The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,501–3,600 of 9,025
Shtudiner, Z., Klein, G., & Kantor, J. (2016) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0307-9 · Cited by 18
Motivated reasoning during recruitment.
Kappes, H. B., Balcetis, E., & Cremer, D. D. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000263 · Cited by 19
Development of quantitative reasoning and gender biases.
Klaczynski, P. A., & Aneja, A. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.208 · Cited by 18
Dynamic reasoning and time pressure: Transition from analytical operations to experiential responses
Fraser‐Mackenzie, P. A. F., & Dror, I. E. (2009) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-009-9181-z · Cited by 18
How Do You Feel? Affective Forecasting and the Impact Bias in Track Athletics
DIJK, W. W. V. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.149.3.343-348 · Cited by 18
Mele, A. R. (1998) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089808573266 · Cited by 18
Theory-Driven Reasoning about Plausible Pasts and Probable Futures in World Politics
Tetlock, P. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.044 · Cited by 18
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511500077.004 · Cited by 24
Behavioral Ethics Meets Behavioral Law and Economics
Feldman, Y. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199945474.013.0009 · Cited by 19
Grenier, J. H., Pomeroy, B., & Stern, M. T. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1698493 · Cited by 18
Commentary: Online News and the Demise of Political Disagreement
Scheufele, D. A., & Nisbet, M. C. (2013) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2013.11679125 · Cited by 18
The Cognitive Reflection Test is robust to multiple exposuresPreprint
Białek, M., & Pennycook, G. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5u437 · Cited by 21
Silent Majority: How Employees’ Perceptions of Corporate Hypocrisy are Related to their Silence
Wang, Y., Xie, Y., Liu, M., Guo, Y., & He, D. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05647-6 · Cited by 19
Astola, M., Bland, S., & Alfano, M. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04676-y · Cited by 17
Wang, R., & Ophir, Y. (2024) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849241284575 · Cited by 19
The natural foundations of religion
Collier, M. (2013) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.740004 · Cited by 18
Complaints as starting point for vicious cycles in customer–employee-interactions
Traut‐Mattausch, E., Wagner, S., Pollatos, O., & Jonas, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01454 · Cited by 16
How We Think about Human Nature: The Naturalizing Error
Allchin, D., & Werth, A. J. (2020) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/708707 · Cited by 17
Converging on Truth : A Dynamic Perspective on Factual Debates in American Public Opinion
Stimson, J. A., & Wager, E. (2020) · Cited by 17
Pereira, C., Medeiros, A., & Bertholini, F. (2020) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220200327 · Cited by 17
Helping when the desire is low: Expectancy as a booster
Kossowska, M., Szumowska, E., Szwed, P., Czernatowicz‐Kukuczka, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09853-3 · Cited by 17
Vila‐Henninger, L. A. (2020) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12255 · Cited by 19
Cancela, A., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09873-7 · Cited by 18
Wieckowski, A. T., de Marchena, A. B., Algur, Y., Williams, L. N., Fernandes, S. J., Thomas, R. P., McClure, L. A., Dufek, S., FEIN, D. A., Adamson, L. B., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2536 · Cited by 19
The Rational Dynamics of Implicit Thought
Karlan, B. (2021) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2021.1936581 · Cited by 17
Zeng, C. (2021) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470211036676 · Cited by 18
Riedinger, C., Campbell, J. A., Klein, W. M. P., Ferrer, R. A., & Usher‐Smith, J. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262197 · Cited by 17
Williams, N. R., Patrick, H. E., Fiorentino, F., Allen, A., Sharma, M., Milošević, M., Macbeth, F. R., & Treasure, T. (2022) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezac253 · Cited by 17
Determined Yet Dehumanized: People Higher in Self-Control Are Seen as More Robotic
Lapka, S., Kung, F. Y. H., brienza, J. P., & Scholer, A. A. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221093109 · Cited by 17
Wolff, L., & Taddicken, M. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221090194 · Cited by 23
Bounded Rationality: Managerial Decision-Making and Data
Pittenger, L. M., Glassman, A., Mumbower, S., Merritt, D. M., & Bollenback, D. (2022) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2022.2111380 · Cited by 17
Lee, S. J., Lee, C., & Hwang, H. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2125119 · Cited by 17
Doesn't everybody jaywalk? On codified rules that are seldom followed and selectively punished
Wylie, J., & Gantman, A. P. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105323 · Cited by 17
Tabassum, M., Raziq, M. M., & Sarwar, N. (2022) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100951 · Cited by 21
Baker, S., Patel, N. P., Gunten, C. D. V., Valentine, K. D., & Scherer, L. D. (2020) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000735x · Cited by 17
The mindset of birth predicts birth outcomes: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study
Hoffmann, L., Hilger, N., & Banse, R. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2940 · Cited by 17
Kay, A. C., de Leon, R. P., Ho, A. K., & Kteily, N. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231154810 · Cited by 17
Fernbach, P. M., & Bogard, J. E. (2023) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12662 · Cited by 17
Decker, H., & Krämer, N. C. (2023) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v11i3.6627 · Cited by 24
Sport event vs. art event? The effect of CSR-linked sponsorship event type on product purchase
Park, S.-C., Ahn, S., & Kim, S.-H. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103683 · Cited by 17
Hutmacher, F., Reichardt, R., & Appel, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55930-9 · Cited by 21
Black Lives Matter and the Racialized Support for the January 6th Insurrection
Barreto, M. A., Alegre, C., Bailey, J. I., Davis, A., Ferrer, J., Nguy, J. H., Palmisano, C., & Robertson, C. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241228395 · Cited by 19
Mapping mental models in sustainability transitions
van den Broek, K. L., Negro, S. O., & Hekkert, M. P. (2024) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2024.100855 · Cited by 17
COVID-19 vaccine refusal is driven by deliberate ignorance and cognitive distortions
Fuławka, K., Hertwig, R., & Pachur, T. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-024-00951-8 · Cited by 18
The psychology of science rejection
Rutjens, B. T., & Hornsey, M. J. (2024) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2024.10.002 · Cited by 18
Aobdia, D., & Yoon, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2025.101831 · Cited by 17
Disagreement Over Vaccination Programmes: Deep Or Merely Complex and Why Does It Matter?
Dare, T. (2013) · HEC Forum · doi:10.1007/s10730-013-9227-z · Cited by 17
Ofir, C., Simonson, I., & Yoon, S. (2009) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.6.105 · Cited by 17
Cognitive Underpinnings of Diagnostic Error
Gordon, R., & Franklin, N. (2003) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200308000-00005 · Cited by 17
Unrealistic optimism and event threat
Gold, R. S. (2008) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500701426745 · Cited by 17
van den Bos, A., & Stapel, D. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208325773 · Cited by 17
RetractedPrecision vs. Realism on the Framing Continuum: Understanding the Underpinnings of Message Effects
Vraga, E. K., Carr, D., Nytes, J. P., & Shah, D. V. (2010) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584600903297927 · Cited by 17
Perceived Motives in the Political Arena
Doherty, D. (2014) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x14557273 · Cited by 17
Harris, A. J. L., de Molière, L., Soh, M., & Hahn, U. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173136 · Cited by 17
Does the Creative Boys’ Club Begin in the Classroom?
Windels, K., Lee, W., & Yeh, Y.-H. (2010) · Journal of Advertising Education · doi:10.1177/109804821001400206 · Cited by 17
Davydova, J., Pearson, A. R., Ballew, M. T., & Schuldt, J. P. (2018) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2181-7 · Cited by 20
McClanahan, K. J., Ho, A. K., & Kteily, N. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218784665 · Cited by 19
Integrating Non-Psychiatric Models of Delusion-Like Beliefs into Forensic Psychiatric Assessment.
Pierre, J. M. (2019) · PubMed · doi:10.29158/jaapl.003833-19 · Cited by 19
The Emergence of Science as a Political Brand
Newman, T. P. (2019) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652225 · Cited by 17
Holland, D., Janét, K., & Landrum, A. R. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11091870 · Cited by 17
Olsen, J., Mosen, J., Voracek, M., & Kirchler, E. M. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190738 · Cited by 14
Fei, L., Shi, H., Sun, X., Liu, J., Shi, H., & Zhu, Y. (2020) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1768639 · Cited by 17
Lamarche, V. M. (2020) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.4409 · Cited by 14
When personality gets under the skin: Need for uniqueness and body modifications
Weiler, S. M., Tetzlaff, B.-O., Herzberg, P. Y., & Jacobsen, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245158 · Cited by 17
Mongrain, P. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102317 · Cited by 17
Nasr, M. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102344 · Cited by 17
Haesebrouck, K. (2021) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12712 · Cited by 7
Devine‐Wright, P., Ryder, S., Dickie, J., Evensen, D. T. N., Varley, A., Whitmarsh, L. E., & Bartie, P. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102247 · Cited by 17
Oschatz, C., Niederdeppe, J., & Liu, J.-W. (2021) · Communication monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2021.2011344 · Cited by 17
Pigouvian vs. Coasian approach: Ideas, values, perspectives
Shastitko, A., & Pavlova, N. S. (2022) · Voprosy Ekonomiki · doi:10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46 · Cited by 17
Rudloff, J. P., Hutmacher, F., & Appel, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12706 · Cited by 22
Spaccatini, F., Richetin, J., Riva, P., Pancani, L., Ariccio, S., & Sacchi, S. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103024 · Cited by 19
Stimson, J. A., & Wager, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108876865 · Cited by 34
Ahmed, S., & Gil‐López, T. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990221110113 · Cited by 21
de Zúñiga, H. G., Marcos-Marné, H., & Carty, E. (2022) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2022.2139310 · Cited by 23
Understanding Lay Assessments of Alcohol Use Disorder: Need for Treatment and Associated Stigma
Weine, E. R., Kim, N. S., & Lincoln, A. K. (2015) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv069 · Cited by 17
2 Multiple Constraint Satisfaction in Judging
Robbennolt, J. K., MacCoun, R. J., & Darley, J. M. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0002 · Cited by 17
Explaining the effect of event valence on unrealistic optimism
Gold, R. S., & Brown, M. G. (2009) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500802241910 · Cited by 17
“How Many Partners Is Too Many?” Shaping Perceptions of Personal Vulnerability1
Rothman, A. J., Haddock, G., & Schwarz, N. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00171.x · Cited by 17
Accentuate the positive: how identity affects customer satisfaction
Chowdhury, T. G., Desai, K. K., & Bolton, L. E. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-03-2014-0915 · Cited by 17
Message defensiveness, efficacy, and health‐related behavioral intentions
Umphrey, L. R. (2004) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824090409359997 · Cited by 17
Luomala, H., Kumar, R., Singh, J. D., & Jaakkola, M. (2014) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-014-9420-8 · Cited by 17
Why Do We Think? Consequences of Regarding Thinking as Behavior
Overskeid, G. (2000) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980009598222 · Cited by 17
Chief Audit Executives' Evaluations of Whistle-Blowing Allegations
Guthrie, C. P., Norman, C. S., & Rose, J. M. (2012) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-50154 · Cited by 17
How does Peer Honesty Affect Focal Manager Honesty in a Budget Reporting Setting?
Paz, M. T., Reichert, B. E., & Woods, A. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1475-1488(2013)0000016009 · Cited by 17
Overconfidence in Predictions as an Effect of Desirability Bias
Giardini, F., Coricelli, G., Joffily, M., & Angela Sirigu, B. (2008) · Theory and decision library. Series C, Game theory, mathematical programming and operations research · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68437-4_11 · Cited by 17
CHAPTER 10 No Atheists in Foxholes: Motivated Reasoning and Religious Belief
Willer, R. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320916.003.010 · Cited by 17
A Test of the “News Diversity” Standard
Beattie, P. M., & Milojevich, J. (2016) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161216673194 · Cited by 18
Judges, ‘common sense’ and judicial cognition
Burns, K. (2016) · Griffith Law Review · doi:10.1080/10383441.2016.1259536 · Cited by 17
Heart disease versus cancer: understanding perceptions of population prevalence and personal risk
Scheideler, J. K., Taber, J. M., Ferrer, R. A., Grenen, E. G., & Klein, W. M. P. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9860-0 · Cited by 17
The logics of frugality: Reproducing tastes of necessity among affluent climate change activists
Boucher, J. (2017) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.001 · Cited by 17
Landrum, A. R., Hilgard, J., Lull, R. B., Akin, H., & Jamieson, K. H. (2018) · Journal of Science Communication · doi:10.22323/2.17020204 · Cited by 17
Fostering workplace respect in an era of anti-Muslimism and Islamophobia
Sekerka, L. E., & Yacobian, M. M. (2018) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-11-2017-0265 · Cited by 17
Agadjanian, A., Bakhru, N., Chi, V., Greenberg, D., Hollander, B., Hurt, A., Kind, J., Lu, R., Ma, A., Nyhan, B. J., et al. (2019) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168019870351 · Cited by 17
Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0099-5_5 · Cited by 17
Was Cognitive Dissonance Theory a Mistake
Lord, C. G. (1992) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0304_12 · Cited by 16
Social Reality and Self-Construction: A Case of "Bounded Irrationality?"
Klein, W. M. P., & Goethals, G. R. (2002) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2402_3 · Cited by 18
Preference Consistency and Preference Strength: Processing and Judgmental issues1
Jain, S. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01940.x · Cited by 17
McEwen, R. A., Mazza, C. R., & Hunton, J. E. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560802551818 · Cited by 17
Assessing the validity of a computational model of emotional coping
Marsella, S., Gratch, J. S., Wang, N., & Stankovic, B. (2009) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2009.5349584 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
