Cited by 2,931Behavioral Health and InterventionsNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower

Metcalfe, Janet, Mischel, Walter·1999·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A 2-system framework is proposed for understanding the processes that enable--and undermine--self-control or "willpower" as exemplified in the delay of gratification paradigm. A cool, cognitive "know" system and a hot, emotional "go" system are postulated. The cool system is cognitive, emotionally neutral, contemplative, flexible, integrated, coherent, spatiotemporal, slow, episodic, and strategic. It is the seat of self-regulation and self-control. The hot system is the basis of emotionality, fears as well as passions--impulsive and reflexive--initially controlled by innate releasing stimuli (and, thus, literally under "stimulus control"): it is fundamental for emotional (classical) conditioning and undermines efforts at self-control. The balance between the hot and cool systems is determined by stress, developmental level, and the individual's self-regulatory dynamics. The interactions between these systems allow explanation of findings on willpower from 3 decades of research.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A General Theory of Crime
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621794 · Cited by 10,127
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
Bannister, D., & Fransella, F. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203405321_chapter_1 · Cited by 8,589
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094
Untitled work
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908) · Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology · doi:10.1002/cne.920180503 · Cited by 6,911
Beyond pleasure and pain
Higgins, E. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280 · Cited by 6,775
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Conflict, arousal, and curiosity.
Berlyne, D. E. (1960) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11164-000 · Cited by 6,018
Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.
Rutter, M. (1987) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x · Cited by 5,831

Show all 104 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,008

Self-regulation of health behavior: Social psychological approaches to goal setting and goal striving.
Mann, T. L., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Fujita, K. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028533 · Cited by 497
Desire or reason: Predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes.
Lawton, R., Conner, M. T., & McEachan, R. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013424 · Cited by 471
Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist
Ashraf, N., Camerer, C. F., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2005) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005774357897 · Cited by 452
Dynamic Integration: Affect, Cognition, and the Self in Adulthood
Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01262.x · Cited by 420
Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration
Carver, C. S. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_2 · Cited by 442
Patterns of neural activity associated with honest and dishonest moral decisions
Greene, J. D., & Paxton, J. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900152106 · Cited by 430
Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context
Römer, D., Reyna, V. F., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007 · Cited by 466
Seven Principles of Goal Activation: A Systematic Approach to Distinguishing Goal Priming From Priming of Non-Goal Constructs
Förster, J., Liberman, N., & Friedman, R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307303029 · Cited by 408
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 446
Resource Slack and Propensity to Discount Delayed Investments of Time Versus Money.
Zauberman, G. S., & Lynch, J. G. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.23 · Cited by 407
Who Takes Risks When and Why?
Figner, B., & Weber, E. U. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411415790 · Cited by 401
Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315938 · Cited by 390
Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations.
Fishbach, A., & Shah, J. Y. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.820 · Cited by 403
Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610515 · Cited by 408
Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory
Shackman, A. J., Sarinopoulos, I., Maxwell, J. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Lavric, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40 · Cited by 382
Animal Spirits: Affective and Deliberative Processes in Economic BehaviorPreprint
Loewenstein, G. F., & O’Donoghue, T. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.539843 · Cited by 395
Untitled work
Otto (2013) · doi:10.1177/0956797612463080 · Cited by 352
From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally-Presented Words
Weingarten, E., Chen, Q.-J., McAdams, M., Yi, J., Hepler, J., & Albarracín, D. (2015) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000030 · Cited by 275
A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271181 · Cited by 376
Reflective and Automatic Processes in the Initiation and Maintenance of Dietary Change
Rothman, A. J., Sheeran, P., & Wood, W. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9118-3 · Cited by 368
Craving's place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models
Skinner, M. D., & Aubin, H.-J. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024 · Cited by 372
Delay discounting and intelligence: A meta-analysis
Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. R. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.004 · Cited by 392
Subgoals as substitutes or complements: The role of goal accessibility.
Fishbach, A., Dhar, R., & Zhang, Y. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.232 · Cited by 382
IMAGING VALUATION MODELS IN HUMAN CHOICE
Montague, P. R., King‐Casas, B., & Cohen, J. D. (2006) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112903 · Cited by 382
The New Sociology of Morality
Hitlin, S., & Vaisey, S. (2013) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145628 · Cited by 388
The Architecture of Personality.
Cervone, D. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.183 · Cited by 366
Rethinking fast and slow based on a critique of reaction-time reverse inference
Krajbich, I. M., Bartling, B., Hare, T. A., & Fehr, E. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8455 · Cited by 347
Feeling close: Emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological distance.
Leaf Van Boven, A., Kane, J., McGraw, A. P., & Dale, J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019262 · Cited by 352
The development of executive function in early childhood.
(2003) · doi:10.1111/j.0037-976x.2003.00260.x · Cited by 353
What catatonia can tell us about “top-down modulation”: A neuropsychiatric hypothesis
Northoff, G. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000109 · Cited by 352
Are Risk Aversion and Impatience Related to Cognitive Ability?Preprint
Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.982149 · Cited by 358
Measuring Time Preferences
Cohen, J. D., Ericson, K. M. M., Laibson, D., & White, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20191074 · Cited by 368
Implementation Intentions and Shielding Goal Striving From Unwanted Thoughts and Feelings
Achtziger, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311201 · Cited by 348
The development of a child into a consumer
Valkenburg, P. M., & Cantor, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(00)00066-6 · Cited by 342
The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G., & Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610714 · Cited by 347
An integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior
Toates, F. (2009) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902747768 · Cited by 339
Impulsive and Self-Conscious: Adolescents' Vulnerability to Advertising and Promotion
Pechmann, C., Levine, L. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.2005.24.2.202 · Cited by 334
Inherent Association Between Academic Delay of Gratification, Future Time Perspective, and Self-Regulated Learning
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/b:edpr.0000012344.34008.5c · Cited by 331
Preschoolers' Delay of Gratification Predicts their Body Mass 30 Years Later
Schlam, T. R., Wilson, N. L., Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.06.049 · Cited by 373
Self-citation
Why dieters fail: Testing the goal conflict model of eating
Stroebe, W., Mensink, W., Aarts, H., Schut, H. A. W., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.005 · Cited by 332
Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self
Letzring, T. D., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.06.003 · Cited by 333
Behavioral components of impulsivity.
Stahl, C., Voss, A., Schmitz, F., Nuszbaum, M., Tüscher, O., Lieb, K., & Klauer, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0033981 · Cited by 319
Immediate pleasures and future consequences. A neuropsychological study of binge eating and obesity
Davis, C. A., Patte, K. A., Curtis, C., & Reid, C. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.002 · Cited by 332
Time discounting over the lifespan
Read, D., & Read, N. (2004) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.01.002 · Cited by 331
Intuitive Prosociality
Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413492764 · Cited by 334
Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling.
Callan, M. J., Shead, N. W., & Olson, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024778 · Cited by 364
SEXUAL SELECTION FOR MORAL VIRTUES
Miller, G. F. (2007) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/517857 · Cited by 338
Moving Beyond Deliberative Control of Impulses
Fujita, K., & Han, A. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02372.x · Cited by 326
Healthy diet: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions
de Ridder, D. T. D., Kroese, F. M., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M. A., & Gillebaart, M. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1316849 · Cited by 351
Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Gatchalian, K. M., & McClure, S. M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2689-x · Cited by 338
Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062 · Cited by 309
Why most dieters fail but some succeed: A goal conflict model of eating behavior.
Stroebe, W., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Papies, E. K., & Aarts, H. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0030849 · Cited by 346
I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control
Jonason, P. K., & Tost, J. R. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.031 · Cited by 313
Saying “no” to temptation: Want-to motivation improves self-regulation by reducing temptation rather than by increasing self-control.
Milyavskaya, M., Inzlicht, M., Hope, N. H., & Koestner, R. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000045 · Cited by 340
The Function of Phenomenal States: Supramodular Interaction Theory.
Morsella, E. (2005) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.112.4.1000 · Cited by 320
Verbal ability and executive functioning development in preschoolers at head start.
Fuhs, M. W., & Day, J. D. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021065 · Cited by 350
Less Is More
Carlson, S. M., Davis, A., & Leach, J. G. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01583.x · Cited by 311
The vulcanization of the human brain: A neural perspective on interactions between cognition and emotion
Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196750 · Cited by 304
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Consumer Behavior
Strack, F., Werth, L., & Deutsch, R. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1603_2 · Cited by 303
Integrating Implicit Motives, Explicit Motives, and Perceived Abilities: The Compensatory Model of Work Motivation and Volition
Kehr, H. M. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2004.13670963 · Cited by 334
Psychological connectedness and intertemporal choice.
Bartels, D. M., & Rips, L. (2010) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/a0018062 · Cited by 296
Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study.
Block, J., & BLOCK, J. H. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.4.315 · Cited by 313
Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns
Hendry, A. J., Jones, E. J. H., & Charman, T. (2016) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.005 · Cited by 346
Self-regulation and the income-achievement gap
Evans, G. W., & Rosenbaum, J. (2008) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.07.002 · Cited by 300
How Credit Card Payments Increase Unhealthy Food Purchases: Visceral Regulation of Vices
Thomas, M., Desai, K. K., & Seenivasan, S. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/657331 · Cited by 300
Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships
Romero‐Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.x · Cited by 297
A Social-Cognitive Perspective on Identity Construction
Berzonsky, M. D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_3 · Cited by 296
Self-Control
Myrseth, K. O. R., & Ayelet Fishbach, B. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01645.x · Cited by 296
Self-regulation and extended now: Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time.
Vohs, K. D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.217 · Cited by 300
Self-reported childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult HIV-risk behaviors and heavy drinking
Bensley, L. S., Eenwyk, J. V., & Simmons, K. W. (2000) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00084-7 · Cited by 289
Procrastination, temptations, and incentives: the struggle between the present and the future in procrastinators and the punctual
Dewitte, S., & Schouwenburg, H. C. (2002) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.461 · Cited by 290
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 346
Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Roefs, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.013 · Cited by 304
Effortless Self‐Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self‐Control
Gillebaart, M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12160 · Cited by 311
Looking forward, looking back: Anticipation is more evocative than retrospection.
Leaf Van Boven, A., & Ashworth, L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.289 · Cited by 291
Repenting Hyperopia: An Analysis of Self-Control Regrets
Kivetz, R., & Keinan, A. (2006) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/506308 · Cited by 279
Neural Hyporesponsiveness and Hyperresponsiveness During Immediate and Delayed Reward Processing in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Plichta, M. M., Vasic, N., Wolf, R. C., Lesch, K.-P., Brummer, D., Jacob, C., Fallgatter, A. J., & Grön, G. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.008 · Cited by 272
Neuroeconomic Foundations of Economic Choice—Recent Advances
Fehr, E., & Rangel, A. (2011) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.25.4.3 · Cited by 283
The Development of Coping: Implications for Psychopathology and Resilience
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy410 · Cited by 301
How do people adhere to goals when willpower is low? The profits (and pitfalls) of strong habits.
Neal, D. T., Wood, W., & Drolet, A. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032626 · Cited by 265
The multi-factor structure of the Brief Self-Control Scale: Discriminant validity of restraint and impulsivity
Maloney, P. W., Grawitch, M. J., & Barber, L. K. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.001 · Cited by 302
Effects of Motivational Cues on Perceptual Asymmetry: Implications for Creativity and Analytical Problem Solving.
Friedman, R., & Förster, J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.263 · Cited by 272
Walking the tightrope between feeling good and being accurate: Mood as a resource in processing persuasive messages.
Raghunathan, R., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.510 · Cited by 265
Habit in Personality and Social Psychology
Wood, W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317720362 · Cited by 299
The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses.
Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.314 · Cited by 281
Managing Joint Production Motivation: The Role of Goal Framing and Governance Mechanisms
Lindenberg, S. M., & Foss, N. J. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2011.61031808 · Cited by 276
Contributions of Hot and Cool Self-Regulation to Preschool Disruptive Behavior and Academic Achievement
Willoughby, M., Kupersmidt, J., Voegler-Lee, M., & Bryant, D. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549980 · Cited by 267
Effortful Control in “Hot” and “Cool” Tasks Differentially Predicts Children’s Behavior Problems and Academic Performance
Kim, S., Nordling, J. K., Yoon, J. E., Boldt, L. J., & Kochanska, G. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9661-4 · Cited by 267
The Influence of Price Discount versus Bonus Pack on the Preference for Virtue and Vice Foods
Mishra, A., & Mishra, H. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.48.1.196 · Cited by 265
Bikinis Instigate Generalized Impatience in Intertemporal Choice
Van den Bergh, B., Dewitte, S., & Warlop, L. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/525505 · Cited by 269
Self-Regulation Underlies Temperament and Personality: An Integrative Developmental Framework
Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G., Penke, L., & Wood, D. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12050 · Cited by 306
Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system: Insights from the startle response to rejection cues
Downey, G., Mougios, V., Ayduk, O., London, B. E., & Shoda, Y. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00738.x · Cited by 264
Executive Function in Preschool Children: Test–Retest Reliability
Beck, D. M., Schaefer, C., Pang, K., & Carlson, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.563485 · Cited by 262
Training response inhibition to food is associated with weight loss and reduced energy intake
Lawrence, N., O'Sullivan, J., Parslow, D., Javaid, M., Adams, R. C., Chambers, C., Kos, K., & Verbruggen, F. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.009 · Cited by 254
Can’t Control Yourself? Monitor Those Bad Habits
Quinn, J. M., Pascoe, A., Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209360665 · Cited by 256
The Psychology of Intertemporal Discounting: Why are Distant Events Valued Differently from Proximal Ones?
Soman, D., Ainslie, G. W., Frederick, S., Li, X., Lynch, J. G., Moreau, P., Mitchell, A. D., Read, D., Sawyer, A. G., Yaacov Trope, B., et al. (2005) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-005-5897-x · Cited by 255
When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance
Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802556958 · Cited by 270
An Education in Awareness: Self, Motivation, and Self-Regulated Learning in Contemplative Perspective
Roeser, R. W., & PECK, S. C. (2009) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520902832376 · Cited by 295
The effects of television advertising on materialism, parent–child conflict, and unhappiness: A review of research
Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2003) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(03)00072-8 · Cited by 257
Microfoundations for Strategy: A Goal-Framing Perspective on the Drivers of Value Creation
Foss, N. J., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2013) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0103 · Cited by 263

Authors: Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Metcalfe, Janet
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999
Volume: 106
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-19
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3
OpenAlex: W2103902275
Cited by: 2,931
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 178 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 154 · 2017: 124 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 141 · 2013: 150 · 2012: 160
FWCI: 47.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH39349, MH48066)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: delay of gratification, willpower, self-control, two-system model, self-regulation, emotionality, impulsive behavior, stimulus control, emotional conditioning, stress, developmental level
MeSH terms: Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Models, Psychological, Stress, Psychological, Self Psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks