The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,301–3,400 of 9,025
Updating politicized beliefs: How motivated reasoning contributes to polarization
Su, S. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2021.101799 · Cited by 23
Kakarika, M., Biniari, M., Guillén, L., & Mayo, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2605 · Cited by 24
What role do climate considerations play in consumption of red meat in Norway?
Vatn, A., Aasen, M., Thøgersen, J. B., Dunlap, R. E., Fisher, D. R., Hellevik, O., & Stern, P. C. (2022) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102490 · Cited by 23
Boscarino, J. E. (2022) · Politics & Policy · doi:10.1111/polp.12471 · Cited by 25
Evaluating the status of theories of emotion in political science and psychology
Marcus, G. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2022.1080884 · Cited by 26
Murero, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2023.1141416 · Cited by 35
Mazepus, H., Osmudsen, M., Bang-Petersen, M., Toshkov, D., & Dimitrova, A. L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282308 · Cited by 30
How Identity Impacts Bystander Responses to Workplace Mistreatment
Gloor, J. L. P., Okimoto, T. G., Li, X., Gazdag, B. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063231177976 · Cited by 24
Teichman, D., Zamir, E., & Ritov, I. (2023) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12365 · Cited by 32
The Psychological and Social Foundations of Ideological Belief Systems
Federico, C. M., & Malka, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541296.013.16 · Cited by 36
A representative survey experiment of motivated climate change denial
Stötzer, L. S., & Zimmermann, F. (2024) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01910-2 · Cited by 20
Perceptions of environmental changes among a climate-vulnerable population from Bangladesh
Freihardt, J. (2024) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-024-03678-6 · Cited by 27
Vargiu, C., Nai, A., & Valli, C. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12969 · Cited by 26
Neurosymbolic AI for Personalized Sentiment Analysis
Zhu, L., Mao, R., Cambria, E., & Jansen, B. J. J. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76827-9_16 · Cited by 20
Self-serving biases and public justifications in trust games
Bicchieri, C., & Mercier, H. (2012) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-012-0192-x · Cited by 20
Rosa, M., & Waldzus, S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.004 · Cited by 20
Creativity Through Autonomy and Interaction
d’Inverno, M., & Flucke, G. (2012) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-012-9152-5 · Cited by 20
Expectations of consistency about the self: Consequences for self-concept formation
McConnell, A. R., Rydell, R. J., & Leibold, J. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00504-8 · Cited by 20
Auditors' Efficiency Motivated Evaluation
Cianci, A. M., & Bierstaker, J. L. (2009) · Advances in Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.adiac.2009.03.002 · Cited by 20
Interpersonal perception in cross-group interactions: Challenges and potential solutions
West, T. V. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.641328 · Cited by 20
Philanthropy and Corporate Reputation: An Empirical Investigation
Morris, S. A., Bartkus, B. R., Glassman, M., & Rhiel, G. S. (2013) · Corporate Reputation Review · doi:10.1057/crr.2013.16 · Cited by 20
Vaughan, E., & Dunton, G. F. (2007) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698570701486054 · Cited by 20
Factors influencing women’s choice of weight-loss diet
Calder, R. K., & Mussap, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315573435 · Cited by 22
Evidence that stakes don’t matter for evidence
Phelan, M. (2013) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.733363 · Cited by 20
de Boer, J., Botzen, W. J. W., & Terpstra, T. (2015) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0900-4 · Cited by 20
Zhu, L. L., Aquino, K. F., & Vadera, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000095 · Cited by 20
Exploring the Questionable Academic Practice of Conference Paper Double Dipping
Lewellyn, K. B., Judge, W. Q., & Smith, A. (2016) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2015.0033 · Cited by 20
Stone, D. F., & Wood, D. H. (2016) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2834072 · Cited by 24
Political realism and moral corruption
McQueen, A. (2016) · European Journal of Political Theory · doi:10.1177/1474885116664825 · Cited by 23
Pilditch, T. D., & Custers, R. (2017) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.006 · Cited by 22
Looking left or looking right? Effects of newspaper layout style on the perception of political news
Schindler, J., Krämer, B., & Müller, P. (2017) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323117718463 · Cited by 21
Artificial Entities or Moral Agents? How AI is Changing Human Evolution
Maldonato, M. N., & Valerio, P. (2017) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56904-8_36 · Cited by 20
Phylotocol: Promoting Transparency and Overcoming Bias in Phylogenetics
DeBiasse, M. B., & Ryan, J. F. (2018) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy090 · Cited by 20
Gill, M. J., & Ungson, N. D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.008 · Cited by 19
Cancer screening risk literacy of physicians in training: An experimental study
Petrova, D., Mas, G., Navarrete, G., Rodríguez, T., Ortiz, P. J., & García‐Retamero, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218821 · Cited by 20
Mulder, L. B., Rink, F. A., & Jordan, J. (2019) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2019.102242 · Cited by 20
Ozaki, T., & Nakayachi, K. (2020) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12195 · Cited by 22
Haas, I. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00019-1 · Cited by 21
Light my fire but don’t choke on the smoke: Wellbeing and pollution from fireplace use in Sweden
Karlsson, B. S. A., Håkansson, M., Sjöblom, J., & Ström, H. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101696 · Cited by 21
Psychology and Climate Change: Beliefs, Impacts, and Human Contributions
Swim, J. K., Markowitz, E. M., & Bloodhart, B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733026.013.0033 · Cited by 21
Engel, C., Kube, S., & Kurschilgen, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.04.029 · Cited by 21
Strategic Numeracy: Self-Serving Reasoning About Health Statistics
Mata, A., Sherman, S. J., Ferreira, M. B., & Mendonça, C. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1018991 · Cited by 20
CONCURRING PARTNER REVIEW: DOES INVOLVEMENT IN AUDIT PLANNING AFFECT OBJECTIVITY?
Schneider, A., Church, B. K., & Ramsay, R. J. (2003) · Research in Accounting Regulation · doi:10.1016/s1052-0457(02)16011-5 · Cited by 20
Science, values, and pragmatic encroachment on knowledge
Miller, B. (2014) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-014-0087-4 · Cited by 20
Hart, W., Adams, J. M., Burton, K. A., Shreves, W. B., & Hamilton, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.004 · Cited by 20
Can Dissonance Theory Do It All?
Kunda, Z. (1992) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0304_11 · Cited by 20
Self-citationMood-congruent perceptions of success depend on self-other framing
Detweiler-Bedell, B. T., Detweiler-Bedell, J. B., & Salovey, P. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500294996 · Cited by 20
In Mysterious Ways: On petitionary prayer and subtle forms of supernatural causation
Boudry, M., & Smedt, J. D. (2011) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2011.600464 · Cited by 19
Chatzidakis, A., Smith, A., & Hibbert, S. A. (2009) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 20
Levine, C. S., Basu, D., & Chen, E. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12236 · Cited by 20
Partisan differences in the relationship between newspaper coverage and concern over global warming
Zhao, X., Rolfe-Redding, J., & Kotcher, J. (2014) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662514558992 · Cited by 20
Bretz, S., & Sun, R. (2017) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12517 · Cited by 20
The effect of developmental regulation on visual attention: The example of the "biological clock"
Light, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500336540 · Cited by 20
Ruscio, J. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.1.145 · Cited by 20
The evolution of religious misbelief
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A., & Gervais, W. M. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09991312 · Cited by 20
Cerully, J., Klein, W. M. P., & McCaul, K. D. (2006) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730600637491 · Cited by 20
Ford, T. E., & Thompson, E. P. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_3 · Cited by 20
The Weighing of Evidence and the Determinants of Confidence
Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.015 · Cited by 20
La théorie argumentative du raisonnement
Mercier, H. (2009) · HAL · Cited by 20
It's Not a Lie If You Believe It: Lying and Belief Distortion Under Norm-UncertaintyPreprint
Bicchieri, C., & Dimant, E. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3243973 · Cited by 20
Enhancing Public Resistance to “Fake News”
Mayorga, M. W., Hester, E. B., Helsel, E. M., Ivanov, B., Sellnow, T. L., Slovic, P., Burns, W. J., & Frakes, D. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119399926.ch12 · Cited by 20
The Fake News Effect: Experimentally Identifying Motivated Reasoning Using Trust in NewsPreprint
Thaler, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3717381 · Cited by 21
Perach, R., Joyner, L., Husbands, D., & Buchanan, T. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231192032 · Cited by 19
“Such interventions will need to consider users’ motives, and different approaches are likely to be needed for people who are driven by different personal goals (Kunda, 1990) and identity-related motives.”
BackgroundLee, T., Ryu, S., & Kim, M. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131794 · Cited by 19
Democratic Deliberation and the Resource Curse
Sandefur, J., Birdsall, N., Fishkin, J. S., & Moyo, M. (2022) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887122000090 · Cited by 19
Freiling, I., & Matthes, J. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107769 · Cited by 19
Learning for Environmental Governance
Gerlak, A. K., & Heikkila, T. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009461115 · Cited by 20
Fisher, D. M., Cunningham, S., Kerr, A. J., & Allscheid, S. P. (2017) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12156 · Cited by 22
Christensen, J., Dahlmann, C. M., Mathiasen, A. H., Moynihan, D. P., & Petersen, N. B. G. (2018) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muy030 · Cited by 19
Spaulding, S. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1523 · Cited by 21
Detecting misinformation in online social networks: A think-aloud study on user strategies
Freiling, I. (2019) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2019-4-471 · Cited by 21
Eye of the Beholder: Partisanship, Identity, and the Politics of Sexual Harassment
Craig, S. C., & Cossette, P. S. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09631-4 · Cited by 19
Dillard, J. P., Li, S. S., & Cannava, K. E. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1838107 · Cited by 19
Ironic Egalitarianism: When hierarchy-attenuating motives increase hierarchy-enhancing beliefs
de Leon, R. P., & Kay, A. C. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.02.006 · Cited by 22
Wiedemann, P., Boerner, F., & Freudenstein, F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253762 · Cited by 17
Fishing for Good News: Motivated Information Acquisition
Chen, S., & Heese, C. (2025) · Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics · doi:10.1086/735787 · Cited by 19
Buying from Local Providers: The Role of Governance Preferences in Assessing Performance Information
Lerusse, A., & de Walle, S. V. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13491 · Cited by 21
O’Neill, O. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0006 · Cited by 20
You Must Have a Preference: The Impact of No Preference Communication on Joint Decision Making
Kim, N. Y. J., Zwebner, Y., Barasch, A., & Schrift, R. Y. (2020) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437221107593 · Cited by 19
Reinemann, C., Haas, A., & Rieger, D. (2022) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2022-1-132 · Cited by 19
Groundhog day for inclusive education
Thomas, G., & Loxley, A. (2022) · Support for Learning · doi:10.1111/1467-9604.12406 · Cited by 19
Historical information and beliefs about racial inequality
Fang, A. H. G., & White, S. (2022) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2104167 · Cited by 18
Wang, R., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107486 · Cited by 19
A belief systems analysis of fraud beliefs following the 2020 US election
Botvinik‐Nezer, R., Jones, M., & Wager, T. D. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01570-4 · Cited by 19
Harm Hypervigilance in Public Reactions to Scientific Evidence
Clark, C. J., Graso, M., Redstone, I., & Tetlock, P. E. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231168777 · Cited by 23
Farhart, C. E., Fitz, E. B., Miller, J. M., & Saunders, K. L. (2023) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/20531680231193514 · Cited by 19
Vliegenthart, R., Strömbäck, J., Boomgaarden, H. G., Broda, E., Damstra, A., Lindgren, E., Tsfati, Y., & Remoortere, A. V. (2023) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2023.2251444 · Cited by 25
Raimi, K. T., Sarge, M. A., Geiger, N., Gillis, A. J., & Lee, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102210 · Cited by 20
Dobbs, M., Degutis, J. M., Morales, J., Joseph, K., & Swire‐Thompson, B. (2023) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-023-00040-x · Cited by 24
van Erkel, P. F. A., Aelst, P. V., de Vreese, C. H., Hopmann, D. N., Matthes, J., Stanyer, J., & Corbu, N. (2024) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2024.2321542 · Cited by 24
Conspiracy Thinking About the 15-Minute City: Something from Nothing?
Glover, T. D. (2024) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2024.2387703 · Cited by 20
Counterintuitive and alternative moves choice in the Water Jug task
Carder, H. P., Handley, S. J., & Perfect, T. J. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.04.006 · Cited by 20
Alteration of Political Belief by Non-invasive Brain Stimulation
Chawke, C., & Kanai, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00621 · Cited by 20
Complicating decisions: The work ethic heuristic and the construction of effortful decisions.
Schrift, R. Y., Kivetz, R., & Netzer, O. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000171 · Cited by 19
Economic Perceptions, Presidential Approval, and Causality
Dickerson, B. T. (2015) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x15600787 · Cited by 20
On Being More Amenable to Threatening Risk Messages Concerning Close Others (vis-à-vis the Self)
Klein, W. M. P., & Ferrer, R. A. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218769064 · Cited by 19
Warmth and competence predict overoptimistic beliefs for out-group but not in-group members
Dricu, M., Bührer, S., Hesse, F., Eder, C., Posada, A., & Aue, T. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207670 · Cited by 18
The self-presentational consequences of upholding one’s stance in spite of the evidence
John, L. K., Jeong, M., Francesca Gino, B., & Huang, L. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.07.001 · Cited by 19
Post‐truth and anthropogenic climate change: Asking the right questions
Groves, C. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.620 · Cited by 23
Expectations, vote choice and opinion stability since the 2016 Brexit referendum
Grynberg, C., Walter, S., & Wasserfallen, F. (2019) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116519892328 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
