The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.
Abstract
This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Concurrently, they are associated with an increased risk of depression,2829 and sadness is a core symptom of depression.12”
From Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation among Psycho-Oncology Outpatients (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“A tanult módszerek napi, rendszeres gyakorlása javítja a pszichológiai közérzetet, növeli az életerőt, és jótékony hatással van az életminőségre [30, 32].”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“A 12 tételes mérőeszköz belső megbízhatósága elfogadható volt (Cronbach-alfa: 0,72).”
From Éber, tudatos figyelemre épülő, a rákbetegséggel való megküzdést segítő program (MBCR) hatásvizsgálata magyar rákbetegek körében (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,078
Bailey, D. B., Sideris, J. H., Roberts, J. E., & Hatton, D. D. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32240 · Cited by 85
Cognitive and Psychosocial Health Risk Factors of Social Networking Addiction
Yu, S. M., Wu, A. M. S., & Pesigan, I. J. A. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9612-8 · Cited by 92
Dispositional optimism, neuroticism, and extraversion
Williams, D. G. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90076-2 · Cited by 85
Religiosity, Optimism, and Pessimism Among African Americans
Mattis, J. S., Fontenot, D. L., Hatcher-Kay, C. A., Grayman, N. A., & Beale, R. L. (2004) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798403260730 · Cited by 90
“This was measured using four items from the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodOptimism, pessimism, and the complexity of narcissism
Hickman, S. E., Watson, P. J., & Morris, R. J. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00223-5 · Cited by 84
A Longitudinal Examination of Hope and Optimism and Their Role in Type 1 Diabetes in Youths
Allen, J. V., Steele, R. G., Nelson, M. B., Peugh, J., Egan, A. M., Clements, M. A., & Patton, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv113 · Cited by 84
Lindblom, A., Lindblom, T., & Wechtler, H. M. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.012 · Cited by 100
Benefit finding through caring: The cancer caregiver experience
Cassidy, T. (2012) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.717623 · Cited by 97
“The factor analysed LOT, therefore has two subscales, each measuring a separate factor; optimism, and pessimism, and each four items.”
MethodInfluentialSkolasky, R. L., MacKenzie, E. J., Riley, L. H., & Wegener, S. T. (2009) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9549-0 · Cited by 84
“This measure has previously been shown to be stable over time in assessing optimism [ 40 ].”
ResultExamining the structure of the trait meta-mood scale
Palmer, B. R., Gignac, G. E., Bates, T. C., & Stough, C. K. K. (2003) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/0004953042000298612 · Cited by 86
The Stigma of Being Pessimistically Biased
Helweg‐Larsen, M., Sadeghian, P., & Webb, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.21.1.92.22405 · Cited by 85
Miner, K. N., & Eischeid, A. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0108-0 · Cited by 98
Fournier, M., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Bensing, J. M. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00006-5 · Cited by 84
“Positive outcome expectancies, ‘‘the tendency to believe that one will generally experience good outcomes in life (Scheier & Carver, 1985) represent expectancies generalised across a variety of situations.”
Evidence for the Factorial Validity of the Dispositional Hope Scale
Roesch, S. C., & Vaughn, A. A. (2006) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.2.78 · Cited by 84
Self‐Regulatory Processes and Responses to Health Threats: Effects of Optimism on Well‐Being
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753552.ch15 · Cited by 87
Self-citationMartin, K., & STERMAC, L. E. (2009) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x09336131 · Cited by 83
“Optimism was measured by the LOT-R developed by Scheier and Carver (1985). Respondents are asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed with items on a 5-point scale.”
MethodMcKay, M. T., Percy, A., Cole, J. C., Worrell, F. C., & Andretta, J. R. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.060 · Cited by 82
“…toward the future have been shown to be significantly and positively correlated with psychological well-being, with moderate positive correlations to optimism and self-esteem and negative correlations to depression and perceived stress (Scheier & Carver, 1985; Wyman, Cowen, Work & Kerley, 1993).”
BackgroundThe Community Child Health Network (CCHN), Cheadle, A. C. D., & Schetter, C. D. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9941-8 · Cited by 84
Zhao, J., Wei, G., Chen, K.-H., & Yien, J.-M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02984 · Cited by 83
The Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 on PK–12 Students: A Systematic Review of Emerging Literature
Naff, D., Williams, S. E., Furman, J., & Yeung, M. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221084722 · Cited by 100
Hodges, K., & Winstanley, S. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2471 · Cited by 83
Predictors of physical and emotional recovery 6 and 12 months after surgery
Peters, M. L., Sommer, M., van Kleef, M., & Marcus, M. A. E. (2010) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.7152 · Cited by 83
Psychometric properties of a hurricane coping self‐efficacy measure
Benight, C. C., Ironson, G. H., & Durham, R. L. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024792913301 · Cited by 83
“Optimism. The Life Orientation Test (LOT) measures dispositional optimism and consists of eight items ( Scheier & Carver, 1985 ).”
BackgroundThe Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Transition From Health to Illness
Boehmke, M. M., & Dickerson, S. S. (2006) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/06.onf.1121-1127 · Cited by 83
“Scheier and Carver (1985) identifi ed that patients who are optimistic and expect to have things go their way generally fare better when dealing with crisis and illness.”
BackgroundSherman, A. C., Simonton, S., Adams, D. C., Latif, U., Plante, T. G., Burns, S. K., & Poling, T. H. (2001) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.523 · Cited by 82
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT, Scheier and Carver, 1985; Carver et al., 1993) is a measure of dispositional optimism, the tendency to expect positive outcomes.”
BackgroundHanssen, M. M., Vancleef, L. M. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hayes, A. F., Schouten, E. G. W., & Peters, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9572-x · Cited by 92
“The beneficial impact of dispositional optimism on physical and psychological well-being is well documented (Carver et al. 1994, 2010; Rasmussen et al. 2009; Scheier and Carver 1985, 1992).”
BackgroundTelephone-based coping skills training for patients awaiting lung transplantation
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Carney, R. M., Keefe, F. J., Davis, R. D., LaCaille, R. A., Parekh, P. I., Freedland, K. E., Trulock, E., & Palmer, S. M. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.535 · Cited by 82
Monahan, K. C., King, K. M., Shulman, E. P., Cauffman, E. E., & Chassin, L. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414001394 · Cited by 85
“The Future Outlook Inventory is an eight-item measure that includes items from the Life Orientation Task (Scheier & Carver, 1985), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Scale (Zimbardo, 1990), and the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994).”
MethodHope, dispositional optimism and severity of depression following traumatic brain injury
Peleg, G., Barak, O., Harel, Y., Rochberg, J., & Hoofien, D. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050903196696 · Cited by 84
“As does hope, it refers to the person’s future orientation, but more in tune with a general expectancy that good rather than bad will happen [23].”
BackgroundCostantini, A., Paola, F. D., Ceschi, A., Sartori, R., Meneghini, A. M., & Fabio, A. D. (2017) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1413 · Cited by 83
“Some of these personal resources such as self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989), organisational-based self-esteem (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989) and optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985) have been recognised by Hobfoll (2002) as fundamental components of individual adaptability.”
BackgroundHeck, G. L. V. (1997) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199712)11:5 · Cited by 79
Burns, A. J., Roberts, T., Posey, C., & Lowry, P. B. (2019) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2019.0860 · Cited by 91
“Through its influence on positive expectations (Scheier & Carver 1985), optimism should relate positively to precaution taking by building confidence for successful action.”
BackgroundThe psychological benefits of music-evoked nostalgia
Sedikides, C., Leunissen, J., & Wildschut, T. (2022) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211064641 · Cited by 82
“Optimism refers to the generalized proclivity to anticipate positive outcomes even in the face of obstacles (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMortenson, W. B., Noreau, L., & Miller, W. C. (2010) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2009.92 · Cited by 82
Positivity in healthcare: relation of optimism to performance
Luthans, K. W., Lebsack, S. A., & Lebsack, R. R. (2008) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/14777260810876330 · Cited by 82
“Scheier and Carver (1985) also ran correlations with other scales measuring self-esteem, internal-external control, powerlessness, and other Positivity in healthcare 183 constructs to check the convergent and discriminant validity of the scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAge differences in dispositional optimism: a cross-cultural study
You, J., Fung, H. H.-L., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2009) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-009-0130-z · Cited by 81
“Dispositional optimism is defined as a generalized positive expectation for the future (Scheier and Carver 1985; Scheier et al. 1994).”
BackgroundMethodKasparian, N. A., Wakefield, C. E., & Meiser, B. (2007) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-007-9111-6 · Cited by 81
“Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) Based on the premise that optimistic persons adjust more favorably to important life transitions than do individuals who tend towards a more pessimistic outlook (Aspinwall and Taylor 1992), the LOT and LOT-R have been employed in numerous genetic counseling studies to assess dispo…”
BackgroundInfluentialGoodin, B. R., Glover, T. L., Sotolongo, A. S., King, C. D., Sibille, K. T., Herbert, M. S., Cruz‐Almeida, Y., Sanden, S. H., Staud, R. M., Redden, D. T., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.007 · Cited by 89
Gottlieb, B. H., & Rooney, J. A. (2004) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860410001709719 · Cited by 82
“Trait optimism, as measured by the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985), and caregiving self-efficacy, as tapped by two of the three subscales of the RIS Eldercare Selfefficacy Scale (Gottlieb & Rooney, 2003) were used to assess outcome expectancies.”
MethodResultBondt, W. F. M. D., & Thaler, R. H. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.040 · Cited by 82
The structure of coping styles: a comparative study of croatian sample
Hudek‐Knežević, J., Kardum, I., & Vukmirović, Ž. (1999) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199903/04)13:2 · Cited by 61
Health caring. Psychosocial support for patients with cancer
Spiegel, D. (1994) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940815)74:4+ · Cited by 110
Cameron, L. D., Petrie, K. J., Ellis, C., Buick, D. L., & Weinman, J. A. (2005) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440412331300011 · Cited by 81
“The Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985) assessing dispositional optimism was therefore included in the baseline questionnaire in order to evaluate whether the moderating effects of trait NA on responses to the intervention could be accounted for by optimism.”
MethodRelationship between Personality and Biological Reactivity to Stress: A Review
Soliemanifar, O., Soleymanifar, A., & Afrisham, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.10.14.2 · Cited by 88
The psychosocial determinants of quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a scoping review
Culbertson, M. G., Bennett, K., Kelly, C. M., Sharp, L., & Cahir, C. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07389-w · Cited by 98
“The SBI-15R encompasses both constructs by assessing beliefs and practices of faith systems (10 items, Subscale I) and social support from the religious and/or spiritual community (5 items, Subscale II), and applies equally to atheists, agnostics, those with no religious affiliation, and those with a moderate or stron…”
BackgroundMeasuring psychological capital: Revision of the Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12)
Dudášová, L., Procházka, J., Vaculík, M., & Lorenz, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247114 · Cited by 80
“The scale consists of 12 items selected from 5 existing scales for hope (State Hope Scale, [19]), optimism (revised German short version of the Life Orientation Test, and Affektive Valenz der Zukunftsorientierung [30, 31]), resilience (German short version of the Resilience Scale [32]), and self-efficacy (German Gener…”
MethodWhy Do I Get Angry? A Componential Appraisal Approach
Wranik, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_15 · Cited by 85
Boelens, P. A., Reeves, R. R., Replogle, W. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2012) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.43.1.f · Cited by 81
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT), an eight question instrument with a maximum possible score of 32 (most optimistic) measured the effects of dispositional optimism on self-regulation in a variety of circumstances [14].”
BackgroundZeidner, M., & Ben‐Zur, H. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90072-8 · Cited by 83
Demographic, Medical, and Psychosocial Predictors of Pregnancy Anxiety
Schetter, C. D., Niles, A. N., Guardino, C. M., Khaled, M., & Kramer, M. S. (2016) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12300 · Cited by 81
Validation of the arthritis self‐efficacy short‐form scale in German fibromyalgia patients
Mueller, A., Hartmann, M., Mueller, K., & Eich, W. (2003) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/s1090-3801(02)00097-6 · Cited by 80
“Scheier and Carver (1985) presented a questionnaire to measure optimism and pessimism as two-dimensional outcome expectancies.”
BackgroundKoenig, H. G., Pearce, M., Nelson, B., & Daher, N. S. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22398 · Cited by 80
“The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is a 10-item measure of dispositional optimism developed in 1985 by Scheier and Carver[41] and revised in 1994.”
MethodValidation of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Turkish form and its relation to hope and optimism
Büyükgöze‐Kavas, A. (2014) · Australian Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/1038416214531931 · Cited by 80
“Internal consistency reliability was .76 and test–retest reliability was found to be .79 in a-four week interval (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundIndividual futures consciousness: Psychology behind the five-dimensional Futures Consciousness scale
Ahvenharju, S., Lalot, F., Minkkinen, M., & Quiamzade, A. (2021) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2021.102708 · Cited by 105
Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. S. (2014) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-827120140190030 · Cited by 80
Anxiety and Outcome Predictions
Shepperd, J. A., Grace, J. L., Cole, L. J., & Klein, C. T. F. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271322 · Cited by 81
“…Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Carver & Scheier, 1981; Raikkohen, Matthews, Flory, Owens, & Gump, 1999; Reed, Kemeny, Taylor, Wang, & Visscher, 1994; Scheier & Carver, 1985, 1988; Scheier et al., 1989; Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny, & Fahey, 1998; Shepperd, Morato, & Pbert, 1996; S. E. Taylor, Kemeny,…”
Social Support and Optimism as Predictors of Life Satisfaction of College Students
Yalçın, İ. (2011) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-011-9113-9 · Cited by 79
Wright, M. A., Wren, A. A., Somers, T. J., Goetz, M. C., Fras, A. M., Huh, B., Rogers, L. L., & Keefe, F. J. (2011) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.06.002 · Cited by 80
The Role of Hope and Optimism in Suicide Risk for American Indians/Alaska Natives
O’Keefe, V. M., & Wingate, L. R. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12044 · Cited by 80
Daukantaitė, D., & Zukauskiene, R. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9246-2 · Cited by 80
“The underlying assumption of Harman’s one factor test is that if a substantial amount of CMV exists in the data, either a single factor will emerge or one general factor will account for the majority of the variance among the variables ( Podsakoff and Organ, 1986 ).”
BackgroundMethodde Moor, J. S., de Moor, C. A., Basen-Engquist, K. M., Kudelka, A. P., Bevers, M. W., & Cohen, L. G. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000222379.71389.91 · Cited by 80
“A positive association between optimism and physical health has been found for healthy (27,29,31,32), acutely/chronically ill (28,30,33), and cancer (24,26) populations.”
BackgroundPark, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00960.x · Cited by 77
Correlates of well-being in adulthood and old age: A tale of two optimisms
Isaacowitz, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.003 · Cited by 81
Lai, J. C. L. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3f.1507 · Cited by 81
“*From Scheier and Carver (1985) @Health Psychology 1985.”
BackgroundOptimism and neuroticism as predictors of coping and adaptation in older women
Boland, A., & Cappeliez, P. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00251-6 · Cited by 79
“For example, Scheier and Carver (1985) found that optimism was predictive of perceived stress and physical symptom reports in a group of undergraduate students over the stressful 4-week period of final exams.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialReciprocation wary employees discount psychological contract fulfillment
Karagonlar, G., Eisenberger, R., & Aselage, J. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2016 · Cited by 93
Taylor, R. D., Budescu, M., Gebre, A., & Hodzic, I. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9688-8 · Cited by 79
Panitz, C., Endres, D., Buchholz, M., Khosrowtaj, Z., Sperl, M. F. J., Mueller, E. M., Schubö, A., Schütz, A. C., Teige‐Mocigemba, S., & Pinquart, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726432 · Cited by 86
Does optimism affect symptom report in chronic disease?
de Ridder, D. T. D., Fournier, M., & Bensing, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00034-5 · Cited by 78
“Positive outcome expectancies, defined by ‘‘the tendency to believe that one will generally experience good outcomes in life’’ [10], may affect symptom report by focusing attention on positive elements, even when people are confronted with a major life event such as serious illness [5,11].”
BackgroundThe impact of Islamic beliefs on consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions of life insurance
Souiden, N., & Jabeur, Y. (2015) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-01-2014-0016 · Cited by 79
Subjective Well-Being Among College Students
Cha, K.-H. (2003) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0281-2_22 · Cited by 89
Strengths and Satisfaction Across the Adult Lifespan
Isaacowitz, D. M., Vaillant, G. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/61ej-ldyr-q55n-ut6e · Cited by 79
“According to Scheier and Carver (1985), dispositional optimism involves an individual’s general expectancy that good things will happen to them in the future.”
BackgroundPetrie, T. A., Greenleaf, C. A., Reel, J. J., & Carter, J. (2009) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640260902991160 · Cited by 80
“Psychological well-being can be represented through self-esteem (ie, personal judgment of one's overall worth; Rosenberg, 1965 ) and dispositional optimism (ie, stable, positive expectancies that promote psychological adjustment; Scheier & Carver, 1985 , 1993 ).”
BackgroundVolunteering and Its Relationship With Personal and Neighborhood Well-Being
Mellor, D. J., Hayashi, Y., Stokes, M. A., Firth, L. A., Lake, L., Staples, M., Chambers, S., & Cummins, R. A. (2007) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764008317971 · Cited by 82
“Optimism was measured using the three positively worded items of the Revised Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985): “In uncertain times, I usually expect the best,” “I’m always optimistic about my future,” and “Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad.””
MethodThe Attitudinal and Behavioral Openness Scale: scale development and construct validation
Caligiuri, P., Jacobs, R. R., & Farr, J. L. (2000) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(99)00021-8 · Cited by 78
Gurung, R. A. R., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Myers, H. F. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.4.490.40305 · Cited by 79
“Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985 ).”
BackgroundWas wird aus Achtjährigen mit einer Lese- und Rechtschreibstörung
Esser, G., Wyschkon, A., & Schmidt, M. H. (2002) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/0084-5345.31.4.235 · Cited by 79
Can high optimism and high pessimism co-exist? Findings from arthritis patients coping with pain
Benyamini, Y. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.020 · Cited by 79
“Scheier and Carver (1985) developed the Life Orientation Test (LOT) and later a revised version (LOT-R, Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodPsychological Distress Among Adult Patients Being Evaluated for Bone Marrow Transplantation
Baker, F., Marcellus, D. C., Zabora, J. R., Polland, A., & Jodrey, D. (1997) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71498-1 · Cited by 77
Attributional style and athletic performance: Strategic optimism and defensive pessimism
Gordon, R. A. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.007 · Cited by 79
Inmate Emotion Coping and Psychological and Physical Well-Being
van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J., Claassen, L., & DIJK, W. W. V. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854806298468 · Cited by 78
“First, we measured general optimism by means of Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
Coping Sense of Humor Reduces Effects of Stereotype Threat on Women’s Math Performance
Ford, T. E., Ferguson, M. A., Brooks, J. L., & Hagadone, K. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262851 · Cited by 78
Mentor Relationships And The Career Development Of Pregnant And Parenting African-American Teenagers
Klaw, E. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (1995) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00092.x · Cited by 80
Schwartz, B. (2015) · Positive Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1002/9781118996874.ch8 · Cited by 77
Klepp, O. M., Mastekaasa, A., Sørensen, T., Sandanger, I., & Kleiner, R. J. (2006) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.197 · Cited by 78
Bury, S. M., Wenzel, M., & Woodyatt, L. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9560-z · Cited by 77
“Little optimism reflects a specific positive expectation of a future outcome, whereas big optimism refers to more general expectations, in line with dispositional measures of optimism (Carver et al. 2010; Scheier and Carver 1985).”
Kanekar, A. S., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8030336 · Cited by 78
“Another theory linked to good mental health is that of optimism [42], which requires one to expect the best possible outcome in any situation and is a learned behavior [43].”
BackgroundOptimism Bias during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Empirical Evidence from Romania and Italy
Druică, E., Musso, F., & Ianole-Călin, R. (2020) · Games · doi:10.3390/g11030039 · Cited by 79
“If the positive relationship between age and dispositional optimism–defined as a generalized positive expectation for the future [61,62]–is recognized, less homogeneous results emerge from studies on optimism bias, especially if associated with risk perception, which often lowers as age decreases [63,64].”
Don't leave your heart at home
Ouweneel, E., Blanc, P. M. L., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431211280123 · Cited by 90
A Preliminary Examination of Covitality as Integrated Well-Being in College Students
Jones, C. N., You, S., & Furlong, M. J. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0017-9 · Cited by 81
“Optimism is a generalized expectancy that a person will experience good outcomes in life (Scheier and Carver 1985).”
BackgroundAcademic expectations and actual achievements: the roles of hope and effort
Levi, U., Einav, M., Ziv, O., Raskind, I. G., & Margalit, M. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-013-0203-4 · Cited by 101
“Another frequently cited construct is optimism (Scheier and Carver 1985).”
Psychological factors and patient delay in patients with head and neck cancer
Tromp, D. M., Brouha, X. D. R., de Leeuw, J. R. J., Hordijk, G. J., & Winnubst, J. A. M. (2004) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.009 · Cited by 78
“Optimism was measured by the Dutch version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT) [22,23], which consists of 8 items and measures generalised optimistic expectancies about outcomes in life.”
MethodLeung, G. M., Ni, M. Y., Wong, P. T. K., Lee, P. H., Chan, B. H. Y., Stewart, S. M., Schooling, C. M., Johnston, J. M., Lam, W., Chan, S. S., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu257 · Cited by 79
The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Optimism and Subjective Well-Being
Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9698-1 · Cited by 77
COGNITIVE BIAS OF OPTIMISM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
SCHWEIZER, K. W., Beck-Seyffer, A., & Schneider, R. (1999) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.627 · Cited by 82
Quality of life in patients who survive a dire prognosis compared to control cancer survivors
Gotay, C. C., Isaacs, P., & Pagano, I. (2004) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.808 · Cited by 79
“These findings appear to be inconsistent with theories that assume optimism contributes to adaptation to threatening experiences (Affleck and Tennen, 1996; Carver et al., 1993; Scheier and Carver, 1985; Taylor et al., 2000).”
MethodResultInfluentialGender differences in anger expression: Health implications
Thomas, S. P. (1989) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770120609 · Cited by 78
Helgeson, V. S., & Fritz, H. L. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199907000-00013 · Cited by 78
Stewart, K., & Townley, G. (2020) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12456 · Cited by 75
Pänkäläinen, M., Kerola, T., Kampman, O., Kauppi, M., & Hintikka, J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3764-8 · Cited by 76
“The original Life Orientation Test (LOT) was developed in the mid-1980s in order to investigate the effects of dispositional optimism on the selfregulation of behavior in a wide variety of domains, some of them health-related [25].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-247
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2170246810
- Cited by
- 6,690
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 155 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 320 · 2019: 263 · 2018: 241 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 295 · 2015: 277 · 2014: 274 · 2013: 261 · 2012: 272
- FWCI
- 24.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- dispositional optimism, optimism scale, psychometric properties, coping, somatic symptoms, symptom reporting, private self-consciousness, undergraduate students, health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Self Concept, Set, Psychology, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
