The DOI matches its Crossref record; 181 of the 183 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has regarded low self-esteem as an important cause of violence, but the opposite view is theoretically viable. An interdisciplinary review of evidence about aggression, crime, and violence contradicted the view that low self-esteem is an important cause. Instead, violence appears to be most commonly a result of threatened egotism--that is, highly favorable views of self that are disputed by some person or circumstance. Inflated, unstable, or tentative beliefs in the self's superiority may be most prone to encountering threats and hence to causing violence. The mediating process may involve directing anger outward as a way of avoiding a downward revision of the self-concept.
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“A large body of evidence suggests that individuals who do not meet the status expectations they feel entitled to are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996; Denissen et al., 2018; Krizan & Johar, 2015; Rasmussen, 2016).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996
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Cites
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Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.
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Joiner, T. E., Petty, S., Perez, M., Sachs-Ericsson, N., & Rudd, M. D. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.009 · Cited by 16
“Research has found that inflated selfesteem may be associated with anger, hostility, and aggressiveness (Raskin et al., 1991; Baumeister et al., 1996; Rhodewalt and Morf, 1998), as well as with interpersonal problems (e.”
InfluentialOn the physical health benefits of self-enhancement.
Segerstrom, S. C., & Roach, A. R. (2008) · Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, research, and clinical implications. · doi:10.1037/11624-003 · Cited by 12
Risk for domestic violence: factors associated with perpetration and victimization
Riggs, D. S., Caulfield, M. B., & Street, A. E. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(200010)56:10
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-33
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2100354065
- Cited by
- 2,378
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 130
- FWCI
- 55.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh043826-02, 5r01mh051482-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 43826, MH-51482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- self-esteem, aggression, violence, crime, self-concept, anger
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Anger, Crime, Defense Mechanisms, Dominance-Subordination, Humans, Internal-External Control, Power, Psychological, Self Concept, Violence
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