically bond to the small number of other European American group members (Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBilali, R. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12012 · Cited by 47
Our Flaws Are More Human Than Yours
Koval, P., Laham, S., Haslam, N., Bastian, B., & Whelan, J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211423777 · Cited by 47
The Bicultural Identity Performance of Immigrants
Wiley, S., & Deaux, K. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328158.ch3 · Cited by 40
Explaining online ambassadorship behaviors on Facebook and LinkedIn
van Zoonen, W., Bartels, J., van Prooijen, A., & Schouten, A. P. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.031 · Cited by 49
“Organizational identi fi cation was measured using three items derived from Leach et al. (2008) and refers to the extent employees identify with their organization.”
MethodBortolini, T., Newson, M., Natividade, J. C., Vázquez, A., & Gómez, Á. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12235 · Cited by 51
Wong, Y. J., Tsai, P.-C., Liu, T., Zhu, Q.-Q., & Wei, M.-F. (2014) · Journal of counseling and psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000038 · Cited by 46
Generational differences in vulnerability to identity denial: The role of group identification
Wang, J., Minervino, C., & Cheryan, S. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212461963 · Cited by 50
“The centrality component is defined as the salience or importance of in-group membership and previous work has found that those high in centrality are more sensitive to threats towards their in-group, such as the threat of discrimination (Leach et al., 2008; Sellers & Shelton, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBertin, P., Marinthe, G., Biddlestone, M., & Delouvée, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104252 · Cited by 55
Protasi, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009007023 · Cited by 57
Hamer, K., Penczek, M., McFarland, S., Wlodarczyk, A., Łużniak-Piecha, M., Golińska, A., Cadena, L., Ibarra, M., Bertin, P., & Delouvée, S. (2020) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12678 · Cited by 45
Gómez, Á., Vázquez, A., López‐Rodríguez, L., Talaifar, S., Martínez, M., Buhrmester, M. D., & Swann, W. B. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103853 · Cited by 56
“The result is that even the newer measures of identification (e.g., Leach et al., 2008) emphasize collective ties over relational ties.”
BackgroundLu, C., & Wan, C. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217752117 · Cited by 86
Stanciu, A., Cohrs, J., Hanke, K., & Gavreliuc, A. (2017) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1262812 · Cited by 45
Beyond Content of Conversation
Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315626022 · Cited by 45
“Later descriptions by Leach et al. (2008) suggested that solidarity should be associated with “a sense of belonging, psychological attachment to a group, and coordination with other group members” (p. 147).”
BackgroundHoward, M. C., & Melloy, R. C. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9404-y · Cited by 45
“Many previous studies do so through administering their items and analyzing the resulting factor structure through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and/or confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; Dahling et al. 2009; Leach et al. 2008; Spector 1992; Stanton et al. 2002); however, this is not possible for all researchers fo…”
MethodElliott, M., & Doane, M. J. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1053518 · Cited by 44
“Social identity as an individual with a mental illness was measured with three items modified from Doosje, Branscombe, Spears, and Manstead (1998) and Leach et al. (2008), indicative of identifying and feeling a bond with other people who also have a mental illness (a ¼ .71).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
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