Cited by 6,690Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCancer survivorship and care

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Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.

Scheier, Michael F., Carver, Charles S.·1985·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219

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Abstract

This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.

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Items 601–700 of 1,078

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“…be related to the concept of health pessimism, which purports that individuals who report difficulty hearing are more likely to report difficulties in other domains of health, such as physical functioning and self-reported general health status (Bailey, 2013; Scheier & Carver, 1985; Vavreck, 2007).”
Background
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Sleijpen, M., Haagen, J. F. G., Mooren, T. T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28698 · Cited by 141
“5.2, p B 0.0001) (Scheier & Carver, 1985) and scored lower on perceived social support compared to European adolescents ( M (cid”
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“As a part of the work resources-requirements model, the following personal resources were distinguished: self-efficacy [43], self-esteem based on organisation [44], and optimism [45].”
Background
The 3P Model: A General Theory of Subjective Well-Being
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“The two most widely used scales to measure dispositional optimism are the Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985) and the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Optimism and pessimism dimensions in the Life Orientation Test-Revised: Method and meaning
Segerstrom, S. C., Evans, D. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.007 · Cited by 127
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Relating Optimism, Hope, and Self-Esteem to Social Influences in Deterring Substance Use in Adolescents
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Contribution to the construct validity of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire from a population-based survey
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“Self-efficacy expectation, Optimism, Pessimism The questionnaire on SWOP represents a combination of two instruments—the questionnaire on self-efficacy from Jerusalem and Schwarzer [23] and the optimism questionnaire from Scheier and Carver [24], and has been validated in its combined form on a German sample [18].”
Method
Inferential Correction
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“Scheier and Carver posit that individuals continually evaluate the likelihood of achieving aspirations and goals [35], which may be concrete (e.”
Influential
Personality traits, stressful life events, and coping styles in early adolescence
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“1996); (b) resilience (Wagnild and Young 1993); (c) optimism (Scheier and Carver 1985) and (d) efficacy (Parker 1998).”
Describing and predicting psychological distress after colorectal cancer
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Background
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“For example, Scheier and Carver (1985) found that optimism was moderately correlated to self-esteem (r = .48), depression (r = –.49), and perceived stress (r = –.55) in a sizeable sample of university students.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Health and Well-Being Among the Non-religious: Atheists, Agnostics, and No Preference Compared with Religious Group Members
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“Optimism was assessed with a 4-item scale (sample item: In uncertain time, I usually expect the best) adapted from the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver 1985), a = 772.”
Method
Cohort Profile: The All Our Babies pregnancy cohort (AOB)
Tough, S., McDonald, S., Collisson, B. A., Graham, S. A., Kehler, H. L., Kingston, D. E., & Benzies, K. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw363 · Cited by 122
“Risk factors for binge drinking in early pregnancy included lower educational attainment, nulliparity, unintended pregnancy, smoking in the year preceding pregnancy, binge drinking in the year preceding pregnancy and low dispositional optimism [which is defined as a global expectation that more good (desirable) things…”
Background
Counterfactual Thought, Regret, and Superstition: How to Avoid Kicking Yourself
Miller, D. T., & Taylor, B. R. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.023 · Cited by 120
Can the Internet Improve the Well-being of the Elderly?
Mellor, D. J., Firth, L. A., & Moore, K. (2008) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-008-9006-3 · Cited by 135
“Life Orientation Test ( Scheier and Carver 1985 )—“In uncertain times, I usually expect the best”, “I’m always optimistic about my future” and “Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad”.”
Background
A Critical Appraisal and Extension of Hope Theory In Middle-Aged Men and Women: is it Important to Distinguish Agency and Pathways Components?
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Jackson, L., Pancer, S., Pratt, M., & Hunsberger, B. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02427.x · Cited by 149
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Kleijn, W. C., van der Ploeg, H. M., & Topman, R. M. (1994) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1219 · Cited by 123
Brief Report: Children's Response to Serious Illness: Perceptions of Benefit and Burden in a Pediatric Cancer Population
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“The Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT; Ey et al., 2005).”
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Kinman, G. (2008) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802366298 · Cited by 122
“These concepts include dispositional optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985 ) hardiness (Kobasa, 1982 ) and self‐efficacy (Bandura, 1977 ).”
Background
Family Emotional Support, Positive Psychological Capital and Job Satisfaction Among Chinese White-Collar Workers
Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Cheng, L., & Wong, D. F. K. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9522-7 · Cited by 123
“Developed by Scheier and Carver (1985), this test is a 12-item instrument with a 5-point Likert-type scale S.”
Method
Psychometric Properties of the Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ)
Boelen, P. A., & Lensvelt‐Mulders, G. (2005) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-005-2409-5 · Cited by 124
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985 ) was used to measure optimistic and pessimistic cognitions.”
Method
An Appraisal Account of Individual Differences in Emotional Experience
Kuppens, P., & Tong, E. M. W. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00324.x · Cited by 129
“…individual differences in how events are habitually appraised, for example, as advantageous or disadvantageous (related to optimism and pessimism, Scheier & Carver, 1985), as due to someone else’s blameworthy action (the hostile attribution bias, Dodge, 1993), or as something one can ª 2010 The…”
Background
Why dysfunctional expectations in depression persist – Results from two experimental studies investigating cognitive immunization
Κube, T., Rief, W., Gollwitzer, M., Gärtner, T., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002106 · Cited by 117
“Furthermore, the present studies are in line with research on the role of optimism, defined as a generalized outcome expectation (Scheier and Carver, 1985), in depression.”
Result
Psychological well‐being across 1 year with rheumatoid arthritis: Coping resources as buffers of perceived stress
Treharne, G. J., Lyons, A. C., Booth, D., & Kitas, G. D. (2007) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910706x109288 · Cited by 123
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Hakanen, J., Feldt, T., & Leskinen, E. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.07.001 · Cited by 121
Forsaking Optimism
Carroll, P. J., Sweeny, K. M., & Shepperd, J. A. (2006) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.1.56 · Cited by 124
“Overwhelming evidence shows that an optimistic outlook in its various incarnations provides a variety of emotional, social and health benefits (e.g., Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Carver & Scheier, 1981; Scheier & Carver, 1985; Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower, & Gruenewald, 2000).”
Background
The bereavement experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or trans* people who have lost a partner: A systematic review, thematic synthesis and modelling of the literature
Bristowe, K., Marshall, S., & Harding, R. (2016) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216316634601 · Cited by 130
Independent and Mediated Contributions of Personality, Coping, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms to Physical Functioning Outcome Among Patients in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Shen, B., McCreary, C. P., & Myers, H. F. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/b:jobm.0000013643.36767.22 · Cited by 120
“Optimism was measured by the 12-item Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier and Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Relationships between happiness and personality
Brebner, J., Donaldson, J., Kirby, N. H., & Ward, L. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00022-x · Cited by 119
Understanding Misunderstanding: Social Psychological Perspectives
Pronin, E., Puccio, C., & Ross, L. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.038 · Cited by 120
A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy
Griffin, B., Loh, V., & Hesketh, B. L. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.026 · Cited by 122
“The first is dispositional optimism, which is a generalized expectancy that good things will happen in the future and bad things will not (Scheier & Carver, 1985).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-efficacy, optimism, health competence, and recovery from orthopedic surgery.
Waldrop, D. G., Richard, J. L. O., Ethington, C. A., Woemmel, C. A., & Coke, A. L. (2001) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.2.233 · Cited by 123
Prevalence of axis I disorders in an AIDS cohort: A cross-sectional, controlled study
Rabkin, J. G., Ferrando, S. J., Jacobsberg, L. B., & Fishman, B. (1997) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(97)90067-5 · Cited by 111
Decision-making about seeking medical advice in an internet sample of women trying to get pregnant
Bunting, L., & Boivin, J. (2007) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dem057 · Cited by 119
“The Life Orientation Test was used to measure dispositional optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1985) (12 items, higher score is optimism).”
Personality and attitudinal correlates of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles in young adults
Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., Vinck, J., Tuomisto, M. T., Holte, A., & Wichstrøm, L. (1994) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449408407492 · Cited by 117
Does Personality Matter? A Review of Individual Differences in Occupational Well-Being
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Development and Validation of the Climate Change Hope Scale for High School Students
Li, C., & Monroe, M. C. (2017) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517708325 · Cited by 121
“Although there are similarities between hope, optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985; Seligman, 1991), self-efficacy (Bandura, 1982, 1997) self-esteem, and problem solving (Heppner & Hillerbrand, 1991), the scientific construct of hope is slightly different from these constructs (Snyder, Rand, & Sigmon,…”
Background
Models of adjustment to chronic illness: Using the example of rheumatoid arthritis
Walker, J. G., Jackson, H. J., & Littlejohn, G. O. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.001 · Cited by 126
Differential parenting as a within-family variable.
Feinberg, M. E., & Hetherington, E. M. (2001) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.15.1.22 · Cited by 164
Forgiveness, Attachment to God, and Mental Health Outcomes in Older U.S. Adults: A Longitudinal Study
Kent, B. V., Bradshaw, M., & Uecker, J. E. (2017) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027517706984 · Cited by 118
Is the news making us unhappy? The influence of daily news exposure on emotional states
de Hoog, N., & Verboon, P. (2020) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12389 · Cited by 117
“…appraisal process can partly explain this (Gross & John, 2003; Kuppens & Tong, 2010; Scherer, 2001), as studies have shown people with certain traits appraise situations differently and have dissimilar affective responses to stressors (Bolger & Schilling, 1991; Scheier & Carver, 1985; Tong, 2010).”
Cancer Survivorship and Identity among Long-Term Survivors
Deimling, G. T., Bowman, K. F., & Wagner, L. J. (2007) · Cancer Investigation · doi:10.1080/07357900600896323 · Cited by 117
“In the ongoing study trait optimism was measured using the Life Orientation Test (LOT) (32).”
Method
Assessing the effects of a “personal effectiveness” training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self‐awareness using self‐other agreement
Demerouti, E., van Eeuwijk, E., Snelder, M. M., & Wild, U. (2011) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431111107810 · Cited by 118
“Optimism was measured using the “Life Orientation Test” ( Scheier and Carver, 1985”
Method
Dynamic risk and protective factors
Serin, R. C., Chadwick, N., & Lloyd, C. D. (2015) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2015.1112013 · Cited by 119
“Scheier and Carver (1985) present optimism as an inherent and stable human characteristic that helps individuals facedwith challenging situations by creating the expectation that desired goals are attainable.”
Background
Der Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS): Risiken und Ressourcen für die psychische Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Erhart, M., Hölling, H., Bettge, S., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., & Schlack, R. (2007) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-007-0243-5 · Cited by 116
“die generelle Zuversicht, dass sich Dinge positiv entwickeln, unabhängig von vorausgegangenen Erfahrungen oder eigenen Anstrengungen [5].”
Background
Predicting propensity to actively care for occupational safety
Geller, E. S., Roberts, D. S., & Gilmore, M. R. (1996) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/0022-4375(95)00024-0 · Cited by 119
“The empowerment construct (implied by the self-affirmation, “I can make a difference”) was presumed to vary directly with perceptions of optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985, 1993), and personal control (Rotter, 1966; Nowicki & Duke, 1974).”
Background
Mastery, sense of coherence, and mortality: Evidence of independent associations from the epic-norfolk prospective cohort study.
Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Luben, R., Khaw, K.-T., & Day, N. E. (2006) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.102 · Cited by 115
Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term conditions? Systematic review, realist synthesis and economic considerations
Nyssen, O. P., Taylor, S. J., Wong, G., Steed, E., Bourke, L., Lord, J., Ross, C. A., Hayman, S., Field, V., Higgins, A., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20270 · Cited by 115
Adaptation to Stroke: A Longitudinal Study of Depressive Symptoms, Physical Health, and Coping Process
King, R. B., Shade‐Zeldow, Y., Carlson, C. E., Feldman, J. L., & Philip, M. (2002) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/kdta-welc-t2wr-x51w · Cited by 114
Subjective age bias: A motivational and information processing approach
Teuscher, U. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408099487 · Cited by 113
The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-100): Validation Study with the Dutch Version
de Vries, J., & van Heck, G. (1997) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.13.3.164 · Cited by 133
Predictors of Subjective Well-Being Among College Youth in Lebanon
Ayyash‐Abdo, H., & Alamuddin, R. (2007) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.147.3.265-284 · Cited by 114
An investigation of factors impacting on mainstream teachers’ beliefs about teaching students with learning difficulties
Woolfson, L. M., & Brady, K. (2009) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802708895 · Cited by 114
“In addition, because teaching is recognised as a stressful activity (Mearns & Cain, 2003 ; Pithers, 1995 ), the application of coping and optimism frameworks from health psychology may be useful in allowing us to examine the cognitive and behavioural processes teachers bring into play in coping with perceived stress,…”
Background
Quality of life among older people with poor functioning. The influence of perceived control over life
Bowling, A., Tai, S. S., Morris, R. W., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2007) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afm023 · Cited by 114
“ratings of facilities/services, neighbourliness, safety) [18]; loneliness; self-efficacy; perceived control over life [19]; optimismpessimism [20]; health values [21]; life expectations, social comparisons; perceived life risks [22]; psychological morbidity (mainly anxiety and depression) using the General Health Ques…”
Method
“False” hope
Snyder, C. R. R., Rand, K. L., King, E. A., Feldman, D. B., & Woodward, J. T. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10096 · Cited by 117
Psychosocial Correlates of Mammography Screening in Older African American Women
Farmer, D. F., Reddick, B., D'Agostino, R., & Jackson, S. (2007) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/07.onf.117-123 · Cited by 114
“LOT—Life Orientation Test; SE—standard error D ow nl oa de d on 0 5 11 2 02 1.”
MethodInfluential
A Randomized Trial of the Effect of Prayer on Depression and Anxiety
Boelens, P. A., Reeves, R. R., Replogle, W. H., & Koenig, H. G. (2009) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.39.4.c · Cited by 113
“The Life Orientation Test (LOT) [21] measured the effects of dispositional optimism on self-regulation in a variety of circumstances.”
MethodResultInfluential
Unrealistic Optimism in the Time of Coronavirus Pandemic: May It Help to Kill, If So—Whom: Disease or the Person?
Doliński, D., Dolińska, B., Zmaczyńska-Witek, B., Banach, M., & Kulesza, W. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051464 · Cited by 112
“For example, optimists report various health problems less frequently than do pessimists [3,4], after coronary bypass surgery they make faster progress during the recovery period and experience less severe anginal pain [5], they also exhibit high blood pressure less frequently than pessimists [6].”
Background
Perceived trajectories of life satisfaction across past, present, and future: Profiles and correlates of subjective change in young, middle-aged, and older adults.
Röcke, C., & Lachman, M. E. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0013680 · Cited by 114
“Optimism. At T2, trait-like optimism was assessed using the 6-item Life Orientation Test ( Scheier & Carver, 1985 ), with response options ranging from 1 (agree a lot )t o 5( disagree a lot).”
Method
Dispositional pessimism predicts illness-related disruption of social and recreational activities among breast cancer patients.
Carver, C. S., Lehman, J. M., & Antoni, M. H. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.813 · Cited by 114
Self-citation
Psychosocial Perspectives on Pregnancy: Prenatal Maternal Stress and Coping
Lobel, M., Hamilton, J. G., & Cannella, D. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00119.x · Cited by 114
Better family relationships––higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related resources
Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitzer, J., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2019) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160 · Cited by 143
Religiosity and its association with positive and negative emotions among college students from Algeria
Abdel‐Khalek, A. M., & Naceur, F. (2006) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670500497197 · Cited by 114
“Criterion-related validity against scores on the Life Orientation Test by Scheier and Carver ( 1985 ) for the total scores on the two scales of optimism and pessimism were +0.”
Method
Psychological distress and well-being in advanced cancer: The effects of optimism and coping
Miller, D. L., Manne, S. L., Taylor, K., Keates, J., & Dougherty, J. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/bf01996132 · Cited by 113
“to result in favorable psychological outcomes ( Scheier & Carver, 1985; Scheier et al., 1986).”
Influential
Well-being and personality: Facet-level analyses
Marrero, R. J., & Abella, M. C. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.030 · Cited by 113
Perceived Academic Control: mediating the effects of optimism and social support on college students’ psychological health
Ruthig, J. C., Haynes, T. L., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2009) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9079-6 · Cited by 113
“Consistent with past research linking optimism and support to psychological health outcomes (Brissette et al. 2002; Cohen and McKay 1984; Sarason and Sarason 1985; Scheier and Carver 1985 ), we found that dispositional optimism and social support predicted less stress and depression six months later.”
BackgroundResult
Positive Psychological Capital as a Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage for Organizations
Toor, S., & Ofori, G. (2009) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000135 · Cited by 112
“PCQ is a self-report 24-item scale proposed by Luthans et al. 2007a,b and consists of items adopted from the already established scales including efficacy scale Parker 1998 , hope scale Snyder et al. 1996 , resilience scale Wagnild and Young 1993 , and optimism scale Scheier and Carver 1985 .”
Stress, coping, HIV status, psychosocial resources, and depressive mood in African American gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men
Peterson, J. L., Folkman, S., & Bakeman, R. A. (1996) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02506793 · Cited by 112
“Optimism has been found to be related to coping (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Carver et al., 1993; Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Friedman et al., 1992; Litt, Tennen, Afflect, & Klock, 1992; Scheier & Carver, 1985; Scheier, Matthews, et al., 1989; Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986; Stanton & Snider, 1993; Taylor et…”
Hopelessness Predicts Mortality in Older Mexican and European Americans
Stern, S. L., Dhanda, R., & Hazuda, H. P. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00003 · Cited by 109
“Scheier MF, Matthews KA, Owens JF, Magovern GJ Sr, Lefebvre RC, Abbott RA, Carver CS. Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: the beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being.”
MethodInfluential
Effects of Flotation‐REST on Muscle Tension Pain
Kjellgren, A., Sundequist, U., Norlander, T., & Archer, T. (2001) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2001/768501 · Cited by 112
Subjective happiness among mothers of children with disabilities: The role of stress, attachment, guilt and social support
Findler, L., Jacoby, A. K., & Gabis, L. V. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.03.006 · Cited by 130
Individual differences in intraperson variability in mood.
Penner, L. A., Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., & Fritzsche, B. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.712 · Cited by 112
On motivational readiness.
Kruglanski, A. W., Chernikova, M., Rosenzweig, E., & Kopetz, C. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0037013 · Cited by 110
Bouncing forward of young refugees: a perspective on resilience research directions
Sleijpen, M., ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. T. M., Boeije, H., & Kleber, R. J. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20124 · Cited by 113
God-Mediated Control and Change in Self-Rated Health
Krause, N. (2010) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2010.507695 · Cited by 110
Procrastinators lack a broad action perspective
Dewitte, S., & Lens, W. (2000) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(200003/04)14:2 · Cited by 109
The relationship between self‐leadership and personality
Houghton, J. D., Bonham, T. W., Neck, C. P., & Singh, K. (2004) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940410537963 · Cited by 125
The Utility of the Revised Life Orientation Test to Measure Optimism among Hong Kong Chinese
Lai, J. C. L., Cheung, H., Lee, W., & Yu, H. H. (1998) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/002075998400600 · Cited by 109
Recognition and development of hope for South African organizational leaders
Luthans, F., Wyk, R. V., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2004) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730410556752 · Cited by 108
“Seligman (1998), drawing from attribution theory, defines optimism as a cognitive process involving positive outcome expectancies and causal attributions that are external, temporary, and specific in interpreting bad or negative events and internal, stable, and global for good or positive events.”
Background
Dispositional Optimism, Trait Anxiety, and Coping: Unique or Shared Effects on Biological Response to Fertility Treatment?
Lancastle, D., & Boivin, J. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.171 · Cited by 114
“Scheier and Carver (1987) argued that dispositional optimism has direct physiological effects as well as indirect effects on health through coping.”
Background
Women's pursuit of personal goals in daily life with fibromyalgia: A value-expectancy analysis.
Affleck, G. G., Tennen, H. A., Zautra, A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.4.587 · Cited by 110
Examining hope as a transdiagnostic mechanism of change across anxiety disorders and CBT treatment protocols
Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., Richardson, A., D’Souza, J., Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.06.001 · Cited by 108

Authors: Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S.
Affiliations: Carnegie Mellon University (US)
ORCID: Scheier, Michael F.
Carver, Charles S.
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1985
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 219-247
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
OpenAlex: W2170246810
Cited by: 6,690
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 155 · 2025: 235 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 288 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 320 · 2019: 263 · 2018: 241 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 295 · 2015: 277 · 2014: 274 · 2013: 261 · 2012: 272
FWCI: 24.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Carnegie Mellon University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
Keywords: dispositional optimism, optimism scale, psychometric properties, coping, somatic symptoms, symptom reporting, private self-consciousness, undergraduate students, health
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Self Concept, Set, Psychology, Social Perception

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Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.

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