The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,401–3,500 of 9,025
The role of psychological attribution in responses to weight stigma
Gerend, M. A., Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., & Maner, J. K. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.437 · Cited by 20
Explores the Specific Context of Financial Statement Fraud Based on Empirical from Indonesia
Ikbal, M., Irwansyah, I., Paminto, A., Ulfah, Y., & Darma, D. C. (2020) · Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance · doi:10.13189/ujaf.2020.080201 · Cited by 19
Davidson, A. M., Burns, S., Hampton, D., White, L. A., & Perlman, M. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211022386 · Cited by 22
Dynamic Representation of the Subjective Value of Information
Kobayashi, K., Lee, S., Filipowicz, A. L. S., McGaughey, K. D., Kable, J. W., & Nassar, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0423-21.2021 · Cited by 17
Pluralistic ignorance and misperception of social norms concerning cheating in dating relationships
Boon, S. D., WATKINS, S. J., & Sciban, R. (2014) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12044 · Cited by 19
Keeping it real: self‐control depletion increases accuracy, but decreases confidence for performance
Debono, A. E., & Muraven, M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12013 · Cited by 19
Four degrees of stereotype formation: differentiation by any means necessary
Spears, R. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.008 · Cited by 20
Elasticity in evaluations of criminal evidence: Exploring the role of cognitive dissonance
Ask, K., Reinhard, M., Marksteiner, T., & Granhag, P. A. (2011) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1348/135532510x510153 · Cited by 19
AIDS Exceptionalism: On the Social Psychology of HIV Prevention Research
Fisher, W. A., Kohut, T., & Fisher, J. D. (2009) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01010.x · Cited by 19
Levy, S. R., Freitas, A. L., Mendoza‐Denton, R., Kugelmass, H., & Rosenthal, L. (2010) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.495673 · Cited by 20
Colorblindness and Diversity: Conflicting Goals in Decisions Influenced by Race
Norton, M. I., Vandello, J. A., Biga, A. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.1.102 · Cited by 19
Tan, H., Libby, R., & Hunton, J. E. (2010) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01006.x · Cited by 19
RetractedCianci, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560802333589 · Cited by 19
Bombari, D., Mora, B., Schaefer, S. C., Mast, F. W., & Lehr, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038023 · Cited by 19
My Child Is Better Than Average: The Extension and Restriction of Unrealistic Optimism1
Lench, H. C., Quas, J. A., & Edelstein, R. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00137.x · Cited by 19
Nonaudit Services and Independence in Appearance: Decision Context Matters
Church, B. K., & Zhang, P. (2011) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-10044 · Cited by 19
Enlisting the Influence of Others: Alternative Strategies for Persuasive Media Campaigns
Morton, T. A., & Duck, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00008.x · Cited by 19
Bicchieri, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0010 · Cited by 25
Lu, H., McComas, K. A., Buttke, D., Roh, S., Wild, M. A., & Decker, D. J. (2017) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr16061 · Cited by 19
The Democrats’ Misplaced Faith in Policy Feedback
Galvin, D. J., & Thurston, C. N. (2017) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2017-0020 · Cited by 18
Creative Argumentation: When and Why People Commit the Metaphoric Fallacy
Ervas, F., Ledda, A., Ojha, A., Pierro, G. A., & Indurkhya, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01815 · Cited by 19
Dissatisfied Creators: Generating Creative Ideas Amid Negative Emotion in Health Care
Lee, Y. S. H., Nembhard, I. M., & Cleary, P. D. (2019) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888419847702 · Cited by 19
Uhlmann, E. L., Poehlman, T. A., & Bargh, J. A. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373694-9.00004-0 · Cited by 20
Ross, M. G., Blatz, C. W., & Schryer, E. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00174-1 · Cited by 19
Motivated reasoning and the attribution of emotions to ingroup and outgroup
Gaunt, R. A., Leyens, J., & Sindic, D. (2004) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · Cited by 19
Hindmoor, A. (2008) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00725.x · Cited by 18
Fiedler, K., Walther, E., Freytag, P., & Stryczek, E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1483 · Cited by 19
Processus de choix construit du consommateur
Bettman, J. R., Luce, M. F., & Payne, J. W. (2000) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/076737010001500205 · Cited by 23
Do Past Success Lead Analysts to Become Overconfident?Preprint
Menzly, L., & Hilary, G. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.261476 · Cited by 19
Cognitive Flexibility or Moral Commitment? Evidence of Anticipated Belief DistortionPreprint
Saccardo, S., & Serra-García, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3676711 · Cited by 19
Public understanding of climate change and support for mitigation
ESRI, Timmons, S., & lunn, P. (2022) · doi:10.26504/rs135 · Cited by 24
Exley, C. L., & Kessler, J. B. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26595 · Cited by 22
Moralization and extremism robustly amplify myside sharing
Marie, A., Altay, S., & Strickland, B. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad078 · Cited by 32
Moral thin-slicing: Forming moral impressions from a brief glance
Freitas, J. D., & Hafri, A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104588 · Cited by 22
An overview of drivers and emotions of meat consumption
Font‐i‐Furnols, M., & Guerrero, L. (2024) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109619 · Cited by 18
AI trust divide: How recruiter-candidate roles shape tourism personnel decision-making
Hu, J., Huang, G. I., Wong, I. A., & Wan, L. C. (2024) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2024.103860 · Cited by 18
Lee, J. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0713 · Cited by 18
Forget and Forgive: A Practical Approach to Forgotten Evidence
Dogramaci, S. (2015) · Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.3998/ergo.12405314.0002.026 · Cited by 18
Lay Evaluation of Financial Experts: The Action Advice Effect and Confirmation Bias
Zaleśkiewicz, T., Gąsiorowska, A., Stasiuk, K., Maksymiuk, R. A., & Bar‐Tal, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01476 · Cited by 18
Hinnekens, C., Loeys, T., Schryver, M. D., & Verhofstadt, L. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9689-z · Cited by 21
Linking Self-Construal to Creativity: The Role of Approach Motivation and Cognitive Flexibility
Shao, Y., Nijstad, B. A., & Täuber, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01929 · Cited by 24
Fake News and Information Warfare
Guadagno, R. E., & Guttieri, K. (2019) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8535-0.ch011 · Cited by 18
Bao, Y., & Ge, L. (2019) · Australian Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12389 · Cited by 20
Bækgaard, M., James, O., Serritzlew, S., & Ryzin, G. G. V. (2019) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2019.1659891 · Cited by 18
Engebretsen, M. (2020) · Nordicom review/NORDICOM review · doi:10.2478/nor-2020-0004 · Cited by 18
Hot Contention, Cool Abstention
Dornschneider, S. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190693916.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Nguyen, N. T., Rakow, T., Gardner, B., & Dommett, E. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244865 · Cited by 18
How reward uncertainty influences subsequent donations: The role of mental accounting
Shi, H., Chen, R., & Xu, X. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.040 · Cited by 20
Ideological and Partisan Bias in the Canadian Public
Merkley, E. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0008423921000147 · Cited by 23
Family Matters: Education and the (Conditional) Effect of State Indoctrination in China
Kao, J. C. (2020) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfab007 · Cited by 19
Reconciling scientific and commonsense values to improve reasoning
Cusimano, C., & Lombrozo, T. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.06.004 · Cited by 21
Identity and Status: When Counterspeech Increases Hate Speech Reporting and Why
Kim, J. Y., Sim, J., & Cho, D. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10229-2 · Cited by 19
Opgenhaffen, M. (2022) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.2011758 · Cited by 18
Yip, J. A., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.104109 · Cited by 18
The Role of Predictions, Their Confirmation, and Reward in Maintaining the Self-Concept
Mokady, A., & Reggev, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.824085 · Cited by 19
Lindgren, E., Damstra, A., Strömbäck, J., Tsfati, Y., Vliegenthart, R., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003111474-10 · Cited by 18
Joo, Y. K., & Kim, B. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2102716 · Cited by 19
Vail, K. E., Harvell-Bowman, L. A., Lockett, M., Pyszczynski, T., & Gilmore, G. R. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09983-w · Cited by 23
Burris, E. R., McClean, E. J., Detert, J., & Quigley, T. J. (2022) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2022.1640 · Cited by 20
Schrøder, T. B. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12866 · Cited by 18
Solomon, B. C., & Hall, M. E. K. (2022) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2022.1647 · Cited by 18
Yoo, J. J., Jhang, J., Song, S., & Shin, H. S. (2022) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101233 · Cited by 19
Aspernäs, J., Erlandsson, A., & Nilsson, A. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104394 · Cited by 20
Dyck, J. J., & Pearson‐Merkowitz, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197623787.001.0001 · Cited by 19
So, J., & Song, H. (2023) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqad025 · Cited by 21
Mehlhaff, I. D., Ryan, T. J., Hetherington, M. J., & MacKuen, M. (2023) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12808 · Cited by 21
Acceptable Discourse: Social Norms of Beliefs and Opinions
Golman, R. (2022) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104588 · Cited by 20
Cai, Y., Wang, H., Schuh, S. C., Li, J., & Zheng, W. (2023) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05535-5 · Cited by 21
The people think what I think: False consensus and unelected elite misperception of public opinion
Furnas, A. C., & LaPira, T. M. (2024) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12833 · Cited by 22
One thought too few: An adaptive rationale for punishing negligence.
Sarin, A., & Cushman, F. A. (2024) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000476 · Cited by 18
Kerr, N., Krönke, M., & Wahman, M. (2024) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfae030 · Cited by 19
Rozenblum, Y., Dalyot, K., & Baram‐Tsabari, A. (2024) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21975 · Cited by 22
CSR as a buffer or backfire in brand transgressions: a motivated reasoning perspective
Ryoo, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2023-0435 · Cited by 18
McGinty, E. E., Wolfson, J. A., Sell, T. K., & Webster, D. W. (2015) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-3445592 · Cited by 18
Holt, L. F., Ellithorpe, M. E., & Ralston, R. A. (2016) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2016.1227267 · Cited by 18
Character Adaptation Systems Theory: A New Big Five for Personality and Psychotherapy
Henriques, G. R. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000097 · Cited by 18
The Motivated Fluidity of Lay Theories of Change
Wilson, A. E., & English, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57306-9_2 · Cited by 20
Yang, S., Dong, L., Tao, Z., & Li, X. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1685 · Cited by 18
IS THAT REALLY AN HONEST ONLINE REVIEW? THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISCLAIMERS IN ONLINE REVIEWS
Moriuchi, E. (2018) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2018.1451257 · Cited by 18
Citizens’ evaluations of campaign pledge fulfillment in Canada
Duval, D., & Pétry, F. (2018) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068818789968 · Cited by 21
Yelderman, L. A., West, M. P., & Miller, M. K. (2018) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12141 · Cited by 18
Moral humility: In life and at work
Smith, I. H., & Kouchaki, M. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.12.001 · Cited by 23
The institutional consequences of decoupling exposure
Hensel, P. G., & Guérard, S. (2019) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/1476127019831023 · Cited by 19
Science, health, and cultural literacy in a rapidly changing communications landscape
Scrimshaw, S. C. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1807218116 · Cited by 18
How sampling‐based overdispersion reveals India's tiger monitoring orthodoxy
Gopalaswamy, A. M., Karanth, K. U., Delampady, M., & Stenseth, N. C. (2019) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.128 · Cited by 18
Kantack, B. R., & Paschall, C. E. (2019) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12754 · Cited by 20
Meaning Multiplicity Across Communication Subfields: Bridging the Gaps
Boxman-Shabtai, L. (2020) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa008 · Cited by 18
Kuru, O., Josh Pasek, B., & Traugott, M. W. (2019) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edz035 · Cited by 20
Understanding Corruption with Perceived Corruption: The Understudied Effect of Corruption Tolerance
Lewis-Liu, T., Juang, W.-J., & Yu, C. (2022) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2022.2029095 · Cited by 18
Proxyeconomics, a theory and model of proxy-based competition and cultural evolution
Braganza, O. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211030 · Cited by 20
Milyavsky, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Chernikova, M., Ellenberg, M. D., & Pierro, A. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2037986 · Cited by 21
Guhin, J. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190244743.001.0001 · Cited by 30
Conflicts of Interest in Public Policy Research
MacCoun, R. J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610332.018 · Cited by 18
Self-Enhancement, Generality Level of Self-Evaluation, and Emotional Adjustment
Kurman, J., & Eshel, Y. (1998) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224549809600410 · Cited by 18
The antecedents of anticipatory purchase: Reconciling the two routes to optimism
Chan, E., Sengupta, J., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2012.04.003 · Cited by 19
Affect and Social Perception: Research Evidence and an Integrative Theory
Forgas, J. P. (1992) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779243000069 · Cited by 18
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.237 · Cited by 18
Hoos, F., Kochetova, N., & d’Arcy, A. (2015) · International Journal of Auditing · doi:10.1111/ijau.12046 · Cited by 18
The Effects of Trust and Management Incentives on Audit Committee Judgments
Rose, A. M., Rose, J. M., & Dibben, M. R. (2010) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria.2010.22.2.87 · Cited by 18
Talking about visually perceived events: Communication effects on eyewitness memory
Hellmann, J. H., Echterhoff, G., Kopietz, R., Niemeier, S., & Memon, A. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.796 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
